Which of the following statements regarding Permanent Settlement is/are correct ? 1. The Permanent Settlement was introduced in parts of the Madras and Bombay Presidencies. 2. The Permanent Settlement, created a new class of landlords with hereditary rights on land. 3. The landlords created by the Permanent Settlement could never be removed under any circumstance. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

The Permanent Settlement (1793) was primarily introduced in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha [c1][t3]. While it was briefly considered in parts of Madras, the Ryotwari system eventually became the dominant settlement in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies [c3][c4][t8]. Statement 1 is therefore incorrect. The settlement recognized zamindars as owners of the land, granting them hereditary rights to collect rent and pass the land to their heirs [c1][c2][t5]. Thus, statement 2 is correct. However, statement 3 is incorrect because the landlords' rights were conditional; under the 'Sunset Law,' if a zamindar failed to pay the fixed revenue to the government by sunset on a specified date, their land could be confiscated and auctioned by the British [t5]. Consequently, they could be removed for revenue arrears.

Sources

1. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 266
2. [2] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > 1. Zamindari System (Permanent Settlement) > p. 337
3. [3] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Envisioning a New Socio-Economic Order > a) Zamindari Abolition > p. 117
4. [4] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2. Institutional Factors > p. 20
5. [5] http://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/colonial-systems-land-revenue-mahalwari-ryotwari