In the Hadley cell thermal circulation, air rises up and finally descends at

The Hadley cell is a major atmospheric circulation pattern in the tropics. Air rises near the equator at the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), also known as the equatorial low-pressure belt or doldrums, due to intense solar heating and convection [4]. This rising air reaches the top of the troposphere and moves poleward [5]. As the air travels toward higher latitudes, it cools and becomes more dense, eventually descending at approximately 30° N and 30° S latitudes [5]. This sinking branch of the Hadley cell creates the subtropical high-pressure cells, also referred to as the subtropical ridge or horse latitudes [1]. These regions are characterized by high surface pressure, calm winds, and arid conditions because the descending air suppresses cloud formation and precipitation [5]. Therefore, while the air rises at the ITCZ, it finally descends at the subtropical high-pressure cells.

Sources

1. [1] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 23: Pressure Systems and Wind System > Hadley Cell > p. 317
2. [3] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 23: Pressure Systems and Wind System > Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt or 'Doldrums' > p. 311
3. [4] INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Climate > Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) > p. 30
4. [5] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 23: Pressure Systems and Wind System > Hadley Cell > p. 316
5. [2] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 9: Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems > General circulation of the atmosphere > p. 80