Climate-Economic Resilience and Disaster Governance: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

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GS-2GS-318 sub-themes · 69 news items

Key Takeaways

  • Climate change is a 'GDP-killer,' not just a 'glacier-melter.'
  • Adaptation finance is currently 12-14 times lower than the required threshold for developing nations.
  • BIMSTEC is emerging as the primary regional vehicle for climate and disaster resilience in the Bay of Bengal.
  • Industrial classification (NIC 2025) is now aligning with the Green Transition (Waste Management/Renewables).
  • Fire safety is a major governance gap, with over 27,000 annual deaths signaling a 'soft-state' in regulation.

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The narrative has shifted from environmental ethics to 'macro-critical' economic survival. We are witnessing a transition where climate change is no longer treated as an externality but as a primary driver of GDP erosion, necessitating a fundamental overhaul of urban planning (World Bank USD 2.4tn city investment), regional security (BIMSTEC), and financial classification (NIC 2025).

Cross-Theme Insight

These threads together reveal the 'Cost of Inaction' paradox: while global institutions like OECD and World Bank quantify India's GDP losses (0.4% annually) and adaptation needs ($102B for Himalayas alone), the actual adaptation finance remains anemic ($26B global vs $365B needed). This gap is forcing India to pivot toward technology-driven internal resilience—evidenced by the integration of ThermoNanoAI, real-time wildfire monitoring at UNEA-7, and specialized medical responses—rather than relying solely on global climate funds.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

While standard texts like 'Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth (7th ed.)' describe the NDMA as the 'spearhead of a holistic approach to disaster management' (p. 516) focused on 'minimum standards of relief' (p. 517), current developments reveal a trend toward 'centralization and conditionality' of disaster funds (Thread 8). Furthermore, while 'Environment, Shankar IAS (10th ed.)' focuses on the 'Adaptation Fund' as a tool for 'concrete projects' (p. 346), current data from the Global Adaptation Finance Shortfall (Item 1) shows a 12-14x shortfall that the Kyoto-era mechanisms were never designed to handle.

How This Theme Is Evolving

Evolution from 'Reactive Relief' (NDRF) to 'Proactive Prevention' (India’s Wildfire Resolution at UNEA-7) and from 'Generic Disasters' to 'Demographic/Niche Hazards' like extreme heat's impact on children and the specific needs of burn victims in regional accidents.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Traditionally, questions focused on the structure of NDMA (CDS-II 2020, nid:14261) or the founding members of BIMSTEC (IAS 2025, nid:6331). The new trend, seen in IAS 2024 (nid:14693), shifts toward resolution outcomes like 'Global Goal on Adaptation' and Sovereign Green Bonds (CAPF 2025, nid:9676), reflecting an increasing focus on the financial instruments of climate action.

Probable Prelims Angles

  • BIMSTEC Joint Working Group on Environment meeting location: Thimphu, Bhutan (2026).
  • National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025: Inclusion of cloud services, blockchain, and AYUSH for the first time.
  • Global Adaptation Finance Gap: Current $26B vs $310-365B annual requirement by 2035.
  • UNEA-7 Resolution: India's leadership in the first-ever Wildfire Management Resolution.
  • OECD 'Economic Outlook 2025': Reports India's 0.4% annual GDP loss due to natural disasters.

Mains Answer Framework

  • With natural disasters now eroding 0.4% of India's GDP annually, disaster management has evolved from a humanitarian response to a core economic imperative.
  • Financial Vulnerability: The $102B annual requirement for Himalayan adaptation illustrates the 'scale-vs-support' gap.. Urban-Climate Nexus: World Bank's call for $2.4 trillion investment in Indian cities highlights that urbanization without resilience is an economic liability.. Institutional Modernization: The inclusion of renewable energy and waste management in NIC 2025 and the use of ThermoNanoAI for energy sustainability.
  • Achieving 'Viksit Bharat 2047' requires transitioning from disaster relief to a 'Resilience-First' development model, bridging the $340B adaptation finance gap through domestic innovation and regional blocks like BIMSTEC.

Essay Connections

  • 'The Economic Cost of Climate Inaction' - use the 3-5% GDP loss figure from heatwaves to argue for climate-proofed industrial growth.
  • 'Regional Cooperation in a Fractured World' - use BIMSTEC's JWG-ECC as a model for non-traditional security cooperation.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Start with Laxmikanth Chapter 68 to understand the legal NDMA framework. Then, read the World Bank and OECD report summaries (Items 4, 9) to overlay the economic reality. Finally, study the BIMSTEC (Item 12, 13) and UNEA-7 (Item 22) entries to see how the framework is scaling regionally/globally.

Textbook Roadmap

  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth (7th ed.) Chapter 68. Functions and Additional Functions of NDMA. Threads 4, 10, and 15
  • Environment, Shankar IAS (10th ed.) Chapter 24. Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund. Thread 2 (Finance Gap)
  • NCERT Class XI Geography Chapter 6. Vulnerability zones for landslides and earthquakes. Thread 7 (Himalayas)

Revision Bullets

  • India's GDP loss due to disasters: 0.4% (OECD).
  • Urban investment needed by 2050: USD 2.4 trillion (World Bank).
  • Heatwave economic loss estimate: 3% to 5% of GDP.
  • BIMSTEC members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
  • NCRB fire statistics: 1.6 lakh incidents and 27,000 deaths annually.
  • Himalayan adaptation cost: $102 billion per year (ICIMOD).

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (18 themes, 71 news items)

Economic Impact Assessments of Climate Change

Focus: Reports from major financial and labor institutions (RBI, ILO, World Bank) specifically quantifying the monetary and GDP losses India faces due to climate change.

UPSC Value: Provides concrete data points (GDP loss %, investment needs, productivity loss) useful for answers on the economic cost of climate inaction.

6 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Sangtam Naga Resolution Strengthens Pangolin Protection
    The Sangtam Naga community in Nagaland has banned pangolin hunting, demonstrating community-led wildlife conservation in Northeast India. The resolution reinforces traditional governance and modern environmental protection, strengthening India's fight against illegal wildlife trafficking. The initiative enhances protection for Indian and Chinese pangolins, which are classified as endangered, and supports India's international environmental commitments.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Sangtam Naga resolution strengthens pangolin protection.

    Key Facts:

    • United Sangtam Likhum Pumji banned pangolin hunting in Nagaland in February 2026
    • Species protected: Indian pangolin and Chinese pangolin
    • Legal protection under Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Schedule I
    • International protection under CITES Appendix I
    • Conservation organization: Wildlife Trust of India
  • 2025-11-08 [Economy] — Heatwaves Impact on Indian Economy
    India experienced an early and intense heatwave in 2025, with the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimating India losing $100 billion due to heat-induced productivity losses. A report by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) shows that 57% of Indian districts, home to 76% of the population, are at high or very high heat risk.
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    UPSC Angle: ILO estimates India losing $100 billion due to heat-induced productivity losses.

    Key Facts:

    • India experienced early and intense heatwave in 2025
    • ILO estimates India losing $100 billion due to heat-induced productivity losses
    • 57% of Indian districts at high or very high heat risk (CEEW report)
    • 76% of the population lives in high heat risk areas
  • 2025-09-27 [Environment & Ecology] — India faces climate change economic losses
    A study concludes that investing in climate resilience is cheaper than delaying action. India, heavily reliant on agriculture and manufacturing, is bound to bear the ripple effects of climate change, potentially losing up to 5% of its GDP by 2030 due to reduced productivity and crop losses.
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    UPSC Angle: India faces economic losses due to climate change.

