Agri-Rural Transformation and Food Economy (2025-26): UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The Indian agricultural landscape has transitioned from a generic 'subsidy-and-support' model to a 'Precision-Cluster-Commodity' (PCC) framework. This shift is characterized by the institutionalization of high-value niche crops (Makhana, Potato, Copra) and the aggressive use of digital governance to streamline the food economy. The 2025-26 period marks the maturity of the 'Agriculture Infrastructure Fund' (AIF) alongside the launch of the 'PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana' (PM-DDKY), signaling a move toward decentralized, district-led agricultural planning in 100 key districts.

Cross-Theme Insight

The convergence of 'Nutrition Security' (Universal Fortified Rice extended to 2028) and 'Export-Led Growth' (APEDA’s expansion and the National Makhana Board) reveals a strategy to monetize India's dietary diversity. While the National Food Security Act (NFSA) remains the backbone of rural welfare, its administration has shifted from 'inclusion expansion' to 'leakage elimination' (purging 2.25 crore ineligible beneficiaries). This suggests a tighter fiscal leash on subsidies to fund capital-intensive processing missions like PMFME and PM-MKSSY.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Vivek Singh, Indian Economy 7th ed., p. 295) define the NFSA by its 67% population coverage mandate; however, the 2025 administrative reality focuses on 'Aadhar-seeded precision targeting' to curb a ₹12,000 crore annual leakage. Similarly, while Nitin Singhania (p. 329) lists the 22 mandated MSP crops, the 2026 cycle for 'Milling Copra' (fixed at ₹12,027) and the creation of commodity-specific boards (Makhana Board, Purnea) indicate a 'Post-MSP' era where institutional branding and processing value-add are the new support pillars.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from broad-based income support (PM-KISAN) to structural competitiveness. In 2025-2026, the trajectory emphasizes 'Agri-tech' (valued at $900M) and processing hubs (Gujarat for Potato, Bihar for Makhana) as the primary drivers of growth, aiming for a self-reliant food economy by the 2031 sunset date of current multi-year schemes.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC consistently tests the 'Institutional Mechanism' of agriculture: CCEA's role in price approval (IAS 2015), NFSA eligibility and head-of-household criteria (IAS 2018), and APEDA’s role in organic exports (IAS 2018). Recent CAPF (2025) questions focus on 'Modern Infrastructure' (PM-KSY) and supply chain optimization, indicating a shift toward testing the 'how' of agricultural logistics over the 'what' of production.

Probable Prelims Angles

• MSP for Milling Copra (2026): Fixed at ₹12,027/quintal (up by ₹445).
• PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: 6-year cycle (2025-2031), ₹24,000 crore budget, targeting 100 districts.
• National Makhana Board: Headquartered in Purnea, Bihar; India controls 80% of global production.
• NFSA Purge: 2.25 crore beneficiaries removed via DBT/Aadhar verification in 2025.
• Universal Fortified Rice: Extension of 100% coverage through 2028 to combat anemia.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (11 themes, 43 news items)

Central Interventions in Agri-Food Production and Processing

Focus: A cluster of central schemes launched or updated in late 2025 aimed at boosting the supply side of the food economy (agriculture, fisheries, and processing).

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the government's sectoral focus on modernizing the food supply chain through production incentives (PMDDKY, Blue Economy) and value addition (PMFME, Sampada).

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-15 [Schemes & Programs] — CSR Conclave Focuses on PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana
  The Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare organized a CSR conclave in New Delhi, in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme India and the Gates Foundation. The conference focused on leveraging PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (DDKY) for farmer prosperity. Approximately 65 representatives from various companies and organizations participated.
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  UPSC Angle: CSR conclave focused on PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana.

  Key Facts:

  • CSR conclave organized by Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
  • Collaboration with UNDP India and Gates Foundation
  • Focus on PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (DDKY)
  • DDKY launched on October 11, 2025
  • DDKY covers 100 districts for six years
  • Inspired by the Aspirational Districts Programme of NITI Aayog
• 2025-12-06 [Schemes & Programs] — PMFME Scheme Performance
  As of October 31, 2025, 1,62,744 loans have been sanctioned under the PMFME scheme with a total loan amount of ₹13,234.90 crore. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) reported the progress on the Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro food processing Enterprises (PMFME) scheme. The scheme aims to formalize, enhance competitiveness, and modernize the unorganized micro food processing sector in India.
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  UPSC Angle: 1,62,744 loans sanctioned under the PMFME scheme as of October 31, 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • 1,62,744 loans sanctioned under PMFME scheme.
  • Total loan amount sanctioned: ₹13,234.90 crore.
  • PMFME is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under MoFPI.
  • Launch year: 2020 (part of Atmanirbhar Bharat).
  • Objective: Formalisation + Competitiveness + Modernisation of India's unorganised micro food processing sector (~25 lakh units, 74% unregistered).
  • Implementation model: One District One Product (ODOP) approach.
• 2025-11-21 [Economy] — Government Initiatives Boost Blue Economy
  The Indian government is actively promoting the blue economy through schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Yojana (PM-MKSSY) and the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). PM-MKSSY aims to formalize the aquaculture value chain with an investment of ₹6,000 crore from 2023-24 to 2026-27. PMMSY, with an investment of ₹20,312 crore from 2020-21 to 2025-26, focuses on sustainable and inclusive growth.
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  UPSC Angle: Government initiatives boost blue economy via PMMSY and PM-MKSSY.

