Consider the following programmes : I. Afforestation and development of wastelands. II. Reforestation and replantation in existing forests. III. Encouraging the wood substitutes and supplying other types of fuel. IV. Promotion of wide use of insecticides and pesticides to restrict the loss of forest area from degradation caused by pests and insects. The National Forest Policy of 1988 includes

The National Forest Policy (1988) explicitly promotes massive afforestation/social forestry and restoration of degraded/wasteland areas, matching programme I [2]. It also stresses increasing forest productivity and restoration (reforestation/replantation) to maintain ecological balance, covering programme II [2]. The Policy calls for meeting rural and tribal fuel needs and encouraging substitution of wood by alternative fuels and efficient utilization of forest produce, aligning with programme III [2]. Conversely, the Policy emphasizes scientific methods for protection and regeneration (e.g., fire control and community involvement) rather than advocating widespread use of insecticides/pesticides as a primary forest-loss prevention strategy, so programme IV is not included [3]. Hence I, II and III are part of the 1988 Policy.

Sources

1. [2] https://www.fao.org/4/w7716e/w7716e08.htm
2. [1] INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > FOREST CONSERVATION > p. 46
3. [3] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > FOREST CONSERVATION > p. 39