Which of the following is not a characteristic of globalization ?

Globalization is fundamentally characterized by the rapid flow of information, capital, and goods across borders [4]. It involves the networking of cultural, economic, and political relations, creating a state of 'worldwide interconnectedness' [4]. Furthermore, it is supported by a global infrastructure of formal and informal institutional arrangements, such as the WTO, IMF, and various regional trade agreements that facilitate international integration [3]. While globalization involves the reduction of trade barriers and the exercise of state power to lower policy obstacles [2], the term 'fragility' is not a standard characteristic used to describe national barriers in this context. Instead, barriers are described as being 'reduced', 'weakened', or 'lowered' through deliberate policy decisions rather than being inherently 'fragile' [2]. Therefore, option 1 is the least accurate description of a defining characteristic of globalization.

Sources

1. [1] Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Globalisation > Economic Consequences > p. 104
2. [4] https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/1996/06/the-policy-challenges-of-globalisation-and-regionalisation_g17a1791/151004514681.pdf
3. [2] Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Globalisation > The Concept of Globalisation > p. 101
4. [3] https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@integration/documents/publication/wcms_079151.pdf