  Key Facts:

  • PM-MKSSY investment: ₹6,000 crore, duration 2023–24 to 2026–27
  • Premium support under PM-MKSSY: 40% (max ₹25,000/ha, cap ₹1 lakh)
  • PMMSY investment: ₹20,312 crore (2020–21 to 2025–26)
  • PMMSY aims to transform 100 Coastal Fishing Villages into Climate-Resilient CFVs
• 2025-10-12 [Agriculture] — PM launches agriculture schemes PMDDKY and Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the PM Dhan Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) and the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses, with a total outlay of Rs. 35,440 crore to boost productivity, cut imports, and make Indian agriculture globally competitive. The Pradhan Mantri Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) will target 100 underperforming districts where farming faces challenges like low crop yields, water scarcity, and limited access to resources. The Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses will not only reduce import dependency but also improve farmer profitability by focusing on climate-resilient crops such as tur (pigeon pea), urad, and masoor (lentils).
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  UPSC Angle: PM launches PMDDKY and Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Dhan Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)
  • Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses
  • Total outlay: Rs. 35,440 crore
  • PMDDKY: targets 100 underperforming districts
  • Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses: focuses on climate-resilient crops such as tur, urad, and masoor
  • Annual budget of ₹24,000 crore for six years (2025-26 to 2030-31), totaling ₹1.44 lakh crore
  • Aims to support 1.7 crore farmers
  • Targets small and marginal farmers owning less than 2 hectares of land, who constitute 86% of India's farming population
  • Subsidy range offered on inputs under Pradhan Mantri Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY): 50-80%
  • Aims to increase crop yields by 20-30% through high-quality inputs and technology
  • Aims to cut post-harvest losses to under 5%
  • Aims to double farmer incomes by 2030
• 2025-08-01 [Schemes & Programs] — Cabinet Approves ₹6,520 crore for PM Kisan Sampada Yojana
  The Union Cabinet has increased the budgetary outlay for the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) by ₹1,920 crore to ₹6,520 crore to boost the food processing sector. Of this, ₹1,000 crore is earmarked to set up 50 Multi-Product Food Irradiation Units and ₹100 crore for 100 NABL-accredited Food Testing Laboratories.
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  UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves ₹6,520 crore for PM Kisan Sampada Yojana.

  Key Facts:

  • Budgetary outlay for PMKSY increased by ₹1,920 crore to ₹6,520 crore.
  • ₹1,000 crore earmarked for 50 Multi-Product Food Irradiation Units.
  • ₹100 crore for 100 NABL-accredited Food Testing Laboratories.
  • The scheme is under the 15th Finance Commission Cycle (2021-22 to 2025-26).
• 2025-07-17 [Schemes & Programs] — Union Cabinet Approves PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana
  The Union Cabinet has approved the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) with an annual budget of ₹24,000 crore for six years starting from 2025–26. This scheme aims to boost agricultural development in 100 low-performing districts by integrating 36 schemes across 11 ministries. The scheme is inspired by NITI Aayog's Aspirational District Programme, focusing on improving farming in districts with low agricultural productivity, moderate crop intensity, and below-average credit access.
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  UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana with ₹24,000 crore budget.

  Key Facts:

  • PMDDKY: Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana
  • Budget: ₹24,000 crore/year
  • Duration: Six years (2025-26 to 2030-31)
  • Target: 100 low-performing districts
  • Convergence of 36 schemes from 11 ministries
  • Inspired by: NITI Aayog's Aspirational District Programme
  • District Dhan Dhaanya Samiti to prepare District Agriculture & Allied Plan
  • PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) approved.
  • Annual budget of ₹24,000 crore for six years.
  • Effective from 2025–26.
  • Aims to develop 100 agricultural districts.
  • Integrates 36 schemes across 11 ministries.
  • Inspired by NITI Aayog's Aspirational District Programme.
  • The Union Cabinet approved the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY).
  • Yearly budget of ₹24,000 crore.
  • Six-year duration starting from 2025–26.

Central Government Agricultural Price Support and Procurement Framework (2025-2027)

Focus: Official policy decisions and implementation details regarding Minimum Support Prices (MSP) and Fair and Remunerative Prices (FRP) for various crop cycles across 2025-2027.

UPSC Value: Understanding the institutional role of the CCEA, CACP, and nodal agencies (NAFED, JCI) in ensuring farmer income stability and food security through price intervention.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-16 [Agriculture] — Union Cabinet Approves MSP for Copra 2026
  The CCEA approved the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for copra for 2026 season. The MSP for 2026 has been fixed at Rs 12,027 per quintal for milling copra and Rs 12,500 per quintal for ball copra, up by Rs 445 and Rs 400 respectively from the previous season.
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  UPSC Angle: MSP for copra 2026: ₹12,027/quintal (milling), ₹12,500/quintal (ball).

