Which of the following statements with regard to the Mediterranean agriculture is/are correct? 1. The Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialized commercial agriculture. 2. It is intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation. 3. It is a primitive subsistence agriculture. 4. Viticulture is a speciality of the Mediterranean region. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Mediterranean agriculture is characterized as a highly specialized commercial agriculture [5]. It is primarily practiced in regions bordering the Mediterranean Sea, as well as parts of California, Chile, South Africa, and Australia [2]. Statement 1 is correct because the farming is market-oriented, focusing on high-value crops like citrus fruits, olives, and figs [3]. Statement 4 is also correct as viticulture, or grape cultivation, is a renowned specialty of this region, producing the world's best quality wines [2]. Conversely, statements 2 and 3 are incorrect; intensive subsistence agriculture with wet paddy cultivation is typical of monsoon Asia, not the Mediterranean. Mediterranean farming is neither primitive nor dominated by rice; instead, it utilizes specialized techniques to manage summer droughts and winter rains [5]. Therefore, only statements 1 and 4 are accurate.

Sources

1. [3] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Primary Activities > Mediterranean Agriculture > p. 30
2. [5] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 5. Mediterranean or Sclerophyllous Biome > p. 12
3. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > mediterranean type of agriculture > p. 17
4. [2] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Primary Activities > Mediterranean Agriculture > p. 31
5. [4] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 19: The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate > Economic Development of the Mediterranean Regions > p. 185