An irregular mode of reproduction resulting in the development of an embryo without fertilization is called 1. Parthenogenesis 2. Apogamy 3. Sporophytic budding Select the correct answer using the code given below.

An irregular mode of reproduction where an embryo develops without fertilization is broadly termed apomixis. This process encompasses several specific mechanisms. Parthenogenesis is the development of an embryo directly from an unfertilized egg cell [1]. Apogamy involves the origin of an embryo from other cells of the embryo sac, such as synergids or antipodal cells, rather than the egg cell [1]. Sporophytic budding (also known as adventive embryony) occurs when an embryo develops directly from diploid sporophytic cells of the ovule, such as the nucellus or integuments, bypassing the embryo sac stage. Since all three processes—parthenogenesis, apogamy, and sporophytic budding—result in embryo formation without the fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization), they are all considered irregular asexual modes of reproduction [2].

Sources

1. [1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848624006033
2. [2] https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_improvement/crop_imprv_repmode.html