Data-Driven Social Justice and Women's Economic Agency: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The narrative has shifted from 'Statistics for Planning' to 'Data for Agency.' India is currently overhauling its statistical architecture through MoSPI's PAIMANA (Performance Assessment & Improvement of Monitoring and Analysis) to align with IMF/Global standards and rectify 'C' grade perceptions of national accounts. This data modernization is being leveraged to address the 'Knowledge-Participation Paradox'—where India boasts 43% female STEM graduates but only 27% workforce participation. The objective is to transition women from rural beneficiaries to 'Lakhpati Didis' and 'Drone Didis,' integrating them into the green economy and global value chains.

Cross-Theme Insight

A critical intersection exists between 'Biological Equality' and 'Societal Disparity.' While 2025 demographic data shows a stabilized TFR of 1.9, the 'India Organ Transplantation Landscape' reveals a stark gender gap where women are primary donors but secondary recipients. This irony mirrors the economic thread: women drive the micro-economy (SHGs/SHE Marts) but remain under-represented in high-value manufacturing. Social justice is now being targeted through specific fiscal measures, such as customs duty exemptions on 17 life-saving cancer drugs, moving away from generic health subsidies to high-precision social protection.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., NCERT Science Class X, p. 98) describe organ donation as a 'gender-neutral generous act,' whereas 2025 NOTTO reports highlight institutional gender bias, necessitating specific 'Women-First' registry reforms. In Economics, while Vivek Singh (p. 272) describes the PLFS as an 'annual' source, the 2026 administrative shift marks the transition to 'Monthly' PLFS and real-time IIP tracking. Furthermore, the World Bank's move to a $3/day poverty line (Child Thread 4) renders the static 'Tendulkar/Rangarajan' calorie-based thresholds (Singhania, p. 26) historically relevant but practically insufficient for 2026-27 policy analysis.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'Poverty Alleviation' (GS-1) to 'Technological Empowerment' (GS-3). In 2020, the focus was on 'Financial Inclusion' (Jan Dhan); by 2025-26, the focus is on 'Technological Agency' (Drone Didi) and 'Institutional Integrity' (MoSPI PAIMANA). The administrative paradigm has moved from accepting 'Data Lags' to 'Real-time Correction' to prevent policy distortion caused by outdated consumption baskets.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Recent exams (CDS-II 2025, NID 9976) have moved beyond committee names (Tendulkar/Rangarajan) to specific PLFS 2023-24 data, such as the rising share of female workers in agriculture. CAPF 2020 (NID 11257) previously tested the manufacturing share of urban female workers. Future questions are likely to target the components of the 'Gender Inequality Index' (GII) where India recently improved to Rank 108, and the specific mandates of MoSPI's PAIMANA portal.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (20 themes, 85 news items)

Women-Led Entrepreneurship and Economic Empowerment Initiatives

Focus: A collection of government schemes, corporate initiatives, and statistical reports specifically targeting the financial independence, skilling, and market access of women entrepreneurs.

UPSC Value: Essential for essays on 'Women-led Development' and GS-2/GS-3 answers regarding gender budgeting, SHG-bank linkages (Lakhpati Didi), and specific interventions like SHE Marts and WEP.

11 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-14 [Schemes & Programs] — Lakhpati Didi Initiative Target Doubled
  The Lakhpati Didi Initiative target has been doubled to 6 crore by March 2029, supporting rural Self-Help Group (SHG) women. The initiative focuses on strengthening income security and financial dignity, aiming to align economic growth with social justice.
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  UPSC Angle: Lakhpati Didi Initiative target doubled to 6 crore by March 2029.

