The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? 1. Deprivation of education, health, assets and services at household level 2. Purchasing power parity at national level 3. Extent of budget deficit and GDP growth rate at national level Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the UNDP, measures acute poverty by identifying overlapping deprivations at the household level [1]. It evaluates three dimensions—health, education, and standard of living—using ten indicators such as nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, and access to basic services like water, sanitation, electricity, and assets [1]. Unlike traditional measures, it focuses on non-monetary deprivations rather than national-level macroeconomic indicators [3]. Statement 2 is incorrect because the MPI complements, rather than includes, national-level Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) income measures, which are typically handled by the World Bank [1]. Statement 3 is incorrect as the MPI does not track budget deficits or GDP growth rates, which are macroeconomic fiscal indicators unrelated to the household-level deprivation methodology of the MPI [1].

Sources

1. [1] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 3: Poverty, Inequality and Unemployment > MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX (MPI) > p. 35
2. [3] Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge > Poverty as seen by social scientists > p. 31