'Diarchy' was first introduced in India under

Diarchy, or dual government, was first introduced in British India through the Government of India Act of 1919, which was based on the Montagu-Chelmsford (Montford) Reforms [c2][c4]. This system divided provincial subjects into two categories: 'reserved' and 'transferred' [c5]. Transferred subjects, such as education and local self-government, were administered by Indian ministers responsible to the provincial legislative councils [c4][c5]. Reserved subjects, including law and order, remained under the control of the Governor and his executive council, who were not responsible to the legislature [c4]. While the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 increased council powers, they did not introduce diarchy [c2][t5]. The Simon Commission later recommended the abolition of diarchy in 1930 [c1], and the Government of India Act of 1935 eventually replaced it with provincial autonomy while attempting to introduce diarchy at the federal level [c1][t4].

Sources

1. [1] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > Indian Federalism > p. 4
2. [2] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > 4.2 Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms > p. 44
3. [3] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 1: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND > Utility of a Historical Retrospect. > p. 5
4. [4] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 26: Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments > Simon Commission > p. 511