  Key Facts:

  • Lakhpati Didi Initiative
  • Target doubled to 6 crore by March 2029
  • Supports rural SHG women
• 2026-02-10 [Schemes & Programs] — Entrepreneurship Development Programme for Female Students
  An Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) targeting 1200 female students from Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) and Universities. The female students undergo an introductory programme on entrepreneurial awareness through an Entrepreneurship Awareness Programme. Out of these 1200, 600 undergo this programme which covers business aspects like skilling, finance, market linkages, compliance, and networking, followed by 21 weeks of mentorship and handholding support to help participants translate their ideas into sustainable enterprises.
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  UPSC Angle: Entrepreneurship Development Programme targeting 1200 female students.

  Key Facts:

  • Target group: 1200 female students from Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) and Universities
  • Entrepreneurship Awareness Programme (EAP): introductory programme on entrepreneurial awareness
  • Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP): 600 students undergo programme covering business aspects like skilling, finance, market linkages, compliance, and networking
  • Followed by 21 weeks of mentorship and handholding support
• 2026-02-03 [Schemes & Programs] — SHE Marts: Supporting Women Entrepreneurs
  The Union Budget 2026 includes SHE Marts to provide women entrepreneurs with better market access, branding opportunities, and sustainable income avenues, while strengthening grassroots institutions such as self-help groups (SHGs). The proposal builds on the success of the Lakhpati Didi programme and signals a policy shift from micro-credit-led livelihoods to structured, women-owned enterprises. SHE Marts are meant to provide permanent retail points for SHG-made goods and improve direct market access.
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  UPSC Angle: SHE Marts to provide women entrepreneurs with better market access.

  Key Facts:

  • SHE Marts aims to provide women entrepreneurs with better market access, branding opportunities, and sustainable income avenues
  • Aims to strengthen grassroots institutions such as self-help groups (SHGs)
  • Builds on the success of the Lakhpati Didi programme
  • SHE Marts are meant to Provide permanent retail points for SHG-made goods and Improve direct market access
• 2026-01-15 [Schemes & Programs] — National Campaign on Entrepreneurship Launched to Empower Rural Women
  The Ministry of Rural Development launched a National Campaign on Entrepreneurship to bolster non-farm livelihoods for rural women under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM). This initiative seeks to reduce the dependence on agriculture, generate employment and income, and broaden the base of MSMEs beyond urban centers. Currently, agriculture employs 45% of India's workforce while contributing only 18% to the GDP.
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  UPSC Angle: National Campaign on Entrepreneurship launched to empower rural women.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: Ministry of Rural Development
  • Under: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
  • Target group: Rural women
  • Objective: Strengthen non-farm livelihoods
  • Agriculture Employment: 45% of workforce
  • Agriculture GDP Contribution: 18%
  • Scheme: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
  • Beneficiaries: Rural women
  • Agriculture Stats: Employs 45% of workforce, contributes 18% to GDP
• 2026-01-06 [Economy] — Women's Inclusion Crucial for India's Green Economy Target
  A recent CEEW report emphasizes that India needs to mainstream women into green value chains to achieve its USD 30 trillion economy target by 2047. Women's labor force participation is 41.7% compared to 78.8% for men, which is insufficient for India's green growth trajectory. Increased gender diversity in formal manufacturing correlates with higher labor productivity.
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  UPSC Angle: Women's inclusion crucial for India's green economy target.

  Key Facts:

  • Report: CEEW report on 'Building a Green Economy for Viksit Bharat'
  • Target: USD 30 trillion economy by 2047
  • Women's Labor Force Participation: 41.7%
  • Men's Labor Force Participation: 78.8%
  • Impact of Gender Diversity: A 1% rise in gender diversity correlates with ~2.9% higher labor productivity
• 2025-12-11 [Schemes & Programs] — Shilp Didi Programme
  The Shilp Didi Programme, launched in 2024 by the Ministry of Textiles, aims to economically empower women artisans by providing training, digital skills, and market access through e-commerce platforms and physical exhibitions.
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  UPSC Angle: Shilp Didi Programme empowers women artisans via training and e-commerce.

