Which of the following factors was not a reason behind the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution in England first ?

The Industrial Revolution began in England due to several geographical and economic advantages. England's geography ensured that no part of the country was far from the sea, facilitating maritime trade. The presence of numerous navigable rivers and the development of canals made inland transport significantly easier and cheaper than land travel. Furthermore, England possessed vast natural resources, specifically large deposits of coal and iron ore, which were essential for fueling steam engines and constructing machinery. While early machines like the water frame utilized water power, the claim that machines were operated by wind or water due to 'favourable climate conditions' is not a primary reason for England's industrial lead. In fact, the revolution's defining shift was the move toward steam power fueled by coal, which overcame the limitations and geographical constraints of wind and water power [1].

Sources

1. [1] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: International Trade > Industrial Revolution > p. 80