    Key Facts:

    • India may lose up to 5% of GDP by 2030 due to climate change
  • 2025-09-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate Change Impacting India's GDP
    The Analyst reports on climate change, noting a report predicting that the world is going to breach the Paris Agreement target which we have set for ourself to achieve by 2100 C within the next two decades. The Reserve Bank of India is predicting that because of the cost of this climate change the country is actually going to significantly lose on its GDP.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • RBI predicting India's GDP loss due to climate change
    • Loss estimated at 9.8% by 2050 for India
    • Global GDP loss estimated at 6%
    • Impact on target of 30 trillion economy by 2047
  • 2025-07-24 [Environment & Ecology] — World Bank Report on Climate Risks to Indian Cities
    Indian cities are increasingly vulnerable to climate risks like floods and heatwaves, requiring over USD 2.4 trillion in investments by 2050 to develop resilient and low-carbon infrastructure, according to a World Bank report. Annual economic losses from rain-related flooding could rise to USD 5 billion by 2030 and between USD 14 to 30 billion by 2070 if no corrective measures are taken.
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    UPSC Angle: Climate risks to Indian cities; need for investments in resilient infrastructure.

    Key Facts:

    • USD 2.4 trillion in investments needed by 2050
    • USD 10.9 trillion by 2070
    • Annual economic losses from rain-related flooding could rise to USD 5 billion by 2030
    • Losses could reach USD 14 to 30 billion by 2070
    • Urban population expected to almost double by 2050 to 951 million
    • Over 144 million new homes will be required by 2070
    • Investments exceeding USD 2.4 trillion by 2050 needed
    • Investments exceeding USD 10.9 trillion by 2070 needed
    • Temperatures in city centers are increasing by over 3-4 degrees over surrounding areas due to heat waves and urban heat island effects
  • 2025-06-03 [Economy] — Heatwaves Impacting Labour Productivity in India
    India's vulnerability to heatwaves is rising due to climate change and rapid urbanization, affecting the economy and workers' well-being. A 2024 ILO report estimated that India lost around $100 billion due to reduced productivity from heat stress. Small businesses and informal sector workers are the worst affected.
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    UPSC Angle: Heatwaves impacting labour productivity in India, costing $100 billion.

    Key Facts:

    • A heat wave is declared in India when the maximum temperature reaches at least 40°C in plains, 37°C in coastal areas, and 30°C in hilly regions.
    • A 1°C increase can reduce wheat yields by around 5%.

Climate Vulnerability & The Adaptation Finance Gap

Focus: Reports and statements highlighting specific physical vulnerabilities (health, cities, Himalayas) and the corresponding financial shortfalls required to address them.

UPSC Value: Connects the physical impacts of climate change (GS-1/GS-3) with the financial governance challenges (GS-2/GS-3) of adaptation.

6 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-14 [Environment & Ecology] — India pushes climate finance and adaptation agenda at global platforms
    India is advocating for climate finance and adaptation at global platforms. This is relevant for UPSC as it addresses environment, climate finance, adaptation vs mitigation, and UNFCCC commitments.
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    UPSC Angle: India pushes climate finance and adaptation agenda at global platforms.

    Key Facts:

    • Climate finance
    • adaptation vs mitigation
    • UNFCCC
    • COP commitments
  • 2026-01-06 [Environment & Ecology] — India Needs $100 Billion Annually for Climate Action in Himalayas
    India requires approximately $102 billion annually to address climate adaptation and mitigation gaps in the Himalayan region, according to a recent report by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). The estimate is based on ICIMOD's synthesis of the First Determination Report (2020) submitted to the UNFCCC.
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    UPSC Angle: India needs $100 billion annually for climate action in Himalayas.

    Key Facts:

    • Funding Needed: $102 billion annually
    • Region: Himalayan region
    • Report by: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
    • Based on: First Determination Report (2020) to UNFCCC
  • 2025-10-30 [Economy] — Global Adaptation Finance Shortfall
    A report highlights a massive finance gap where developing countries require US$310–365 billion annually by 2035 for adaptation, while current adaptation finance stands at only US$26 billion (2023), which is 12–14 times lower than needed. Adaptation finance declined from US$28 billion (2022), meaning the Glasgow Climate Pact target of doubling finance by 2025 will be missed, and 58% of adaptation finance is loan-based, deepening inequality for vulnerable countries.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Global adaptation finance shortfall for developing countries.

    Key Facts:

    • UNEP Adaptation Gap Report 2025: “Running on Empty”
    • Developing countries require US$310–365 billion annually by 2035
    • Current adaptation finance is US$26 billion (2023)
    • Adaptation finance declined from US$28 billion (2022)
    • Glasgow Climate Pact target of doubling finance by 2025 will be missed
    • 58% of adaptation finance is loan-based
    • 172 countries have at least one national adaptation plan (NAP)
    • Developing countries need over US$310 billion per year by 2035 for climate adaptation.
    • Current international public adaptation finance is US$26 billion.
    • Adaptation finance gap is between US$284 billion and US$339 billion annually.
    • 172 countries have implemented a national adaptation policy, strategy, or plan.
    • 36 of these countries have instruments that are outdated or have not been updated in over a decade.
    • UNEP urged nations to increase adaptation funding from the current US$26 billion to US$310 billion annually by 2035.
    • Developing countries require US$310–365 billion annually by 2035 for adaptation
    • Current adaptation finance stands at only US$26 billion (2023)
  • 2025-10-29 [Environment & Ecology] — Lancet Countdown Report: Climate Inaction Costs Millions of Lives
    The 9th Annual Lancet Countdown Report on Health and Climate Change warns that inaction on climate change is costing millions of lives annually. The report highlights that 13 of 20 health-related climate indicators have reached record levels, with rising temperatures, air pollution, and extreme weather events posing unprecedented threats to global health. The report links 2.5 million deaths each year to air pollution from fossil fuels and notes that governments spent USD 956 billion on fossil fuel subsidies in 2023.
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    UPSC Angle: Lancet Countdown Report: Climate inaction costs millions of lives.

    Key Facts:

    • 9th Annual Lancet Countdown Report on Health and Climate Change
    • 13 of 20 health-related climate indicators reached record levels
    • 2.5 million deaths each year linked to air pollution from fossil fuels
    • USD 956 billion spent on fossil fuel subsidies in 2023
    • Heat-related deaths surged by 23% since the 1990s, averaging 546,000 fatalities annually
    • 154,000 people killed by wildfire smoke pollution in 2024
    • Dengue spread rose by up to 49% since the 1950s
  • 2025-09-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate-Resilient Cities in India
    India's cities are facing increasing risks from climate change, including flooding, heat waves, and cyclones, necessitating urgent climate-resilient urban planning. Unchecked urbanization and poor drainage contribute to flooding vulnerability, potentially causing significant economic damages by 2070. Cities also experience higher temperatures due to concrete-heavy construction, leading to health risks and productivity losses.
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    UPSC Angle: Climate change risks to Indian cities and need for resilience.