  Key Facts:

  • Approved the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for copra for 2026 season
  • MSP for 2026 fixed at Rs 12,027 per quintal for milling copra
  • MSP for 2026 fixed at Rs 12,500 per quintal for ball copra
  • National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED) and National Cooperative Consumers' Federation (NCCF) will continue to act as Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs) for procurement of copra under Price Support Scheme (PSS)
• 2025-10-11 [Agriculture] — MSP Hikes for Kharif and Rabi Crops
  The government announced increased Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Kharif crops in 2025-26, with the highest increase for Nigerseed (+₹820), Ragi (+₹596), and Cotton (+₹589), and the highest margin for Bajra (63%), Maize & Tur (59%). For Rabi crops in 2026-27, the highest MSP margin is for Wheat (109% over cost at ₹2,585/qtl), with Safflower having the highest absolute increase at ₹600/qtl. The procurement target is 297 Lakh MT, with farmers expected to receive approximately ₹84,263 crore.
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  UPSC Angle: Increased MSP for Kharif crops in 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • Kharif Crops (MSP 2025–26)
  • Highest increase: Nigerseed (+₹820), Ragi (+₹596), Cotton (+₹589)
  • Highest margin: Bajra (63%), Maize & Tur (59%)
  • Rabi Crops (MSP 2026–27)
  • Highest MSP margin: Wheat — 109% over cost (₹2,585/qtl)
  • Highest absolute increase: Safflower — ₹600/qtl
  • Procurement target: 297 Lakh MT
  • Farmers to receive ~₹84,263 crore
• 2025-06-18 [Agriculture] — MSP for Maize Set at Rs 2,225 per Quintal in Madhya Pradesh
  The Madhya Pradesh government introduced initiatives like the Quick Maize Development Programme and assured Minimum Support Prices (MSP). For the 2024-25 season, the MSP for maize is set at Rs 2,225 per quintal, with procurement starting June 15 and continuing until July 31 across several districts.
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  UPSC Angle: MSP for maize set at Rs 2,225 per quintal in MP.

  Key Facts:

  • MSP for maize set at Rs 2,225 per quintal for 2024-25 in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Procurement period: June 15 to July 31.
• 2025-05-29 [Agriculture] — Minimum Support Prices (MSP) Increased for Kharif Crops
  The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved revised Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for 14 Kharif crops for the 2025–26 marketing season to ensure income stability for farmers. MSP is the minimum guaranteed price offered by the government to farmers for their crops, even if market prices fall, protecting them from distress sales.
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  UPSC Angle: CCEA approves increased MSP for 14 Kharif crops for 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • Highest absolute increase in MSP: Nigerseed (Rs. 820 per quintal)
  • Increase in MSP: Ragi (Rs. 596 per quintal), Cotton (Rs. 589 per quintal) and Sesamum (Rs. 579 per quintal)
  • Total financial outlay: ₹2.07 lakh crore
• 2025-05-14 [Agriculture] — Jute MSP Increased
  The Jute Corporation of India (JCI) increased the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for raw jute from ₹5,335 to ₹5,650 per quintal for the 2025–26 crop year to prevent distress selling by farmers. JCI is a government-owned price support agency that procures raw jute at MSP from farmers.
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  UPSC Angle: Jute MSP increased to ₹5,650 per quintal for 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • JCI raised the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for raw jute from ₹5,335 to ₹5,650 per quintal for the 2025–26 crop year
  • JCI is a government-owned price support agency
  • JCI Headquarters: Kolkata, West Bengal
  • JCI Established in: 1971 under Companies Act, 1956
  • JCI Parent Ministry: Ministry of Textiles, Government of India
• 2025-05-01 [Economy] — Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) for Sugarcane Approved
  The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved a Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of ₹355 per quintal for sugarcane for the 2025–26 sugar season. The FRP system, introduced in 2009, aims to ensure remunerative returns to farmers and a stable supply of sugarcane to mills. The FRP is recommended by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and fixed by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).
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  UPSC Angle: FRP for sugarcane approved at ₹355 per quintal for 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • FRP for sugarcane approved at ₹355 per quintal for 2025–26
  • FRP introduced in 2009
  • FRP ensures remunerative returns to farmers
  • Recommended by CACP and fixed by CCEA

Multifaceted Agricultural Support Initiatives

Focus: Diverse policy interventions (subsidies, tech, state-level schemes) aimed at enhancing productivity in agricultural and allied sectors.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-pronged approach (inputs, income support, technology, allied sectors) required for agrarian distress alleviation.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-02 [Agriculture] — Madhya Pradesh Declares 2026 as Agriculture Year
  The Governor of Madhya Pradesh has declared 2026 as the Agriculture Year. The aim is to promote agriculture, dairy farming, and animal husbandry.
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  UPSC Angle: Madhya Pradesh Declares 2026 as Agriculture Year.

