Human Poverty Index (I IP!) developed by UNDP is based on which of the following depriva- tions ? 1. Income deprivation 2. Literacy deprivation 3. Social services deprivation 4. Employment deprivation Select the correct answer using the code given below :

The Human Poverty Index (HPI), introduced by the UNDP in 1997, was designed to measure deprivations in three essential dimensions of human life: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living [2]. Unlike income-based measures, the HPI is a non-income measure of poverty [2]. Literacy deprivation is captured through the adult illiteracy rate, representing a lack of knowledge [2]. Social services deprivation is reflected in the standard of living dimension, which includes indicators such as the percentage of people without access to safe water and health services, and the percentage of underweight children [2]. Income deprivation is also a core component, particularly in HPI-2 for developed countries, which includes the population living below the poverty line. However, employment deprivation (specifically long-term unemployment) is only a feature of HPI-2, while the general HPI framework focuses on the first three deprivations.

Sources

1. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index
2. [2] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Human Development > MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT > p. 18