The Kyoto Protocol commits the developed nations, including economics in transition to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by which one of the following during the years2008-2012?

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and entering into force in 2005, established legally binding emission reduction targets for industrialized nations and economies in transition (Annex I parties) [c3, t2]. For the first commitment period (2008–2012), these nations collectively committed to reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels [t1, t4, t8]. While individual country targets varied—such as Canada's 6% target—the aggregate reduction for the basket of six greenhouse gases (including CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide) was calculated at 5.2% [t3, t10]. Although some sources simplify this figure to 5% [c4, t2], the specific technical target for the collective group of developed nations during the first commitment period is precisely 5.2% relative to the 1990 base year [t4, t5, t8].

Sources

1. [1] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > 24.2. KYOTO PROTOCOL: COp-3. > p. 324
2. [2] https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20Development/quantifying_the_kyoto_protocol_detr_report.pdf
3. [3] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Greenhouse Gases(GHGs) > p. 96