Which of the statements given below about the Mughal rule in India is false ?

The statement that peasant communities were a united and homogeneous group is false. Mughal agrarian society was highly stratified and characterized by significant economic differentiation [5]. Rural society was composed of various groups including individual land-owning peasants, village panchayats, and headmen like the muqaddam [3]. This structure fostered relationships of cooperation, competition, and conflict among peasants and landed elites [4]. Conversely, other options are historically accurate: food grains were abundant due to fertile soil and vast cultivated tracts [5]. The Mughal state actively encouraged 'jins-i kamil' (perfect crops) like cotton and sugarcane because they generated higher revenue [2]. Furthermore, most regions produced at least two crops annually, corresponding to the kharif and rabi seasons, supported by monsoon rains and artificial irrigation systems [6].

Sources

1. [3] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Agrarian Society and t ty tty the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth- seventeenth centuries) > p. 196
2. [5] https://sde.uoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/HIS3E04.pdf
3. [4] https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/77589/1/Unit-14.pdf
4. [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > 2. The Village Community > p. 201
5. [6] https://satheessc.iitk.ac.in/sathee-ssc/student-corner/ncert-books/class-12/themes-in-indian-history/chapter-08-peasants-zamindars-eight-and-the-state-agrarian-society-and-the-mughal-empire/