  Key Facts:

  • Shilp Didi Programme is a government initiative.
  • Aims to economically empower women artisans (“Shilp Didis”).
  • Launched in 2024 (100-day pilot phase began in June 2024).
  • Implemented by the Ministry of Textiles.
• 2025-10-18 [Schemes & Programs] — NITI Aayog & DP World Launch 'We Rise' Initiative
  NITI Aayog's Women Entrepreneurship Platform and DP World launched the 'We Rise' Initiative to Empower Women Entrepreneurs by integrating them into global trade and value chains. The initiative aims to empower women as drivers of economic transformation and enhances the export readiness of Indian women entrepreneurs.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog & DP World launch 'We Rise' Initiative for women entrepreneurs.

  Key Facts:

  • Initiative: We Rise Initiative
  • Launched by: NITI Aayog's Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and DP World
  • Objective: Help women entrepreneurs in India to scale their businesses globally
  • Focus: Expanding trade access and unlocking opportunities for women-led businesses
  • Framework: Award to Reward (ATR) initiative
  • Transition: Women Entrepreneurship Platform transitioned into a public-private partnership in 2022
  • NITI Aayog
  • Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)
  • DP World
  • We Rise' Initiative
  • Viksit Bharat @2047
• 2025-09-02 [Schemes & Programs] — Investor Education Program for Women
  The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) launched Phase II of its flagship program Niveshak Didi in Hyderabad. This “for women, by women” initiative empowers underserved women to educate peers on digital banking, fraud prevention, and smart investments.
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  UPSC Angle: IEPFA launched Niveshak Didi Phase II for women's investor education.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA)
  • Program: Niveshak Didi Phase II
  • Location: Hyderabad
• 2025-05-16 [Economy] — MSME Exports and Women Entrepreneurship
  MSMEs contribution to India's total exports has steadily grown, reaching 43.59% in Financial Year 2022-23 (FY23), 45.73% in FY24, and 45.79% in FY25. Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE 2023-24) shows female owned proprietary establishments increased from 22.9% in 2022-23 to 26.2% in 2023-24.
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  UPSC Angle: MSMEs contribution to India's total exports reached 45.79% in FY25.

  Key Facts:

  • MSME contribution to India's total exports: 45.79% in FY25
  • MSME contribution to India's total exports: 45.73% in FY24
  • MSME contribution to India's total exports: 43.59% in FY23
  • Female owned proprietary establishments: 26.2% in 2023-24
  • Female owned proprietary establishments: 22.9% in 2022-23
  • Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE 2023-24)
• 2025-04-24 [Schemes & Programs] — Microsoft to Train Women in AI
  Microsoft will train 20,000 women through a 240-hour training curriculum under the AI skilling and Innovation framework for women, in alignment with the National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET). 30 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) will be established at women colleges in 6 Indian states, further supporting 150 spoke institutions in Tier-II and Tier-II towns.
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  UPSC Angle: Microsoft to train 20,000 women in AI skills.

  Key Facts:

  • Organization: Microsoft
  • Target: 20,000 women
  • Training: 240-hour AI skilling curriculum
  • Alignment: National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET)
  • Centres of Excellence (CoEs): 30 at women colleges in 6 states
• 2025-03-07 [Schemes & Programs] — Digital Initiatives Empowering Women in India
  Digital payments through UPI have simplified transactions, boosting women's financial independence. The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan has trained over 35 million rural women, and gender budgeting has increased from 6.8% in 2024-25 to 8.8% in 2025-26, with $55.2 billion allocated for gender-specific programs.
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  UPSC Angle: Digital initiatives empowering women through UPI and digital literacy programs.

  Key Facts:

  • Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan: Trained over 35 million rural women
  • Gender Budgeting: Increased from 6.8% (2024-25) to 8.8% (2025-26)
  • Allocation for gender-specific programs: $55.2 billion

India's 2025 Rankings in Human Development and Social Indicators

Focus: Global reports from 2025 evaluating India's performance in social welfare, including HDI, happiness, press freedom, and gender parity.

UPSC Value: Critical for assessing challenges in social justice and human capital development despite economic growth (GS-2).