    Key Facts:

    • India's cities are projected to house nearly a billion people by 2070.
    • Two-thirds of urban residents are vulnerable to flooding.
    • Potential economic damages from flooding may exceed $30 billion by 2070.
    • Concrete-heavy cities can be 3–5°C hotter than surrounding areas.
    • 70% new jobs by 2030
    • 1 billion urban population by 2050-2070
    • climate-resilient infrastructure
    • low-carbon infrastructure
  • 2025-06-06 [Environment & Ecology] — India Faces Increasing Climate and Environmental Challenges
    India is grappling with increasing environmental concerns as the Earth nears the critical 1.5°C global warming threshold. Climate-related disasters like heatwaves and floods are becoming more frequent, and CO2 emissions are on the rise. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is also facing delays due to geopolitical tensions.
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    UPSC Angle: India facing increasing climate and environmental challenges.

    Key Facts:

    • Earth nearing the 1.5°C global warming threshold.
    • India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) faces delays.
    • India's per capita emissions are approximately 1.9 tonnes/year.

Mainstreaming Sustainability Across Interdisciplinary Sectors

Focus: The integration of climate resilience and sustainable development goals into diverse, non-traditional fields such as artificial intelligence, literature, cultural heritage management, and national industrial statistics.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates how sustainability is being mainstreamed across various Indian and international sectors, reflecting a shift towards holistic environmental policy-making and the 'Viksit Bharat 2047' agenda.

6 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-29 [Science & Technology] — Global meet on emerging ThermonanoAI innovations
    KLEF is hosting the International Conference on Emerging ThermoNanoAI for Sustainable Future Energy Devices (ICETNAI-2025) from December 29 to 31, 2025, bringing together global experts working at the intersection of thermal sciences, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and sustainable energy. The conference will feature speakers from leading institutions, including IIT Madras, Qatar University and ARCI Hyderabad.
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    UPSC Angle: Global meet on emerging ThermonanoAI innovations.

    Key Facts:

    • International Conference on Emerging ThermoNanoAI for Sustainable Future Energy Devices (ICETNAI-2025) is being hosted by KLEF from December 29-31, 2025.
    • The conference includes speakers from IIT Madras, Qatar University, IIITDM Kurnool, BUET Dhaka, and ARCI Hyderabad.
  • 2025-12-17 [Environment & Ecology] — India's First Climate LitFest in Kochi
    The 'Blue and Green Climate LitFest 2025', India's first literary and cultural platform dedicated to climate, ecology, and sustainability, will be held on December 17 and 18 in Kochi. The festival, organized by the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies and Climate Action Today, will award the Blue Book of the Year and the Green Book of the Year to outstanding works published in 2024.
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    UPSC Angle: India's first Climate LitFest in Kochi focuses on sustainability.

    Key Facts:

    • Blue and Green Climate LitFest 2025 to be held on December 17 and 18 in Kochi
    • Organized by Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies and Climate Action Today
    • Awards: Blue Book of the Year and Green Book of the Year for works published in 2024
  • 2025-12-14 [Science & Technology] — International Conference on Emerging ThermoNanoAI
    KLEF will host the International Conference on Emerging ThermoNanoAI for Sustainable Future Energy Devices (ICETNAI-2025) from December 29 to 31, 2025. It brings together global experts in thermal sciences, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and sustainable energy, and aims to be a platform for sharing research influencing future energy technologies.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • ICETNAI-2025
    • December 29-31, 2025
    • KL Deemed to be University
    • Focus on thermal sciences, nanotechnology, AI, and sustainable energy
    • Speakers from IIT Madras, Qatar University, IIITDM Kurnool, BUET Dhaka, and ARCI Hyderabad
  • 2025-11-19 [Economy] — National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025
    The National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025 explicitly includes emerging sectors like cloud services, blockchain, platform-based services, renewable energy, waste management, and AYUSH. It also introduces new classes for intermediation services (logistics, real estate, food services) and environmental remediation. It will serve as the standard framework for all official statistics, surveys, and policy design in India.
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    UPSC Angle: NIC 2025 includes cloud, blockchain, renewable energy, waste management, AYUSH.

    Key Facts:

    • Includes emerging sectors like cloud services, blockchain, platform-based services, renewable energy, waste management, and AYUSH
    • Introduces new classes for intermediation services (logistics, real estate, food services) and environmental remediation
    • Will serve as the standard framework for all official statistics, surveys, and policy design in India
  • 2025-11-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Himalayan Conclave 2025
    The G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (NIHE) is organizing a three-day Himalayan Conclave from November 13-15, 2025, in Almora, Uttarakhand. The conclave, titled “Indian Himalayan Region–2047: Environmental Conservation with Sustainable Socio-Economic Growth,” aims to develop a vision for the Himalayan region aligned with the Viksit Bharat 2047 initiative. It will focus on environmental protection, climate adaptation, and sustainable development in the Himalayas.
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    UPSC Angle: Himalayan Conclave 2025 focused on integrated development in Himalayas.

    Key Facts:

    • Dates: November 13-15, 2025
    • Location: NIHE headquarters, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand
    • Title: “Indian Himalayan Region–2047: Environmental Conservation with Sustainable Socio-Economic Growth”
    • Aim: To develop a vision for Himalayan region aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047 initiative
  • 2025-11-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Conference on Climate Potential of Cultural Heritage
    A conference on the Climate Potential of Cultural Heritage was held in Innsbruck on November 11-12, 2025. National and international speakers discussed experiences, strategies, and projects related to sustainable maintenance and utilization of historic buildings for climate protection. The event provided insights into handling cultural heritage for long-term success.
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    UPSC Angle: Conference discussed strategies linking cultural heritage and climate action.

    Key Facts:

    • Conference: Climate Potential Cultural Heritage
    • Dates: November 11-12, 2025
    • Location: Innsbruck
    • Focus: Sustainable maintenance and utilization of historic buildings for climate protection

National Heatwave Strategy and Action Plans

Focus: Administrative and strategic efforts to manage heat risks through Heat Action Plans (HAPs) and national strategies, distinct from the legal classification debate.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the administrative framework (NDMA, HAPs) and economic rationale for heat mitigation.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Rockefeller Foundation Announces Initiatives to Address Extreme Heat in South Asia
    The World Health Organization (WHO), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), The Rockefeller Foundation, and Wellcome announced new initiatives to protect South Asians from extreme heat at Mumbai Climate Week. The initiatives include the South Asia Climate-Health Desk and the South Asia Scientific Research Consortium. In India and Pakistan, pre-monsoon temperatures regularly rise above 50°C, and heat-related mortality in the region today exceeds 200,000 deaths per year.
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    UPSC Angle: Rockefeller initiatives addressing extreme heat in South Asia; focus on WHO/WMO involvement.

    Key Facts:

    • The WHO-WMO Climate and Health Joint Programme, The Rockefeller Foundation, and Wellcome announced new integrated initiatives to protect South Asians from extreme heat at Mumbai Climate Week.
    • The South Asia Climate-Health Desk will be implemented with the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) and India Meteorological Department (IMD).
    • The South Asia Scientific Research Consortium is supported through a Rockefeller Foundation grant to the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune.
    • In 2024, heat exposure in India led to 247 billion potential labor hours lost and an estimated $194 billion loss in income, according to the Lancet Countdown.
  • 2025-04-21 [Environment & Ecology] — Heatwave Impact and Mitigation Strategies for India
    As India faces increasing severe heatwaves, a people-centric, multi-sectoral approach based on scientific innovations is needed to mitigate the impact. Heat stress can cause significant economic losses, estimated at 3% to 5% of GDP, and disproportionately affects vulnerable populations and sectors like agriculture and construction. The focus should be on strengthening long-term preventive measures, establishing summer shelters, and integrating day and nighttime temperature monitoring in Heat Action Plans.
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    UPSC Angle: India needs a people-centric approach to mitigate heatwave impacts.

