Which one of the following types of erosion is responsible for the formation of Chambal Ravines ?

The Chambal ravines are formed by pronounced, linear fluvial cutting that produces deep-sided channels (gullies). Textbook descriptions state that gully erosion creates steep-sided channels several meters deep and explicitly cite the Chambal ravines as a typical example of gully erosion [1]. Further sources explain that rill and sheet processes, if unchecked, concentrate flow and evolve into gullies and badland-style ravines, again naming Chambal as an example [2]. Regional descriptions also note that running water cuts clayey soils into deep gullies and that such lands in the Chambal basin are locally termed ravines, confirming gully erosion as the responsible process [3].

Sources

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > types of Soil Erosion > p. 18
2. [2] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 17: Major Landforms and Cycle of Erosion > Badland Topography > p. 235
3. [3] NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe > Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation > p. 12