Statement I : Sculptures of the Gandhara School stylistically are typically linked to the Greeco-Roman and the Parthian art of Iran. Statement II : The earliest stone Buddha images in the Swat Valley pre-dated the Kushana period which suggests that certain iconographic conventions were already well-established in the pre-Kushana period,

Statement I is true as the Gandhara School of art is characterized by a unique fusion of Indian Buddhist iconography with Greco-Roman and Parthian stylistic elements [4]. It emerged in the northwestern regions, blending Hellenistic techniques with local traditions [2]. Statement II is also true; archaeological evidence from the Swat Valley, particularly from sites like Butkara I, indicates that stone Buddha images were produced during the Saka-Parthian period, which predates the Kushana era. This suggests that certain iconographic conventions were already established before the Kushana peak [5]. However, Statement II does not explain why the style is linked to Greco-Roman or Parthian art; rather, it addresses the chronological origins of the imagery. The stylistic links in Statement I are due to the region's history as a confluence of Persian, Greek, and Roman influences [1].

Sources

1. [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 11.1 Grappling with the unfamiliar > p. 108
2. [4] https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/TheGlobalConnectionsOfGandharanArt/On%20the%20crossroads%20of%20disciplines%20-%20Stoye.pdf
3. [5] https://ia801807.us.archive.org/29/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.531118/2015.531118.buddhist-art_text.pdf
4. [1] Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 6: The Age of Reorganisation > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 137