    Key Facts:

    • Heatwave declaration: Max temperature exceeds 40°C in plains, 30°C in hilly areas.
    • Economic loss: Estimated 3%-5% of GDP due to heatwaves.
    • In 2023, 6% of India's work hours were lost due to heat stress.
    • Heatwaves in March 2025 started 20 days earlier than in 2024.
    • India experienced major heatwaves on March 15, 2025, 20 days earlier than in 2024.
    • 2024 was the hottest year on record, with temperatures 1.55°C higher than pre-industrial times.
    • Heat stress is estimated to cause an economic loss of 3% to 5% of GDP in India.
    • In 2023, 6% of work hours in India were lost due to heat stress.
    • The UK uses Heat Health Alert (HHA) systems that consider both daytime and nighttime temperatures.
    • Heatwaves
    • March 2025
    • 40°C in plains
    • 30°C in hilly areas
  • 2025-03-25 [Environment & Ecology] — Heatwave Action Plans Implementation
    The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is implementing Heatwave Action Plans (HAPs) in 23 states prone to heatwave conditions, in collaboration with state authorities. While heatstroke deaths increased between 2020 and 2022, they decreased in 2024, according to the NDMA.
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    UPSC Angle: NDMA implementing Heatwave Action Plans (HAPs) in 23 states.

    Key Facts:

    • NDMA is implementing HAPs in 23 states.
    • Heat stroke deaths: 530 in 2020, 730 in 2022, 269 suspected in 2024, 161 confirmed in 2024.
  • 2025-03-25 [Environment & Ecology] — Rising Heatwaves in India
    India must develop a comprehensive national heat strategy and embed it within its National Adaptation Plan ahead of the 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Brazil in November 2025 in the backdrop of rising temperatures. The strategy should focus on expanding weather monitoring systems, developing urban heat action plans, green infrastructure and sustainable cooling methods, and ensuring social and financial safety nets for workers in heat-prone sectors.
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    UPSC Angle: India must develop a national heat strategy before COP30.

    Key Facts:

    • India must develop a comprehensive National Heat Strategy as part of its National Adaptation Plan.
    • India should present a well-structured plan ahead of the 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Brazil (November 2025).

BIMSTEC Environmental and Disaster Resilience

Focus: Meetings, reports, and working groups specifically focused on the environment, climate change, and disaster risk reduction (DRR) pillar of BIMSTEC.

UPSC Value: Highlights the growing importance of non-traditional security cooperation (climate and disaster management) within the Bay of Bengal regional architecture.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-01 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Focuses on Regional Cooperation in Environment, Climate, and Energy
    BIMSTEC is reinforcing regional cooperation in environment, climate change, and energy sectors. The 4th Meeting of the BIMSTEC Joint Working Group on Environment and Climate Change (JWG-ECC) finalized its Terms of Reference.
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    UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC focuses on regional cooperation in environment, climate, and energy.

    Key Facts:

    • The 4th Meeting of BIMSTEC Joint Working Group on Environment and Climate Change (JWG-ECC) strengthened the institutional foundation.
    • A training program on Climate-Smart Agriculture for Adaptation and Mitigation was conducted from 27–29 January 2026.
    • Indra Mani Pandey addressed the 4th Bay of Bengal Economic Dialogue on 16 January 2026 in New Delhi.
  • 2026-01-16 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Joint Working Group Meeting on Environment and Climate Change
    The 4th Meeting of the BIMSTEC Joint Working Group on Environment and Climate Change (JWG-ECC) was held on January 15–16, 2026, in Thimphu, Bhutan. The meeting finalized the Terms of Reference of the JWG-ECC and reviewed activities under the Action Matrix of the BIMSTEC Plan of Action on Environment and Climate Change.
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    UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC Joint Working Group Meeting on Environment and Climate Change.

    Key Facts:

    • The 4th Meeting of the BIMSTEC Joint Working Group on Environment and Climate Change (JWG-ECC) was held on January 15–16, 2026.
    • Location: Thimphu, Bhutan.
    • The meeting finalized the Terms of Reference of the JWG-ECC.
    • Activities under the Action Matrix of the BIMSTEC Plan of Action on Environment and Climate Change were reviewed.
  • 2025-11-12 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction held in New Delhi
    A BIMSTEC Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction was held in New Delhi. BIMSTEC is an international organisation of seven South Asian and Southeast Asian nations.
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    UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction held in New Delhi.

    Key Facts:

    • BIMSTEC has 7 members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
  • 2025-07-08 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Report on Humanitarian Assistance Launched
    BIMSTEC, in partnership with IPCS and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, launched a report titled “Harmonizing Humanitarian Assistance(HA)/Disaster Relief(DR) in the Bay of Bengal”. The report underscores the need to harmonize regional efforts in HA/DR.
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    UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC report on harmonizing humanitarian assistance/disaster relief launched.

    Key Facts:

    • Report launched: “Harmonizing Humanitarian Assistance(HA)/Disaster Relief(DR) in the Bay of Bengal”.

Economic Impact of Climate Disasters in India and Asia-Pacific

Focus: Reports and events quantifying the escalating financial losses and funding challenges caused by natural disasters in India and the wider region.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the intersection of Disaster Management (GS-3) and Economic Development, specifically how climate risks erode GDP and necessitate new financing frameworks.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-05 [Economy] — India Faces Economic Losses Due to Natural Disasters
    A report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicates that India loses approximately 0.4% of its GDP annually due to natural disasters. The report, titled "The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India: Enhancing Disaster Risk Financing 2025", focuses on the economic conditions of ASEAN member countries.
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    UPSC Angle: India loses 0.4% of GDP annually due to natural disasters (OECD).

    Key Facts:

    • India's GDP loss due to natural disasters: 0.4% annually
    • Report: The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India: Enhancing Disaster Risk Financing
    • Releasing Body: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
    • Report focuses on the economic conditions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries
    • India loses about 0.4 percent of its GDP annually due to natural disasters.
  • 2025-11-29 [Polity & Governance] — India's Disaster Response: Centralization Concerns
    Concerns have been raised that India's disaster funds are becoming more centralised and conditional, particularly after the Wayanad landslides in Kerala (2024). The Union government approved only ₹260 crore for Kerala against its estimated loss of ₹2,200 crore during the Wayanad tragedy, reflecting a deepening imbalance between requirements and allocations. A national, multi-level system exists under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 to manage prevention, preparedness, response, relief, and recovery.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Concerns raised over centralization of India's disaster funds.

    Key Facts:

    • Concern: Centralisation of disaster funds
    • Wayanad landslides (Kerala, 2024): catalyst for concerns
    • Approved amount for Kerala: ₹260 crore
    • Estimated loss for Kerala: ₹2,200 crore
    • Framework: Disaster Management Act, 2005
    • Compensation ceilings: ₹4 lakh for each life lost and ₹1.2 lakh for a fully damaged home
  • 2025-10-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate disasters cost India $12 billion in 2025: Ecology key to economic growth
    A Swiss Re Group report, NatCat 2025, estimates that natural catastrophes cost India over $12 billion in 2025, with floods accounting for more than 63% of those losses, and India's cumulative disaster bill has crossed $180 bn between 2000 and 2025. The report suggests synchronising climate-resilient economic policies with nature-based disaster-risk reduction, backed by financial innovation and community engagement.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Climate disasters cost India $12 billion in 2025 (Swiss Re).