  Key Facts:

  • Madhya Pradesh declared 2026 as Agriculture Year
  • Aim: To promote agriculture, dairy farming, and animal husbandry
  • Mangu Bhai Patel is the Governor of Madhya Pradesh
• 2025-12-24 [Agriculture] — India's Agri-tech sector valued at USD 800-900 million
  As India celebrates Kisan Diwas on December 23, 2025, the agri-tech sector is estimated at USD 800–900 million and is projected to expand at 9–13 percent CAGR through the early 2030s. Advanced technologies such as AI, machine learning, IoT sensors, satellite mapping, and drones are being deployed for soil health analysis, crop monitoring, irrigation planning, and pest management. Evidence shows that AI can enable 20–30% higher yields and up to 80% water savings through precision advisory, early pest and disease detection, and smarter post-harvest management.
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  UPSC Angle: India's agri-tech sector is valued at USD 800-900 million.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Agri-tech sector is valued at USD 800–900 million.
  • The Agri-tech sector is projected to expand at 9–13 percent CAGR through the early 2030s.
  • AI can enable 20–30% higher yields.
  • AI can enable up to 80% water savings.
• 2025-11-26 [Society & Culture] — National Milk Day 2025
  National Milk Day is observed on November 26th each year to recognize the contributions of dairy farmers and to promote cooperation within the dairy industry. In 2025, this day is particularly significant because of major policy initiatives in the dairy sector, including GST reform and the launch of White Revolution 2.0.
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  UPSC Angle: National Milk Day promotes dairy industry cooperation; not directly testable.

  Key Facts:

  • Observed annually on November 26th
  • Honors dairy farmers contributions
  • Promotes cooperative spirit in the dairy sector
  • Significant in 2025 due to GST reform
  • Launch of White Revolution 2.0
• 2025-10-29 [Agriculture] — Cabinet Approves Nutrient Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi Season 2025-26
  The Union Cabinet approved the Department of Fertilizers' proposal to fix Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers for the Rabi Season 2025-26 (October 1, 2025, to March 31, 2026). The government will provide subsidized prices for 28 grades of P&K fertilizers, including DAP, to farmers through manufacturers and importers. The NBS Scheme, governing subsidies on P&K fertilizers, has been in effect since April 1, 2010.
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  UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves Nutrient Based Subsidy rates for Rabi Season 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • NBS: Nutrient Based Subsidy
  • Rabi Season 2025-26: October 1, 2025 to March 31, 2026
  • 28 grades of P&K fertilizers subsidized
  • DAP: Diammonium Phosphate
  • NBS Scheme effective since April 1, 2010
• 2025-08-15 [Schemes & Programs] — Madhya Pradesh Transfers Funds Under CM Kisan Kalyan Yojana
  Chief Minister Dr. Mohan Yadav is set to transfer the second installment of Rs. 17,500 crore under the CM Kisan Kalyan Yojana for the year 2025-26 to the accounts of farmers in Madhya Pradesh on 14th August 2025. By March 2025, over 83 lakh beneficiaries had received a cumulative Rs. 17,500 crore under this initiative.
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  UPSC Angle: Madhya Pradesh transfers funds under CM Kisan Kalyan Yojana.

  Key Facts:

  • Madhya Pradesh
  • CM Kisan Kalyan Yojana
  • Rs. 17,500 crore
  • Second installment for 2025-26
  • 83 lakh beneficiaries
  • Installments of Rs. 2,000 each

Agriculture and Rural Infrastructure Development

Focus: Initiatives and funding specifically aimed at strengthening physical and digital infrastructure in the agricultural and rural sectors.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the multi-pronged approach (Central schemes, State policies, and Development Banks) to capital formation in Indian agriculture.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [Agriculture] — Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Sanctions
  The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) has sanctioned ₹80,224.15 crore in loans for over 1.5 lakh projects, mobilizing investments of ₹1.27 lakh crore since 2020.
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  UPSC Angle: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) sanctions ₹80,224.15 crore in loans.

  Key Facts:

  • Fund: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
  • Loans sanctioned: ₹80,224.15 crore
  • Projects: 1.5 lakh+
  • Investments mobilized: ₹1.27 lakh crore
  • Since: 2020
• 2025-06-18 [Agriculture] — MahaAgri-AI Policy 2025-29 Approved in Maharashtra
  The Maharashtra Cabinet approved the MahaAgri-AI Policy 2025-29, focusing on transforming agriculture with AI, robotics, drones, and predictive analytics. Innovation and incubation centers will be established at four agricultural universities, guided by IITs and IISc. A fund of Rs 500 crore is allocated for the policy's first three years.
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  UPSC Angle: Maharashtra approves MahaAgri-AI Policy 2025-29 for agriculture transformation.