8 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-09 [Economy] — India Climbs to 130th Rank in Human Development Index 2025
  India's rank in the Human Development Index (HDI) 2025 has improved to 130 out of 193 countries, according to the UNDP. India's HDI value increased from 0.676 in 2022 to 0.685 in 2023, but it remains in the medium human development category.
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  UPSC Angle: India's HDI rank improved to 130 in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India's HDI rank is 130 out of 193.
  • HDI value increased to 0.685 in 2023.
  • Life expectancy increased to 72 years in 2023.
  • Expected years of schooling rose to 13 years.
  • Gross national income per capita rose to US$9,046 in 2023.
• 2025-09-24 [International Relations] — India's position in World Press Freedom Index 2025
  India is ranked 151 out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index 2025, a marginal improvement from 159 in 2024. Despite the improvement, India remains in the "very serious" category, with concerns over media ownership concentration and political influence threatening media plurality. Economic pressures and threats to journalists continue to be challenges.
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  UPSC Angle: India ranked 151 in World Press Freedom Index 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India's 2025 World Press Freedom Index rank: 151
  • India's 2024 World Press Freedom Index rank: 159
  • Reporters Without Borders (RSF) publishes the index
  • Economic indicator in the 2025 RSF World Press Freedom Index is at its lowest point in history
• 2025-09-24 [Society & Culture] — India's Human Development Index (HDI) Ranking in 2025
  In the 2025 Human Development Report, India is ranked 130 out of 193 countries, improving from 133 in 2022. India's HDI value increased from 0.676 in 2022 to 0.685 in 2023, but it remains in the medium human development category, approaching the high human development threshold. Inequality reduces India's HDI by 30.7%, and female labor force participation lags.
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  UPSC Angle: India's HDI ranking improved to 130 out of 193 countries.

  Key Facts:

  • India's 2025 HDI rank: 130 out of 193 countries
  • India's 2022 HDI rank: 133
  • India's 2023 HDI value: 0.685
  • India's 2022 HDI value: 0.676
  • Iceland's HDI: 0.972 (Rank 1)
  • South Sudan's HDI: 0.388 (Rank 193)
  • Inequality reduces India's HDI by 30.7%
• 2025-07-19 [Economy] — India's Human Development Index (HDI) Ranking
  In the 2025 Human Development Report, India ranked 130th out of 193 nations and territories, with an HDI value of 0.685 in 2023, up from 0.676 in 2022. While still in the medium human development category, India is approaching the high human development threshold, with its HDI value having risen by over 53% since 1990, surpassing both the world and South Asian averages.
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  UPSC Angle: India ranked 130th in Human Development Index 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Rank: 130th out of 193
  • HDI Value: 0.685 (2023)
  • HDI Value: 0.676 (2022)
  • Category: Medium Human Development
  • Increase of over 53% since 1990
  • China (78th), Sri Lanka (89th), and Bhutan (125th) are ranked higher than India among its neighbors
  • Bangladesh (130th) is on par with India
  • Nepal (145th), Myanmar (150th), and Pakistan (168th) are ranked below India
• 2025-06-14 [Society & Culture] — India's Position in Global Gender Gap Report 2025
  In the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2025, India is ranked 131st out of 148 countries, a drop of two places compared to last year. India's overall gender parity score is 64.4%, among the lowest in South Asia, with political empowerment seeing a decline.
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  UPSC Angle: India ranked 131st in Global Gender Gap Report 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India's rank: 131st out of 148 countries
  • Overall gender parity score: 64.4%
  • Female representation in parliament dipped from 14.7% to 13.8%
  • Share of women in ministerial roles decreased from 6.5% to 5.6%
  • India ranked 131st out of 148 countries
  • Slipped two positions from 129th
  • Gender parity of 64.1%
  • Economic participation and opportunity
  • Educational attainment
  • Health and survival
  • Political empowerment
  • India has 64.1% parity in terms of gender
  • It will take 123 years to achieve full gender parity globally
  • Women constitute 41.2 of the global workforce
  • Only 28.8 of top leadership positions are held by women
• 2025-05-07 [Economy] — India's Improved HDI Ranking
  India has climbed three positions to rank 130 out of 193 countries in the 2023 Human Development Index (HDI), according to the 2025 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). India's HDI value improved from 0.676 in 2022 to 0.685 in 2023, nearing the 'High Development' threshold of 0.700. Progress was made in life expectancy, which increased to 72 years in 2023, and expected years of schooling, which rose to 13 years.
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  UPSC Angle: India's HDI ranking: 130 out of 193 countries in 2023.

