Which of the following statement(s) about caste movements in early 20th century Kerala is/are false'? 1. Kerala’s first modern novel Indulekha attacked the social dominance of Nambudiri Brahmans in Kerala. 2. C.V. Raman Pillai’s novel Marthanda Varma was written against the exploitation of peasants by Nair landlords. 3. Sree Narayana Guru was one of the founders of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam that was engaged in the upliftment of the Ezhavas in Kerala. 4. Dr. Palpu, the first Ezhava graduate, was one of the founders of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam that was engaged in the upliftment of the Ezhavas in Kerala. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Statement 1 is true; O. Chandu Menon's 'Indulekha' (1889), the first modern Malayalam novel, critiqued the social dominance and marriage practices of Nambudiri Brahmans. Statement 2 is false; C.V. Raman Pillai's 'Marthanda Varma' (1891) is a historical romance depicting the rise of the Travancore king and the struggle against the Ettuveetil Pillamar, rather than a critique of peasant exploitation by Nair landlords . Statements 3 and 4 are true; the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam was established in 1903 to uplift the Ezhava community [3]. It was founded through the collaborative efforts of Sree Narayana Guru, who provided spiritual leadership, and Dr. Palpu, the first Ezhava medical graduate who spearheaded the movement's organizational and political demands [3]. Since only statement 2 is false, option 3 is the correct choice.

Sources

1. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 9: A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements > Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement > p. 225
2. [3] Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 2: Indian States and Society in the 18th Century > Social and Cultural Life > p. 42