Which of the following most suitably captures the meaning and essence of ‘globalization’ ? 1. It is about conducting external relations between two or more States of the world 2. It is a process of coming together of world-wide social relations bypassing territories 3. It refers to thinking transterri tori ally about global risks affecting people 4. It has a wishful vision of suprastate governance Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Globalization is defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities, effectively bypassing or transcending territorial borders [1]. Unlike 'internationalization,' which focuses on external relations between states (inter-state politics), globalization involves supraterritorial or transterritorial connections where social space is no longer mapped solely by geography [1]. It encompasses thinking about global risks—such as environmental or economic crises—that affect people regardless of national boundaries [1]. Furthermore, the essence of globalization includes a vision of global governance or suprastate governance, moving from traditional statism toward polycentrism and multi-scalar public governance to manage these interconnected issues. While statement 1 describes internationalization (inter-state relations), statements 2, 3, and 4 accurately capture the transformative, transterritorial, and governance-oriented essence of globalization as a process of rapid integration [2].

Sources

1. [1] https://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-Globalization%20and%20International%20Relations%20-%20Actors%20Move%20from%20Non-cooperative%20to%20Cooperative%20Games.pdf
2. [2] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 11: Contemporary Socio-Economic Issues > Globalisation > p. 10