    Key Facts:

    • Natural catastrophes cost India over $12 billion in 2025
    • Floods accounted for more than 63% of those losses
    • India's cumulative disaster bill has crossed $180 bn between 2000 and 2025
    • Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand have faced relentless monsoon calamities, causing ₹4,500 cr in losses
    • Over 2 lakh ha of farming area has been abandoned in the past 25 years in Uttarakhand
  • 2025-04-09 [Economy] — UN-ESCAP Warns of Climate Shock Economic Risks in Asia-Pacific
    The United Nations ESCAP released the Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2025, warning that Asia-Pacific economies face significant macroeconomic risks due to intensifying climate shocks and insufficient readiness for green transitions. Climate shocks could cause annual economic losses of at least 6% in a third of Asia-Pacific countries, despite the region contributing 60% of global economic growth in 2024.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UN-ESCAP warns of climate shock economic risks in Asia-Pacific.

    Key Facts:

    • 11 out of 30 countries identified as most climate-vulnerable: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam.
    • Climate shocks could cause annual economic losses of at least 6% in a third of Asia-Pacific countries.
    • Asia-Pacific region contributed 60% of global economic growth in 2024.

Specialized Medical and Rescue Response to Fire-Related Emergencies

Focus: Incidents requiring specialized firefighting, rescue from burning environments, or advanced medical treatment for severe burn injuries.

UPSC Value: Analyzing these incidents together highlights the critical need for specialized disaster medicine and technical rescue capabilities in managing mass-casualty fire events, a key component of Disaster Management (GS III).

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-26 [Society & Culture] — Sleeper Bus Accident
    A container truck jumped a road divider and collided with a sleeper bus in Chitradurga, causing the bus to catch fire and leaving it completely gutted. The bus had 33 occupants, and rescuers noted that passengers were trapped inside the narrow berths amid smoke and fire.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Sleeper bus accident
    • Chitradurga
    • Bus caught fire
    • 33 occupants
  • 2025-07-22 [International Relations] — India to Send Burn Specialists to Dhaka
    Following a tragic air crash in Dhaka, which killed at least 31 people, India is sending a team of burn-specialist doctors and nurses to Dhaka to assess the condition of the victims and recommend further specialized treatment. Additional medical teams may also be deployed based on their preliminary assessment.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India to send burn specialists to Dhaka after air crash.

    Key Facts:

    • India
    • Burn specialists
    • Dhaka
    • Air crash
    • 31 deaths
    • Air crash in Dhaka
    • India to provide support
    • PM Modi expressed condolences
    • India sending burn specialists to Dhaka after air crash.
    • Air crash killed at least 31 people.
  • 2025-07-20 [Society & Culture] — Girl set on fire in Odisha airlifted to AIIMS Delhi
    A 15-year-old girl, who sustained over 75% burn injuries after being set on fire in Odisha's Puri district, was airlifted to AIIMS, New Delhi, for advanced medical treatment. The decision was taken after a team of specialist doctors at AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, observed some improvement in her condition.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • 15-year-old girl
    • Sustained over 75% burn injuries
    • Set on fire in Odisha's Puri district
    • Airlifted to AIIMS, New Delhi
  • 2025-06-30 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy Rescues Crew from Burning Vessel
    The Indian Navy's INS Tabar responded to a distress call from the MT Yi Cheng 6 vessel, which experienced a major fire. The crew of Indian origin were rescued, and firefighting efforts were conducted by the INS Tabar.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Indian Navy rescued crew from burning vessel MT Yi Cheng 6.

    Key Facts:

    • INS Tabar responded to distress call from MT Yi Cheng 6
    • MT Yi Cheng 6 experienced a major fire
    • Vessel had 14 crew members of Indian origin
    • Vessel transiting from Kandla, India, to Shinas, Oman

Multidimensional Fire Hazard Management in India

Focus: Items focusing on the management, regulation, and statistical tracking of various fire-related hazards, including urban tragedies, wildfires, and agricultural burning.

UPSC Value: This grouping is essential for GS Paper 3 (Disaster Management) and GS Paper 2 (Governance), as it highlights the shift from reactive response to proactive prevention and administrative accountability in fire safety.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Developments in Stubble Burning
    Punjab and Haryana have reduced fire incidents by 90% in 2025 compared to 2022, but the satellite mapping methods used may not be appropriate. Scientists suggest tracing the source of air pollution using mass spectrograph measures to ascribe a weightage to each source.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Developments in stubble burning reduction in Punjab and Haryana.

    Key Facts:

    • Reduction in fire incidents (Punjab and Haryana): 90% (2025 vs 2022)
    • Suggested method: tracing the source of air pollution using mass spectrograph measures
  • 2025-12-13 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Wildfire Management Resolution Adopted at UNEA-7
    India drew attention to UNEP's global report 'Spreading Like Wildfire', which warns that wildfires may rise significantly by 2100 if current trends continue, at UNEA-7 where India's Wildfire Management Resolution was adopted. India emphasized a shift from reactive response to proactive prevention.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's wildfire management resolution adopted at UNEA-7.

    Key Facts:

    • India's Wildfire Management Resolution adopted at UNEA-7.
    • Wildfires may rise by 14% by 2030, 30% by 2050 and 50% by 2100.
    • Shift from reactive response to proactive prevention.
    • Global Fire Management Hub, established in 2023 by FAO and UNEP
  • 2025-12-11 [Polity & Governance] — MEA to Revoke Passports of Goa Nightclub Owners
    The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is considering the Goa government's request to revoke the passports of Saurabh Luthra and Gaurav Luthra, who managed the nightclub Birch by Romeo Lane, where a fire resulted in 25 fatalities in Arpora village, North Goa.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: MEA considering revoking passports of Goa nightclub owners.

    Key Facts:

    • MEA examining Goa government's request to revoke passports of Saurabh Luthra and Gaurav Luthra.
    • Request related to a fire at nightclub Birch by Romeo Lane in Arpora village.
    • The fire caused 25 fatalities.
    • Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
    • Saurabh Luthra
    • Gaurav Luthra
    • Birch by Romeo Lane
    • Arpora village, North Goa
    • 25 fatalities
  • 2025-12-09 [Polity & Governance] — India's Fire Tragedies: A Governance Failure
    The Goa nightclub fire tragedy exposed serious gaps in governance and weak enforcement of safety norms. India records approximately 1.6 lakh fire incidents annually, resulting in over 27,000 deaths, according to the NCRB.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Goa nightclub fire exposed gaps in governance and weak enforcement.

    Key Facts:

    • Approximately 1.6 lakh fire incidents annually in India
    • Over 27,000 deaths annually due to fire incidents (NCRB Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India Report)

Management and Risks of Explosive Materials in India

Focus: Items concerning the legal regulation, accidental detonation, and security threats posed by explosive substances including firecrackers and improvised devices.

UPSC Value: Relevant for studying Disaster Management (industrial accidents), Internal Security (terrorism), and Governance (judicial oversight of hazardous industries).

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-16 [Defense & Security] — Nine Killed in Nowgam Blast While Handling NCR-Seized Explosives
    Nine people died and 32 were injured in Jammu and Kashmir when confiscated explosives accidentally detonated during forensics sampling. The blast occurred at the Nowgam police station in Srinagar. Authorities indicate the incident may be related to inter-state terrorism.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Nine killed in Nowgam blast while handling NCR-seized explosives.

