Statement I : The twelfth century witnessed the emergence of a new movement in Karnataka led by a Brah- mana named Basavanna. Statement I : The Lingayats wor- shipped Shiva in his manifestation as a Linga.

Statement I is true as the twelfth century witnessed the emergence of the Virashaiva or Lingayat movement in Karnataka, led by Basavanna, a Brahmana who served as a minister. He founded this monotheistic sect to challenge caste hierarchies and Brahmanical rituals [1]. Statement II is also true; Lingayats are 'wearers of the linga' who worship Shiva in his manifestation as a linga, typically wearing a small miniature linga (Ishtalinga) in a silver case on a scarf over the shoulder [1]. While both statements are factually correct, Statement II describes the specific mode of worship and identity of the community, whereas Statement I describes the historical origin and leadership of the movement. The mode of worship (Statement II) is a characteristic of the sect but does not serve as the causal explanation for why the movement emerged under Basavanna (Statement I).

Sources

1. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Religion > p. 149