  Key Facts:

  • MahaAgri-AI Policy 2025-29 approved by Maharashtra Cabinet.
  • Rs 500 crore allocated for the first three years.
  • Innovation centers to be guided by IITs and IISc.
• 2025-04-06 [Economy] — NABARD Extends Assistance to Jharkhand
  NABARD extended ₹5,830 crore in financial assistance to Jharkhand in FY25 to boost rural infrastructure across the state. This assistance aims to augment rural infrastructure development, livelihood promotion, institutional strengthening, and financial inclusion.
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  UPSC Angle: NABARD extends assistance to Jharkhand.

  Key Facts:

  • Assistance provided by: NABARD
  • Recipient state: Jharkhand
  • Financial assistance: ₹5,830 crore
  • Financial Year: 2024-25 (FY25)
  • Purpose: To boost rural infrastructure
• 2025-03-05 [Schemes & Programs] — Punjab Utilizes Agriculture Infrastructure Fund
  Punjab has utilized 100% of the Rs 4,713 crore allocated to it by the Centre under the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme. As of February 28, Punjab is at the No. 1 position in the country for the highest number of sanctioned projects, with 21,740 projects.
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  UPSC Angle: Punjab utilized 100% of funds under Agriculture Infrastructure Fund.

  Key Facts:

  • Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
  • Punjab allocation: Rs 4,713 crore
  • 100% utilization
  • 21,740 projects
  • Highest number of sanctioned projects
  • February 28

Institutionalization of High-Value Agri-Commodities

Focus: The establishment of specific national boards, gene banks, and processing infrastructure to boost production and export of niche agricultural products.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the shift towards commodity-specific cluster development and genetic preservation in Indian agriculture.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-29 [Agriculture] — Union Minister Inaugurates NSC Seed Processing Plants and Online Platform
  Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan inaugurated the National Seeds Corporation's new seed processing plant in New Delhi and virtually launched five other NSC plants across the country. The initiative aims to ensure easy access to high-quality seeds for farmers, address issues of fake and substandard seeds, and improve agricultural productivity. The Minister also launched the Seed Management 2.0 system and an online seed booking platform to help farmers book seeds directly, ensuring transparency and timely access.
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  UPSC Angle: Union Minister inaugurates NSC seed processing plants and online platform.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan
  • National Seeds Corporation (NSC)
  • New Delhi
  • Bareilly
  • Dharwad
  • Hassan
  • Suratgarh
  • Raichur
  • Beej Bhawan in Pusa
  • 1 ton per hour
  • Seed Management 2.0 system
  • Online seed booking platform
• 2025-10-25 [Schemes & Programs] — National Makhana Board Launched
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi described the newly launched National Makhana Board as a transformative revolution for the sector. Makhana, the dried edible seed of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), is gaining recognition as a nutrient-rich superfood.
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  UPSC Angle: National Makhana Board aims to transform the Makhana sector.

  Key Facts:

  • National Makhana Board launched.
  • Makhana is the dried edible seed of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox).
• 2025-06-30 [Agriculture] — National Turmeric Board Inaugurated in Telangana
  The National Turmeric Board, established in 2025, was inaugurated in Nizamabad, Telangana, to promote turmeric cultivation, research, and exports, ensuring holistic growth in the sector. It operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. India produces over 75% of global turmeric, with 30+ indigenous varieties; the area under cultivation (2022–23) was 3.24 lakh hectares, with production of 11.61 lakh tonnes and exports of 1.53 lakh tonnes valued at USD 207.45 million.
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  UPSC Angle: National Turmeric Board inaugurated in Telangana to promote turmeric.

  Key Facts:

  • Established in 2025 to promote turmeric.
  • Headquarters: Nizamabad, Telangana.
  • Ministry: Operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
  • India produces over 75% of global turmeric.
  • Area under cultivation (2022–23): 3.24 lakh hectares.
  • Production (2022–23): 11.61 lakh tonnes.
  • Export (2022–23): 1.53 lakh tonnes valued at USD 207.45 million.
  • Export Targets: USD 1 billion by 2030.
  • National Turmeric Board inaugurated in Telangana
  • India produces over 75% of global turmeric
  • Target export of USD 1 billion by 2030
  • Area under cultivation (2022–23): 3.24 lakh hectares
  • Production (2022–23): 11.61 lakh tonnes
  • Export (2022–23): 1.53 lakh tonnes valued at USD 207.45 million
  • Major export destinations: Bangladesh, UAE, USA, Malaysia
  • 30+ indigenous varieties of turmeric
• 2025-03-06 [Schemes & Programs] — PM announces second National Gene Bank
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the establishment of a second National Gene Bank during a post-budget webinar in March 2025. The initiative aligns with India's goal of Viksit Bharat 2047, focusing on food security, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable agriculture.
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  UPSC Angle: PM announces second National Gene Bank.