  Key Facts:

  • India's 2023 HDI Rank: 130 out of 193 (up from 133 in 2022)
  • HDI Value (2023): 0.685 (up from 0.676 in 2022)
  • Life Expectancy: Increased to 72 years in 2023 (from 67.7 years in 2022)
  • Expected Years of Schooling: Rose to 13 years (from 12.6 years)
  • Mean Years of Schooling: Improved to 9 years (from 6.57 years)
  • GNI per capita: Rose to $9,046.76 in 2023 (from $6,951 in 2022)
  • 135 million Indians exited multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21
  • Inequality-adjusted HDI: India faces a 30.7% loss due to inequality
• 2025-03-26 [Society & Culture] — India improves in World Press Freedom Index 2025
  India's ranking on the World Press Freedom Index improved to 151 out of 180 countries in 2025, according to Reporters Without Borders. This is a slight improvement from 159 in 2024, but the report highlights significant threats to press freedom in India, including financial instability among media outlets.
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  UPSC Angle: India improves in World Press Freedom Index 2025 to 151.

  Key Facts:

  • India ranks 151st out of 180 countries
  • Improved from 159th in 2024
  • Compiled by Reporters Without Borders
  • Economic indicator in the 2025 RSF World Press Freedom Index is at its lowest point in history
  • Economic pressure is a pressing concern for most media outlets worldwide
• 2025-03-21 [Society & Culture] — World Happiness Report 2025: India's Ranking
  The World Happiness Report 2025 ranks India at 118 out of 147 countries. India's score improved from 4.054 (2021-23) to 4.389 (2022-24). The report identifies high social support due to family structures and community bonds as a strength, but low perceived freedom as a weakness.
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  UPSC Angle: World Happiness Report 2025: India ranked 118 out of 147 countries.

  Key Facts:

  • India ranked 118th out of 147 countries
  • Score improved from 4.054 (2021-23) to 4.389 (2022-24)
  • Ranked below Pakistan (109) and Nepal (92)
  • Published by: University of Oxford's Wellbeing Research Centre in partnership with Gallup, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network
  • Parameters: Social support, GDP per capita, health, life expectancy, freedom, generosity and perception of corruption
  • Finland is the 'happiest' country, followed by Denmark and Iceland
  • Afghanistan ranked the lowest followed by Sierra Leone and Lebanon
  • India's lowest ranking was 144 on the list in 2012, while its scores peaked in 2022 at 94

India's Organ Transplantation Landscape (2025): Statistics, Policy, and Awareness

Focus: A comprehensive collection of items detailing the statistical growth, regional disparities, policy reforms (specifically regarding women), and awareness initiatives led by NOTTO in India's organ donation sector throughout 2025.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding India's public health governance, the role of nodal agencies like NOTTO, and the intersection of healthcare policy with social issues like gender disparity.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-04 [Society & Culture] — Organ Transplants in India
  The top 5 states with the most organ transplants in 2025 were Tamil Nadu (267), Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. India accounts for 27% of the tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide.
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  UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu had the most organ transplants in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Top state for organ transplants in 2025: Tamil Nadu (267)
  • India's share of global TB cases: 27%
• 2025-11-13 [Society & Culture] — Hindi Booklet on Organ Donation Awareness Released
  A Hindi booklet on organ donation awareness was released by the National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO) on November 13, 2025, to promote organ donation.
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  UPSC Angle: Hindi booklet on organ donation awareness released by NOTTO.