    Key Facts:

    • Nine people died
    • 32 were injured
    • Location: Jammu and Kashmir
    • Confiscated explosives detonated
    • Incident occurred during forensics sampling
    • Location of blast: Nowgam police station, Srinagar
    • The blast occurred at Nowgam police station in Srinagar.
    • Nine people were killed and 32 injured.
  • 2025-11-11 [Defense & Security] — Explosion Near India's Red Fort
    A car explosion near New Delhi's historic Red Fort killed at least eight people and injured 20 others. The explosion occurred around 7:00 PM when a vehicle stopped at a traffic light before exploding, igniting nearby cars and rickshaws.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • A car explosion near New Delhi's Red Fort killed at least eight people.
    • The explosion occurred around 7:00 PM.
  • 2025-07-01 [Society & Culture] — Firecracker unit explosion near Sivakasi kills six
    An explosion at Gokhales Fireworks unit near Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, killed six workers and injured five. The injured workers are admitted to the Government Hospital in Sivakasi.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Gokhales Fireworks unit
    • Chinnakamanpatti village near Sivakasi
    • Six workers killed
    • Five workers injured
  • 2025-04-04 [Environment & Ecology] — SC confirms complete ban on firecrackers in Delhi-NCR
    The Supreme Court confirmed the ban on the sale, production, and manufacture of firecrackers in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR), deeming it "absolutely necessary".
    More details

    UPSC Angle: SC confirms complete ban on firecrackers in Delhi-NCR.

    Key Facts:

    • Supreme Court confirmed ban on firecrackers
    • Ban applies to Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR)
    • Ban covers sale, production, and manufacture of firecrackers

Technological and Institutional Modernization of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Focus: Items focusing on the deployment of satellite data, real-time monitoring, and structured incident response systems to enhance disaster preparedness and response capabilities.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the shift from reactive relief to proactive, technology-driven disaster management as per the Sendai Framework and NDMA guidelines.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-14 [Environment & Ecology] — National Database for Emergency Management
    The National Database for Emergency Management provides multi-temporal satellite data and thematic layers to identify areas vulnerable to natural hazards. It offers decision-support tools for monitoring and managing hazards and assists disaster management officials for preparedness, hazard zonation, and emergency response.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: National Database for Emergency Management provides data for natural hazard monitoring.

    Key Facts:

    • National Database for Emergency Management provides multi-temporal satellite data
    • Offers decision-support tools for monitoring and managing hazards
    • Assists disaster management officials for preparedness and emergency response
  • 2025-09-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Technology-Driven Disaster Management Strategy Needed for Himalayas
    Experts are urging a technology-driven disaster management approach for a future-ready Himalayan strategy, emphasizing the need for early warning, clear communication, wise building practices, and stronger recovery systems. The Himalayas are prone to earthquakes, landslides, and slope instability, with frequent cloudbursts and flash floods occurring during the monsoon. Road widening, tunneling, deforestation, and unregulated tourism further destabilize the slopes.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Technology-driven disaster management strategy needed for Himalayas.

    Key Facts:

    • Focus: Technology-driven disaster management
    • Region: Himalayan region (J&K, Himachal, Punjab, Uttarakhand)
    • Hazards: Earthquakes, landslides, flash floods, GLOFs
    • Stressors: Road widening, tunneling, deforestation, unregulated tourism
    • Himalayas
    • earthquakes
    • landslides
    • slope instability
    • cloudbursts
    • flash floods
    • glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)
    • road widening
    • tunneling
    • deforestation
    • unregulated tourism
  • 2025-06-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Ocean Study After Cargo Spill off Kochi
    The Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE) is conducting real-time ocean monitoring to assess the impacts of a hazardous cargo spill off Kochi on marine ecosystems, coastal habitats, and fisheries. The study is a collaboration with the Indian Coast Guard, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Customs, and state agencies. The incident triggered a tier-2 maritime emergency response.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Ocean study after cargo spill off Kochi.

    Key Facts:

    • CMLRE is conducting real-time ocean monitoring after a hazardous cargo spill off Kochi.
    • The study involves the Indian Coast Guard, NDRF, Customs, and state agencies.
    • The incident triggered a tier-2 maritime emergency response.
  • 2025-06-03 [Polity & Governance] — Delhi Government Enhances Disaster Preparedness
    The Delhi government is establishing a comprehensive incident response system and a dedicated State Disaster Response Force (SDRF). The incident response system will integrate representatives from various departments to ensure seamless coordination during emergencies. An emergency operations centre is proposed to streamline crisis management.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Delhi Government Enhances Disaster Preparedness with SDRF.

    Key Facts:

    • The SDRF will focus on rescue operations and ensuring compliance with disaster management strategies in construction and planning.

Extreme Heat Risk Assessment and Management

Focus: The technical definition, demographic impact analysis (specifically on children and general populations), and institutional mitigation strategies for extreme heatwaves.

UPSC Value: Essential for disaster management planning and understanding the public health implications of climate change (GS Paper 3).

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-10-24 [Schemes & Programs] — UN's Early Warnings for All Initiative
    The UN's Early Warnings for All (EW4All) initiative aims to ensure that every person is protected by life-saving alerts for hazards such as cyclones, floods, heat waves or droughts. The EW4All initiative aims to address the growing threat of weather, water, and climate-related hazards.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: EW4All aims to provide life-saving alerts for hazards to every person.

    Key Facts:

    • UN's Early Warnings for All (EW4All) initiative
    • Goal is to ensure every person is protected by life-saving alerts
    • Alerts for hazards such as cyclones, floods, heat waves or droughts
    • Aims to address the growing threat of weather, water, and climate-related hazards
  • 2025-06-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Heat Risk in India: Report Highlights Alarming Findings
    A recent report titled "How Extreme Heat is Impacting India: Assessing District-level Heat Risk," released in May 2025 by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), has revealed alarming findings. Approximately 76% of India's population is currently at high to very high risk from extreme heat conditions. States identified as facing the highest levels of risk include Delhi, Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: CEEW report highlights alarming findings on heat risk in India.

    Key Facts:

    • More than 44,000 heatstroke cases were recorded across India in 2024.
    • The global mean temperature in 2024 exceeded 1.5∘C above pre-industrial levels.
    • India's average temperature in 2024 was approximately 1.2∘C above the 1901–1910 average.
  • 2025-05-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate change putting South Asia's children at risk
    South Asia is facing a severe climate crisis, impacting children's health, learning, and development. UNICEF estimates that 460 million children in the region are exposed to extremely high temperatures. In 2024, 128 million students were affected, and South Asia accounts for over one-third of the world's stunted children (around 54 million).
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Climate change impact on children in South Asia.

    Key Facts:

    • 460 million children in South Asia exposed to extremely high temperatures.
    • 128 million students affected in 2024.
    • South Asia accounts for over one-third of the world's stunted children (around 54 million).
  • 2025-05-22 [Geography] — Heat Wave Conditions and Measurement in India
    Heat wave conditions are defined when there is a deviation from the normal temperature. According to the IMD, a heat wave is declared when the temperature deviates from 4.5 to 6.5 degrees Celsius above normal. A severe heat wave is declared when the temperature deviates more than 6.4 degrees Celsius above normal.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Heat wave defined by deviation from normal temperature, per IMD.

    Key Facts:

    • Heat wave declared when temperature deviates 4.5-6.5 degrees Celsius above normal.
    • Severe heat wave declared when temperature deviates more than 6.4 degrees Celsius.

