Which among the following actions would violate human rights ? 1. State forces disrupting peaceful protests. 2. State forces carrying out search warrants in insurgency affected areas. 3. State forces engaging with armed insurgents in civilian areas resulting in loss of civilian lives. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Human rights violations occur when state actions infringe upon fundamental liberties without lawful justification. Statement 1 is a violation because Article 19(1)(b) of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to assemble peaceably and without arms [c3][t1]. While the state can impose 'reasonable restrictions' for public order, disrupting a peaceful protest is considered a breach of this democratic pillar and a human rights abuse [t1][t2]. Statement 2 is not a violation per se, as state forces are legally empowered to carry out search warrants even in insurgency-affected areas to maintain law and order [t7]. Statement 3 constitutes a violation because the loss of civilian lives during engagements, often termed 'collateral damage' or 'excesses,' infringes upon the Right to Life [c2][t4]. Reports indicate that heavy-handed tactics and summary killings of civilians in conflict zones are significant human rights abuses [t4][t8]. Thus, actions 1 and 3 violate human rights.

Sources

1. [1] Politics in India since Independence, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Regional Aspirations > Road to peace > p. 125
2. [2] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > Table 8.5 Rights under Article 19 and the Grounds of Restrictions > p. 87
3. [3] https://www.orfonline.org/public/uploads/posts/pdf/20230722171059.pdf
4. [4] https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa200082000en.pdf
5. [5] https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1999_hrp_report/india.html
6. [6] https://psj.lse.ac.uk/articles/120/files/submission/proof/120-1-274-1-10-20220428.pdf