  Key Facts:

  • Hindi Booklet on Organ Donation Awareness
  • Released by: National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO)
  • Date: November 13, 2025
• 2025-08-22 [Schemes & Programs] — NOTTO Prioritizes Women in Organ Transplants
  The National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has issued a 10-point advisory stating that women patients and relatives of deceased donors awaiting organ transplants will get priority as beneficiaries. NOTTO data indicates that women constitute 63.8% of all living organ donors from 2019 to 2023, yet they receive fewer transplants. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 1,30,000 solid organ transplants are performed each year globally, meeting only about 10% of the worldwide need.
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  UPSC Angle: NOTTO prioritizes women in organ transplants with a 10-point advisory.

  Key Facts:

  • Women constituted 63.8% of all living organ donors from 2019 to 2023.
  • Over 1,30,000 solid organ transplants are performed each year globally.
• 2025-08-17 [Society & Culture] — India's Organ Donation Scenario
  Tamil Nadu and four other states account for 85% of organ donations in India, highlighting regional disparities in awareness and practices. There is a preference for males when it comes to receiving organs.
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  UPSC Angle: Regional disparities in organ donation awareness and practices in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Tamil Nadu
  • 85%
  • Organ donation
• 2025-08-13 [Society & Culture] — World Organ Donation Day
  World Organ Donation Day is observed on August 13th to raise awareness and encourage organ donation after death to save lives. The theme for 2025 is "Answering the call".
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  UPSC Angle: World Organ Donation Day observed on August 13th.

  Key Facts:

  • Theme for 2025: "Answering the call"
  • World Organ Donation Day observed on August 13, 2025
  • Theme: “Answering The Call”
  • India ranked third globally in organ transplants
• 2025-08-10 [Society & Culture] — Organ Donation Milestones in India
  India has witnessed substantial growth in organ donation and transplant numbers, with over 3.3 lakh citizens pledging to donate their organs in 2024. A record 18,900 organ transplants were performed in 2024, a significant increase from fewer than 5,000 in 2013. NOTTO operates under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and was established as per the Transplantation of human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act of 2011.
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  UPSC Angle: India's organ donation and transplant numbers are increasing significantly.

  Key Facts:

  • 2023: Launch of Aadhaar-based NOTTO online pledge portal
  • 2024: Over 3.3 lakh citizens pledged to donate their organs
  • 2024: A record 18,900 organ transplants were performed
  • NOTTO operates under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
  • NOTTO establishment mandated as per the Transplantation of human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Act of 2011
• 2025-07-14 [Schemes & Programs] — NOTTO National Webinar 2025 - Bridging the Gaps in Organ Transplantation
  The National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) held a National Webinar on July 14, 2025, focusing on Bridging the Gaps in Organ Transplantation.
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  UPSC Angle: NOTTO held a webinar focusing on bridging gaps in organ transplantation.

  Key Facts:

  • National Webinar 2025 - Bridging the Gaps in Organ Transplantation took place on July 14, 2025.

Evolution of Poverty Metrics and Social Protection Standards

Focus: Reports from the World Bank and ILO that define poverty thresholds (specifically the $3/day line) and assess global and Indian poverty reduction against social protection coverage.

UPSC Value: Connects the technical revision of the global poverty line to its practical application in measuring poverty headcount and the efficacy of social safety nets (GS-2 Social Justice).