Disaster Management and Emergency Response in South India

Focus: Administrative, community-led, and police-coordinated efforts to manage natural disasters and support emergency personnel in the South Indian states of Kerala and Karnataka.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Disaster Management), highlighting the importance of localized preparedness, technology integration, and state support for frontline responders.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-17 [Society & Culture] — Kerala Cabinet Grants Financial Aid
    The Kerala Cabinet granted financial assistance of ₹5 lakh to Bineesh M, a Harbor Rescue Guard from the Kasaragod district, who had his leg amputated due to an accident during night patrol duty, in addition to the ₹55,000 previously sanctioned.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Financial assistance to Bineesh M: ₹5 lakh
    • Occupation of Bineesh M: Harbor Rescue Guard
    • District: Kasaragod
    • Reason for assistance: Leg amputation due to accident during night patrol
    • Previous assistance: ₹55,000
  • 2025-08-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Kerala Village 'Living Lab' for Disaster Management
    Kanichar village in Kerala has created a 'living lab' for weather forecasting and landslide alerts, integrating traditional knowledge with modern technology and involving over 4,600 households in disaster preparedness.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Kerala village creates 'living lab' for disaster management and forecasting.

    Key Facts:

    • Kanichar village (60km from Kannur)
    • 4,600+ households involved in the panchayat
  • 2025-07-02 [Geography] — Kodagu Police Prepare for Potential Natural Disasters
    Kodagu district police convened a meeting to discuss precautionary measures for natural disasters due to heavy rains. Police officers are instructed to enlist volunteers and gather information on equipment operators to enhance disaster response capabilities.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Kodagu district police held a meeting
    • Superintendent of Police K. Ramarajan
    • Police officers have been instructed to rope in volunteers from each jurisdiction
    • Details of operators of earthmovers, cranes, towing vehicles, jeeps, and wood cutters
    • Rivers, lakes, ponds, and other waterbodies were overflowing
    • Kodagu district police contact number: 82779 58444

Climate Vulnerability and Socio-Economic Impacts

Focus: Reports linking climate change to multidimensional poverty, economic losses, and health crises.

UPSC Value: Connects environmental risks with developmental outcomes like poverty and public health.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate Risk Index 2026: India's Ranking
    India was ranked ninth among countries most affected by extreme weather events between 1995 and 2024, with around 430 extreme weather events causing $170 billion in inflation-adjusted losses. India is placed in the “continuous threats” category along with the Philippines, Nicaragua, and Haiti, indicating exposure to repeated and frequent extreme weather events. The index recommends immediate global emissions reductions, accelerated adaptation efforts, and implementation of solutions for loss and damage with adequate climate finance.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India ranked 9th in Climate Risk Index 2026.

    Key Facts:

    • India ranked 9th most affected by extreme weather events (1995-2024)
    • India faced around 430 extreme weather events
    • Losses due to extreme weather events: $170 billion
    • India in “continuous threats” category
  • 2025-10-21 [Economy] — Global MPI 2025: Poverty & Climate Vulnerability
    The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2025 report by UNDP and OPHI highlights the link between poverty and climate vulnerability, noting that poverty is as much about climate vulnerability as deprivation itself. The report covers 109 countries and finds that 1.1 billion people (18.3%) live in acute multidimensional poverty. India saw a significant decline in multidimensional poverty from 55.1% (2005-06) to 16.4% (2019-21), lifting over 414 million people out of deprivation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Global MPI 2025 highlights link between poverty and climate vulnerability.

    Key Facts:

    • Global MPI 2025 covers 109 countries
    • 1.1 billion people (18.3%) live in acute multidimensional poverty
    • India's multidimensional poverty declined from 55.1% (2005-06) to 16.4% (2019-21)
    • India lifted over 414 million people out of deprivation
    • Nearly 43.6% of poor people (about 501 million) are in severe poverty
  • 2025-04-04 [International Relations] — UN Warns of Surging Cholera Threat
    The World Health Organization (WHO) warned of a global surge in cholera, impacting vulnerable populations from Myanmar to Angola and Sudan, driven by conflict, disasters, and climate change. In 2024, there were almost 810,000 cases and 5,900 deaths, about 50% higher than the previous year.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UN warns of surging cholera threat globally.

    Key Facts:

    • Global cholera surge
    • Affected regions: Myanmar, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan
    • Drivers: conflict, natural disasters, climate change
    • 2024 cases: 810,000
    • 2024 deaths: 5,900
    • Increase of 50% compared to previous year

Disaster Preparedness and Climate Resilience

Focus: Observances focusing on early warning systems, emergency preparedness, and the intersection of climate change with public safety.

UPSC Value: Examines the shift from reactive disaster management to proactive preparedness and climate adaptation strategies.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-05 [Society & Culture] — World Tsunami Awareness Day 2025
    World Tsunami Awareness Day is observed on November 5, 2025, with the theme “Be Tsunami Ready: Invest in Tsunami Preparedness”. This day is celebrated because of the initiative taken by Japan.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: World Tsunami Awareness Day 2025 theme: Tsunami Preparedness.

    Key Facts:

    • November 5, 2025: World Tsunami Awareness Day
    • Be Tsunami Ready: Invest in Tsunami Preparedness: Theme for 2025
  • 2025-09-13 [Society & Culture] — World First Aid Day 2025
    World First Aid Day is observed every year on the second Saturday in September to provide first aid training to prevent injuries and save lives. The theme for World First Aid Day 2025 is "First Aid and Climate Change".
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • World First Aid Day
    • Second Saturday in September
    • Theme: First Aid and Climate Change
    • First observed in 2000
  • 2025-03-23 [Environment & Ecology] — World Meteorological Day 2025: Early Warning Gap
    World Meteorological Day, celebrated annually on March 23, highlights the importance of meteorology and global cooperation in addressing climate-related issues. The theme for 2025 is “Closing the Early Warning Gap Together,” emphasizing the need for advanced warning systems to mitigate climate change and extreme weather events.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: World Meteorological Day 2025 theme: Closing the Early Warning Gap.

    Key Facts:

    • Celebrated on March 23 annually
    • Organized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
    • Theme for 2025: “Closing the Early Warning Gap Together”
    • Highlights the importance of early warning systems
    • Focuses on mitigating climate change and extreme weather events

Judicial, Health, and Advocacy Dimensions of Firecracker Use (Diwali 2025)

Focus: A collection of items documenting the multi-faceted impact of firecrackers during the 2025 Diwali season, spanning judicial relaxation of bans, resulting public health crises, and subsequent human rights petitions.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper II (Judiciary and Governance) and GS Paper III (Environment and Public Health), illustrating the tension between cultural traditions, environmental regulation, and the right to health.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-10-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Mumbai advocate petitions NHRC over Deepavali pollution
    Mumbai-based advocate Hitendra Gandhi has petitioned the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) seeking intervention to address public health, environmental, and animal welfare harms caused by firecrackers during festivals like Deepavali. The plea requests the NHRC to initiate a national action plan to regulate carbide fireworks.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Mumbai advocate petitions NHRC over Deepavali pollution.