  Key Facts:

  • Second National Gene Bank
  • Announced: March 2025
  • Goal: Viksit Bharat 2047
  • Focus: food security, biodiversity conservation, sustainable agriculture
  • Existing National Gene Bank established in 1996 under ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi
  • Existing Gene Bank holds 0.47 million accessions of plant material as of January 2025
  • Second National Gene Bank will have 1 million germplasm lines
  • Announced in the Union Budget 2025-26 under the Ministry of Finance

APEDA's Institutional and Export Promotion Initiatives

Focus: Administrative and operational actions taken by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to enhance organizational capacity and facilitate agricultural exports.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-dimensional role of statutory bodies in trade facilitation, ranging from workforce management to international market expansion.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-19 [Economy] — APEDA Announces Recruitment for Assistant General Manager and Assistant Manager Posts
  APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority) announced direct recruitment for the posts of Assistant General Manager (Agriculture), Assistant General Manager (Finance) and Assistant Manager (Business Promotion).
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • APEDA announced direct recruitment for the posts of Assistant General Manager (Agriculture), Assistant General Manager (Finance) and Assistant Manager (Business Promotion).
• 2025-11-05 [Agriculture] — APEDA Facilitates Fortified Rice Kernel Export
  APEDA facilitated the first export of Fortified Rice Kernel. This supports nutrition security, health/agri-tech leadership, and SDG 2/3.
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  UPSC Angle: APEDA facilitates first export of Fortified Rice Kernel.

  Key Facts:

  • APEDA: Facilitated the first export of Fortified Rice Kernel
• 2025-09-10 [Agriculture] — NCEL-APEDA signed MoU for cooperatively led agricultural exports
  NCEL-APEDA signed MoU for cooperatively led agricultural exports. The EU has expanded India seafood export access so 1002 such more Indian fishery establishments have been approved by EU, which is going to increase the seafood exports to EU by 20%.
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  UPSC Angle: NCEL-APEDA MoU for cooperatively led agricultural exports.

  Key Facts:

  • NCEL-APEDA signed MoU
  • NCEL-APEDA
  • cooperatively led agricultural exports

Agricultural Production Monitoring and Institutional Support

Focus: Official government reporting on crop production estimates and the creation of institutional frameworks to support specific agricultural sectors.

UPSC Value: Understanding the government's dual approach of monitoring staple food security (Kharif crops) while institutionalizing high-value niche exports (Makhana).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Agriculture] — Parliament informed India produces 80% of world's Makhana
  India produces nearly 80% of the world's makhana, reinforcing its global dominance in this niche agri-sector. The government has also set up the National Makhana Board and approved a ₹476.03 crore central scheme (2025–31) to boost value addition and exports.
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  UPSC Angle: India produces 80% of world's makhana; National Makhana Board set up.

  Key Facts:

  • India produces nearly 80% of the world's makhana.
  • The government has set up the National Makhana Board.
  • ₹476.03 crore central scheme (2025–31) to boost value addition and exports.
• 2025-12-13 [Schemes & Programs] — National Makhana Board Established
  The Union Government has established the National Makhana Board, fulfilling the announcement made in the Union Budget 2025—26. The board, headquartered in Purnea, Bihar, marks a major step toward strengthening and modernizing India's Makhana sector.
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  UPSC Angle: National Makhana Board established in Purnea, Bihar.

  Key Facts:

  • National Makhana Board established.
  • Headquartered in Purnea, Bihar.
  • Fulfills announcement made in Union Budget 2025-26.
• 2025-11-28 [Agriculture] — Government Estimates Kharif Crop Production
  The government has estimated India's total food grain production of Kharif crops at 173.33 million tonnes this financial year; rice production is estimated at over 124 million tonnes, 1.73 million tonnes more than last year. Total Kharif coarse cereals production is estimated at 41.41 million tonnes, and Kharif pulses at 7.41 million tonnes.
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  UPSC Angle: Government Estimates Kharif Crop Production.

  Key Facts:

  • Kharif crops
  • 173.33 million tonnes
  • Rice: >124 million tonnes
  • Kharif coarse cereals: 41.41 million tonnes
  • Kharif pulses: 7.41 million tonnes
  • Total food grain production of Kharif crops: 173.33 million tonnes
  • Rice production estimated: more than 124 million tonnes
  • Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan

Central Government Commodity-Specific Development and Nutrition Schemes

Focus: Union Cabinet approvals for multi-year, centrally funded programs targeting the development, infrastructure, or nutritional enhancement of specific agricultural and dairy commodities.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the government's strategy for sectoral agricultural growth, food security, and the use of central funding to achieve specific developmental targets.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-16 [Schemes & Programs] — Centre Approves Scheme for Makhana Development
  The Centre has approved a ₹476.03 crore scheme for the development of Makhana for the period 2025–26 to 2030–31, focusing on research and innovation, quality seed production, farmer training, improved harvesting, value addition, branding, marketing, exports, and quality control.
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  UPSC Angle: Centre approves ₹476.03 Cr scheme for Makhana development 2025-31.

  Key Facts:

  • Approved a ₹476.03 crore scheme for the development of Makhana
  • For the period 2025–26 to 2030–31
  • Focusing on research and innovation, quality seed production, farmer training, improved harvesting, value addition, branding, marketing, exports, and quality control
• 2025-08-22 [Schemes & Programs] — Universal Fortified Rice Distribution Extended
  The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of universal supply of fortified rice under all government schemes until December 2028, with 100% central funding of ₹17,082 crore. This nutrition intervention programme aims to combat anaemia, malnutrition, and hidden hunger in India by supplying rice fortified with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12 through government food safety nets.
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  UPSC Angle: Universal fortified rice distribution extended until December 2028.

