Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, which one of the following constitutes the quorum of meeting of ei ther House of Parliament ?

According to Article 100(3) of the Constitution of India, until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the quorum required to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament is one-tenth of the total number of members of that House [t1][t2][t4]. This requirement includes the presiding officer (Speaker or Chairman) [c1][c3]. Specifically, for the Lok Sabha, this translates to at least 55 members, and for the Rajya Sabha, at least 25 members [c1][c2]. Article 100(4) further mandates that if at any time during a meeting there is no quorum, it is the duty of the presiding officer to either adjourn the House or suspend the meeting until a quorum is present [t1][t4]. This constitutional provision ensures that a minimum representative strength is maintained for the valid transaction of legislative business [c1][c4].

Sources

1. [1] https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/careers_documents/1611147231706.38_An%20envisaged%20in%20the%20Constitution%20of%20India.pdf
2. [2] Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 23: Parliament > Quorum > p. 237
3. [3] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 33: State Legislature > Quorum > p. 341
4. [4] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > Quorum > p. 237
5. [5] Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 33: State Legislature > Quorum > p. 341