Which of the following fundamental rights as enshrined in the Constitution of India belong only to the citizens? 1. Article 19 (Protection of right to freedom of speech) 2. Article 21 (Protection of life and personal liberty) 3. Article 15 (Prohibition of discri¬mination) 4. Article 16 (Equality of opportunity) Select the correct answer using the code given below.

The Constitution of India distinguishes between Fundamental Rights available to all persons and those reserved exclusively for citizens. Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, and 30 are rights that belong only to the citizens of India [3]. Specifically, Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth [1]. Article 16 ensures equality of opportunity in matters of public employment [3]. Article 19 guarantees six freedoms, including the right to freedom of speech and expression, which are explicitly restricted to citizens and not available to foreigners or legal entities like corporations [4]. In contrast, Article 21, which protects life and personal liberty, is a universal right available to both citizens and non-citizens (except enemy aliens) [1]. Therefore, statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct, while statement 2 is incorrect.

Sources

1. [1] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > Tab 8.2 Fundamental Rights (FR) of Foreigners > p. 76
2. [3] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 7: CITIZENSHIP > CITIZENSHIP > p. 83
3. [2] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 8: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties IJl > p. 117
4. [4] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > III Protection of Six Rights > p. 85