Statement I : In India, tribal movements of 19th century resulted out of the process of land displacements and the introduction of forest laws. Statement I : The Indian freedom movement resolved the problems faced by the tribals.

Statement I is true as 19th-century tribal movements in mainland India were primarily sparked by the loss of land, forest rights, and the introduction of British land settlements [3]. Colonial forest laws, such as the Indian Forest Act of 1865, restricted tribal access to sustenance and criminalized traditional practices like shifting cultivation [3]. Statement II is false because the Indian freedom movement did not resolve tribal problems. While some tribal leaders linked their struggles to the national movement, their specific grievances regarding land alienation and forest rights often remained marginalized [3]. Even after independence in 1947, the Indian government used armed forces to quell major tribal struggles in regions like Telangana, and the transfer of power did not immediately end the oppression by moneylenders or the lack of authentic land records.

Sources

1. [2] Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Colonial Era in India > Tribal uprisings > p. 106
2. [3] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 15: Regional Development and Planning > Strategies for Development > p. 42