  Key Facts:

  • The scheme is extended until December 2028.
  • The central funding is ₹17,082 crore.
  • The rice is fortified with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12.
  • Scheme: Universal supply of fortified rice
  • Extension: Till December 2028
  • Funding: 100% central funding of ₹17,082 crore
  • Fortification: Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12
• 2025-03-20 [Schemes & Programs] — Revised National Programme for Dairy Development Approved
  The Union Cabinet approved the Revised National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) with an additional allocation of ₹1000 crore, bringing the total outlay to ₹2790 crore for the 15th Finance Commission cycle (2021-22 to 2025-26). The program focuses on sustainable development of dairy cooperatives, enhancing production, processing, and marketing infrastructure, and is implemented in 9 states with assistance from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
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  UPSC Angle: Revised National Programme for Dairy Development approved.

  Key Facts:

  • Revised NPDD Outlay: ₹2790 crore
  • Additional Allocation: ₹1000 crore
  • Finance Commission Cycle: 15th (2021-22 to 2025-26)
  • Focus: Sustainable development of dairy cooperatives
  • Assistance from: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
  • Implemented in: 9 states

Optimization and Reform of the National Food Security Act (NFSA)

Focus: These items document the multi-faceted management of India's food security system in 2025, including fiscal savings from DBT, regional coverage assessments, and the administrative purging of ineligible beneficiaries.

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive overview of Public Distribution System (PDS) reforms, focusing on the balance between social inclusion (coverage) and fiscal accountability (leakage reduction) as required for GS Paper II and III.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-19 [Polity & Governance] — Removal of Ineligible Beneficiaries from NFSA List
  The Union Government has removed around 2.25 crore ineligible beneficiaries from the free monthly ration scheme under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) over the past four to five months. India currently has over 19 crore ration card holders, and around 5 lakh fair price shops operating across States and Union Territories.
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  UPSC Angle: 2.25 crore ineligible beneficiaries removed from NFSA free ration scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • Around 2.25 crore ineligible beneficiaries removed from NFSA list
  • India has over 19 crore ration card holders
  • Around 5 lakh fair price shops operating across States and Union Territories
• 2025-07-11 [Polity & Governance] — Ration Card Coverage in Bihar
  Ration cards cover about two-thirds of Bihar's population, with 1.79 crore ration cards covering around 8.71 crore beneficiaries as of July 10, 2025. Ration cards are easily accessible to low-income and marginalized groups, including EBCs and minorities.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Ration cards cover about two-thirds of Bihar's population
  • 1.79 crore ration cards
  • Around 8.71 crore beneficiaries (as of July 10, 2025)
• 2025-04-22 [Economy] — PIB on India's DBT System Efficiency
  On April 22, 2025, PIB reported on the efficiency gains of India's Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system, noting cumulative savings of ₹3.48 Lakh Crore due to the elimination of leakages and inefficiencies from 2009-2024. The beneficiary count increased from 11 crore in 2013 to 176 crore by 2024, and the share of subsidies in total expenditure reduced from 16% (2009-13 average) to 9% in 2023–24.
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  UPSC Angle: DBT system saved ₹3.48 Lakh Crore due to leakage elimination.

  Key Facts:

  • Cumulative savings due to DBT: ₹3.48 Lakh Crore (2009–2024)
  • Beneficiary increase: 11 crore (2013) to 176 crore (2024)
  • Subsidy reduction: 16% of total expenditure (2009–13 average) to 9% (2023–24)
  • Food Subsidies (PDS): ₹1.85 lakh crore saved

Growth and Institutionalization of the Potato Processing Sector in Gujarat

Focus: Items documenting the macro-shift toward high-value crops, Gujarat's emergence as a leader in processed potato production, and specific institutional efforts to strengthen the potato value chain.

UPSC Value: Illustrates agricultural diversification, the significance of food processing in increasing Gross Value Added (GVA), and the role of cooperatives in rural economic development.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-13 [Agriculture] — Banas Dairy and BBSSL strengthen potato value chain
  Banas Dairy and BBSSL have signed an MoU to Strengthen the Potato Value Chain.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Banas Dairy and BBSSL Sign MoU
  • Strengthen Potato Value Chain
• 2025-07-16 [Agriculture] — Gujarat Becomes Top State in Processed Potato Production
  Gujarat is now India's number one state in processed potato production in 2024–25, with Banaskantha district leading with 18.70 lakh tonnes from over 61,000 hectares. The productivity in Banaskantha was 30.65 tonnes per hectare, the highest in the state, utilizing modern cold storage and farming techniques to grow French fry-grade potatoes.
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  UPSC Angle: Gujarat is now top state in processed potato production.

