Which one of the following educa¬tional development indicators is currently used by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to construct Human Development Index ?

The Human Development Index (HDI), published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), measures human development across three key dimensions: health, knowledge, and standard of living [3]. Since a methodological shift in 2010, the 'Knowledge' dimension is specifically measured using two indicators: Mean Years of Schooling (MYS) for adults aged 25 years and older, and Expected Years of Schooling (EYS) for children of school-entry age [2]. Prior to 2010, the index utilized adult literacy rates and gross enrolment ratios, but these were replaced to better reflect educational attainment and quality. Mean Years of Schooling provides a calculation of the average number of years of education a person has actually received. Therefore, among the given options, Mean Years of Schooling is the indicator currently used by the UNDP to construct the HDI [3].

Sources

1. [2] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Human Development > MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT > p. 18
2. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index