    Key Facts:

    • Mumbai advocate Hitendra Gandhi petitions NHRC over Deepavali pollution
    • Seeks urgent intervention to address harms caused by firecracker bursting
    • Requests NHRC to initiate a national action plan to regulate carbide fireworks
  • 2025-10-21 [Society & Culture] — Diwali Celebrations Lead to Injuries in Chandigarh
    Catastrophic Diwali celebrations led to over 300 cracker-related injuries in Chandigarh hospitals on October 20, 2025. Some injured individuals faced over 90% vision loss.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Over 300: Number of cracker-related injuries in Chandigarh hospitals
    • 90%: Vision loss faced by some injured individuals
    • Chandigarh: Location of the incident
  • 2025-10-16 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Eases Ban on Firecrackers
    The Supreme Court relaxed the absolute ban on firecrackers in the Delhi NCR region, allowing the sale and bursting of government-approved green crackers. The sale of green crackers is permitted only from designated sale points between October 18th and October 28th, with restrictions on the use of firecrackers to two time slots on the day before Diwali and the day of Diwali.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: SC eases ban on firecrackers, allows green crackers in Delhi NCR.

    Key Facts:

    • Sale of green crackers approved by NEERI is permitted only from designated sale points between October 18th and October 28th.
    • Use of firecrackers is restricted to two time slots: 6:00 a.m to 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m to 10 p.m on the day before Diwali and the day of Diwali.

Monsoon Flood Response and Disaster Mitigation

Focus: Regional and central government actions to manage the impact of heavy monsoon rainfall, including reservoir gate operations and financial relief packages.

UPSC Value: Relevant for studying disaster management frameworks, the role of the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund, and operational flood control measures.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-10-22 [Geography] — South India Rainfall and Flooding
    An early northeast monsoon in South India has led to heavy rainfall and flooding, creating a "triple whammy" of risk. A wall collapse in Tamil Nadu resulted in three fatalities, and in Chennai, the floodgates of Chembarambakkam and Poondi reservoirs were opened to manage water levels.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Early northeast monsoon causes heavy rainfall and flooding in South India.

    Key Facts:

    • Heavy rainfall due to early northeast monsoon
    • Wall collapse in Tamil Nadu killed three people
    • Chembarambakkam and Poondi reservoirs in Chennai opened floodgates
  • 2025-09-12 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Announces Financial Assistance for Flood-Hit Uttarakhand
    Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced financial assistance of ₹1,200 crore for flood-affected Uttarakhand on September 11, 2025. An ex gratia of ₹2 lakh was announced for the families of the deceased and ₹50,000 for those injured in rain-related incidents.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: PM announces financial assistance for flood-hit Uttarakhand.

    Key Facts:

    • ₹1,200 crore financial assistance for Uttarakhand
    • Announced by PM Narendra Modi
    • Date: September 11, 2025
    • ₹2 lakh ex gratia for families of the deceased
    • ₹50,000 for those injured
  • 2025-09-10 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Modi announces financial assistance for flood-hit states
    Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a financial assistance of ₹1,600 crore for flood-hit Punjab and ₹1,500 crore aid package for flood-hit Himachal Pradesh. Relief measures include help for farmers, school reconstruction, and support for orphaned children under PM CARES.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: PM announces financial assistance for flood-hit Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

    Key Facts:

    • ₹1,600 crore for flood-hit Punjab
    • ₹1,500 crore aid package for flood-hit Himachal Pradesh
    • PM Awas Yojana
    • PMNRF
    • MNRE
    • Ex-gratia of ₹2 lakh for deceased victims' families
    • ₹50,000 for the injured

Institutional Frameworks for Disaster Resilience

Focus: Developments in financial instruments and technical guidelines aimed at strengthening disaster risk reduction and management.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III Disaster Management, focusing on innovative financing like catastrophe bonds and global cooperation through CDRI.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-09-18 [Environment & Ecology] — NDMA Guidelines on Flood Management
    NDMA Guidelines on Flood Management : Diversion of Flood Water: Use natural/artificial channels to reduce river water levels. Catchment Area Treatment/Afforestation: Watershed management, soil conservation, check dams, detention basins to reduce flood peaks.
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    UPSC Angle: NDMA Guidelines on Flood Management.

    Key Facts:

    • Diversion of Flood Water
    • Use natural/artificial channels to reduce river water levels
    • Catchment Area Treatment/Afforestation
    • Watershed management, soil conservation, check dams, detention basins to reduce flood peaks
  • 2025-07-10 [Economy] — India Explores Catastrophe Bonds for Disaster Resilience
    India is exploring the use of catastrophe bonds (cat bonds) as a financial instrument to strengthen disaster risk financing and enhance climate resilience. Cat bonds are insurance-linked securities that transfer disaster risk to global capital markets.
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    UPSC Angle: India explores catastrophe bonds for disaster resilience and climate financing.

    Key Facts:

    • Catastrophe bonds are insurance-linked securities that convert disaster risk into tradable financial products.
    • They transfer the financial risk of natural disasters from governments or insurers to global capital markets.
    • In the event of a predefined natural disaster, investors lose a part or all of their principal, which is then used for post-disaster relief and reconstruction.
  • 2025-06-06 [International Relations] — India Showcases Disaster Risk Reduction Financing System
    India is strengthening global cooperation through initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) and showcased its disaster risk reduction financing system at the 8th GPDRR 2025, where the African Union officially joined CDRI as its 54th member. CDRI, launched by India at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019, is a global partnership promoting infrastructure resilience to climate and disaster risks, with its secretariat located in New Delhi.
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    UPSC Angle: India showcases disaster risk reduction financing system.

    Key Facts:

    • The African Union joined the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) as its 54th member.
    • CDRI was launched by India at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019.
    • CDRI's secretariat is located in New Delhi.
    • GPDRR was established in 2006.

Seismic Activity and Disaster Management in South and Southeast Asia (2025)

Focus: Reports of earthquake occurrences and subsequent humanitarian or monitoring responses within the Asian continent during 2025.

UPSC Value: Analyzing regional tectonic vulnerabilities and the varying scales of international and domestic disaster response mechanisms is critical for disaster management studies.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-09-01 [International Relations] — Afghanistan Earthquake Relief Efforts
    Following a magnitude six earthquake in eastern Afghanistan that reportedly killed at least 800 people, the UN has pledged to provide assistance. The UN Humanitarian Air Service has scheduled additional flights to connect Kabul and Jalalabad to scale up the response, and the UNHCR is mobilizing support to the affected areas.
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    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • A magnitude six earthquake struck eastern Afghanistan.
    • The earthquake reportedly killed at least 800 people.
  • 2025-05-28 [Geography] — Earthquakes strike Manipur
    A series of earthquakes hit Manipur, with the strongest measuring 5.2 magnitude in Churachandpur district at 1:54 a.m.. Two other earthquakes of magnitudes 2.5 and 3.9 struck Noney district and Churachandpur respectively. No casualties or damages were reported.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Earthquake of 5.2 magnitude struck Churachandpur district at 1.54 a.m.
    • Second earthquake of 2.5 magnitude hit Noney district at 2.26 a.m.
    • Third earthquake of 3.9 magnitude struck Churachandpur at 10.23 a.m.
    • National Centre for Seismology reported the earthquakes
  • 2025-04-08 [Geography] — Myanmar Earthquake Aftermath
    Following earthquakes in Myanmar, the UN reports over 3,500 deaths and widespread damage, especially in urban centers like Mandalay, Sagaing and Magway. Concerns are rising about shelter, sanitation, and access to healthcare for over 500,000 people. Markets are disrupted, and people are resorting to open defecation, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Death toll passed 3,500
    • Over 4,000 injured
    • More than 80% of buildings damaged in Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway
    • More than 500,000 people without access to life-saving healthcare
    • UNDP carrying out rapid building assessments
    • One hospital in Sagaing treating patients outdoors
    • Markets are severely disrupted in Sagaing and Magway

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