  Key Facts:

  • Gujarat is now India's number one state in processed potato production
  • Banaskantha district produced 18.70 lakh tonnes from over 61,000 hectares
  • Productivity in Banaskantha was 30.65 tonnes per hectare
  • Popular varieties: Lady Rosetta, Kufri Chipsona, and Santana
  • Gujarat is India's number one state in processed potato production in 2024–25.
  • Banaskantha district led the state with 18.70 lakh tonnes from over 61,000 hectares.
  • Productivity in Banaskantha was 30.65 tonnes per hectare, the highest in the state.
  • Other major districts: Sabarkantha with 12.97 lakh tonnes and Aravalli with 6.99 lakh tonnes.
  • Popular varieties: Lady Rosetta, Kufri Chipsona, and Santana – suitable for fries and chips.
• 2025-07-02 [Agriculture] — Agriculture Output Report
  New data from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) reveals shifting food habits and consumption patterns, as farmers adapt by producing more high-value crops. The Gross Value Added (GVA) of agriculture and allied sectors at current prices grew by approximately 225%, rising from ₹1,502 thousand crore in 2011–12 to ₹4,878 thousand crore in 2023–24.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Rural MPCE on cereals fell from 10.69% to 4.97%.
  • Urban MPCE on cereals fell from 6.61% to 3.74%.
  • GVO share of cereals dropped from 17.6% to 14.5%.
  • Strawberries: GVO rose over 40 times to ₹55.4 crore (constant prices), and nearly 80 times to ₹103.27 crore (current prices).
  • Parmal (Parwal): Increased 17-fold to ₹789 crore.
  • Pumpkin: Rose nearly 10 times to ₹2,449 crore.
  • Pomegranate: Grew over 4 times to ₹9,231 crore.
  • Mushrooms: Jumped 3.5 times to ₹1,704 crore.
  • The Gross Value Added (GVA) of agriculture and allied sectors at current prices grew by approximately 225%, rising from ₹1,502 thousand crore in 2011–12 to ₹4,878 thousand crore in 2023–24.

Institutional Frameworks for Rural Livelihood and Agricultural Enhancement

Focus: Government-led schemes and missions providing financial subsidies, technical training, and institutional credit to improve agricultural productivity and rural economic stability.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the diverse policy instruments used by central and state governments to address rural poverty and promote sustainable farming practices.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-24 [Schemes & Programs] — DAY-NRLM: Improving Livelihoods of Poor
  The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM), implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development, is one of the world's largest poverty alleviation programmes. Launched in 2010 by restructuring the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), it was renamed in 2016 as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM). It is a centrally sponsored scheme aimed to reduce rural poverty through self-employment and skilled wage employment.
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  UPSC Angle: DAY-NRLM: Improving livelihoods of poor.

  Key Facts:

  • Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) is one of the world's largest poverty alleviation programmes
  • Implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development
  • Launched in 2010 by restructuring the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
  • Renamed in 2016 as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM)
  • Centrally sponsored scheme aimed to reduce rural poverty through self-employment and skilled wage employment
  • 10.05 crore rural households mobilized into 90.9 lakh SHGs
  • 4.6 crore Mahila Kisans supported
  • 3.74 lakh enterprises created under SVEP
  • 47,952 Bank Sakhis deployed
  • ₹ 11 lakh crore in credit accessed by SHGs (98% repayment)
  • 17.5 lakh youth trained under DDU-GKY; 11.48 lakh placed
  • 56.69 lakh trained under RSETIs; 40.99 lakh settled
• 2025-10-13 [Agriculture] — Himachal Pradesh promotes natural farming via PK3Y scheme
  Farmers in Himachal Pradesh are increasingly adopting natural farming with support from the state's Prakritik Kheti Khushhal Kisan Yojana (PK3Y), promoting chemical-free agriculture rooted in Indian traditional knowledge. Over 2.22 lakh farmers now practice chemical-free methods on about 38,437 hectares after 3.06 lakh farmers received training across thousands of village councils.
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  UPSC Angle: Himachal Pradesh promotes natural farming via PK3Y scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • Himachal Pradesh
  • Prakritik Kheti Khushhal Kisan Yojana (PK3Y)
  • 2.22 lakh farmers
  • 38,437 hectares
  • 3.06 lakh farmers trained
• 2025-09-03 [Agriculture] — Coconut Development Board Boosts Support for Farmers
  On World Coconut Day, the Coconut Development Board in Kerala announced a major boost in financial aid for coconut farmers, including a hike in sapling support from ₹4 to ₹45, replanting aid from ₹40 to ₹350, and a sixfold increase in aid under the Coconut Technology Mission. The Board will also produce 2.5 lakh coconut saplings this year with 50% subsidy.
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  UPSC Angle: Coconut Development Board boosts financial aid for coconut farmers.

  Key Facts:

  • Hike in sapling support from ₹4 to ₹45.
  • Replanting aid increased from ₹40 to ₹350.
  • Sixfold increase in aid under the Coconut Technology Mission.
  • The Board will also produce 2.5 lakh coconut saplings this year with 50% subsidy.