Which, among the following, is/are the impact/ impacts of industrial revolution in England ? 1. Cottage industry was replaced by the factory system of production using machines. 2. It led to the overpopulation of villages. 3. It led to the emergence of working class movements. Select the. correct answer using the code given below :

The Industrial Revolution in England fundamentally transformed the socio-economic landscape. Statement 1 is correct as the cottage industry, where production occurred in small workshops or homes, was replaced by the factory system utilizing machines like the spinning jenny and steam engine [c2][c3][c5]. Statement 2 is incorrect; industrialization triggered massive rural-to-urban migration, causing the urban population to rise from 9% in 1800 to 62% by 1900, thereby depleting rather than overpopulating villages [t2][t3][t8]. Statement 3 is correct as the creation of a large industrial working class (proletariat) led to the emergence of working-class movements and labor unions to address deplorable living and working conditions [t1][t3][t4]. Consequently, only statements 1 and 3 are accurate impacts of the revolution.

Sources

1. [1] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > Important Inventions during Industrial Revolution > p. 167
2. [2] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > First Industrial Revolution: 1765 > p. 232
3. [3] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > 11.4 Industrial Revolution > p. 166