Due to which of the following factors, the Industrial Revolution took place in England in the eighteenth century? 1. The discovery of coal and iron deposits 2. The discovery of steam power 3. The introduction of railways 4. The regular supply of raw materials Select the correct answer using the code given below.

The Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century England was driven by a combination of geographical, technological, and economic factors. The availability of abundant coal and iron deposits provided the necessary fuel and material for industrial growth [4]. Technological breakthroughs, specifically the invention of the steam engine and its application to power machinery, revolutionized production in textiles and metallurgy [5]. While the first phase focused on cotton and steam, the introduction of railways (starting in the 1820s-40s) was a critical factor in sustaining the revolution by facilitating the transport of goods and boosting the iron industry [4]. Furthermore, England's global commercial dominance ensured a regular supply of raw materials, such as cotton from colonies and trade partners, to feed its burgeoning factories [3]. These factors collectively enabled England to transition from a cottage-based system to large-scale factory production.

Sources

1. [2] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > Causes of Industrial Revolution in England > p. 167
2. [4] India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation > 1.2 The Pace of Industrial Change > p. 83
3. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 3: Advent of the Europeans in India > Industrial Revolution > p. 54
4. [5] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > 11.4 Industrial Revolution > p. 166
5. [3] India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation > 1.1 The Coming Up of the Factory > p. 82