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Economy] — ILO: Global Unemployment to Remain at 4.9% in 2026
  The International Labour Organization (ILO) released its latest World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO) Report, highlighting persistent inequalities in the global labor market. The global unemployment rate is projected to remain at 4.9% in 2026, equivalent to 186 million people. Nearly 300 million workers live in extreme poverty, earning less than US$3 per day.
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  UPSC Angle: ILO: Global unemployment to remain at 4.9% in 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • Report by: International Labour Organization (ILO)
  • Report: World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO)
  • Global Unemployment Projection (2026): 4.9% (186 million people)
  • Workers in extreme poverty: Nearly 300 million (earning less than US$3 per day)
• 2025-11-02 [Economy] — India's Position in the Global Context
  World Bank estimates that 838 million people globally lived in extreme poverty in 2022 (using $3/day standard). Extreme poverty in India declined from 16.2% (2011–12) to 2.3% (2022–23), with about 171 million people lifted out of extreme poverty due to rising employment and urbanization.
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  UPSC Angle: India's extreme poverty declined significantly between 2011-12 and 2022-23.

  Key Facts:

  • 838 million people globally lived in extreme poverty in 2022 (using $3/day standard).
  • Extreme poverty in India declined from 16.2% (2011–12) to 2.3% (2022–23).
  • About 171 million people in India were lifted out of extreme poverty.
  • Urban unemployment reduced to 6.6% (Q1 FY24/25).
  • Youth unemployment: 13.3% (29% among graduates).
  • Female employment rate 31%.
  • Informality: 77% of non-farm jobs and most farm jobs remain informal.
• 2025-06-09 [Economy] — The World Bank Revised the Global Poverty Line
  The World Bank has revised the global poverty line to $3/day (PPP 2021) from $2.15/day (PPP 2017) based on updated price data and survey methods.
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  UPSC Angle: World Bank revised global poverty line to $3/day (PPP 2021).

  Key Facts:

  • Global Poverty Line: $3/day
  • PPP Base: 2021
  • Previous Poverty Line: $2.15/day
  • PPP Base (Previous): 2017
• 2025-06-08 [Economy] — Extreme Poverty in India Down to 5.3% in 2022-23
  The World Bank issued a statement indicating that extreme poverty in India has decreased to 5.3% in 2022-23.
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  UPSC Angle: Extreme poverty in India down to 5.3% in 2022-23.

  Key Facts:

  • Extreme poverty in India down to 5.3% in 2022-23
  • Statement issued by World Bank
• 2025-04-15 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Social Protection Coverage
  According to the International Labour Organization (ILO)'s World Social Protection Report (WSPR) 2024–26, India's social protection coverage doubled from 24.4% in 2021 to 48.8% in 2024. An estimated 24.8 crore Indians have escaped multi-dimensional poverty between 2013 and 2023.
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  UPSC Angle: India's social protection coverage doubled from 2021 to 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • India's social protection coverage: 48.8% in 2024 (ILO)
  • 24.8 crore Indians escaped multi-dimensional poverty between 2013 and 2023

Rising Cancer Burden and Statistical Trends in India

Focus: Reports and projections released between 2025-2026 detailing cancer incidence, mortality rates, and gender-specific risks in India.

UPSC Value: Essential for Health sector analysis (GS II), specifically understanding the non-communicable disease burden and demographic trends in oncology.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [Society & Culture] — Lung Cancer Statistics in India
  ICMR estimates that India recorded approximately 1.11 lakh new cases of lung cancer in 2025 and ranks 4th globally in the absolute number of new cases and lung cancer-related deaths.
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  UPSC Angle: ICMR estimates India recorded 1.11 lakh new lung cancer cases in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • New lung cancer cases in India (2025): 1.11 lakh (estimated)
  • India's global rank (new cases): 4th
  • India's global rank (deaths): 4th
• 2025-10-16 [Science & Technology] — Cancer Trends in India
  A report notes cancer risk is higher in women than men in India, particularly in the northeast, which may be linked to traditional food preparation techniques and consumption habits.
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  UPSC Angle: Cancer risk higher in women in India, especially Northeast.

  Key Facts:

  • Risk of developing cancer is 21.1 per cent in men and 18.9 per cent in women, higher than the national risk.
• 2025-09-03 [Science & Technology] — ICMR-NCDIR Data Reveals Alarming Cancer Trends in India
  New data from the ICMR-NCDIR projects 15.6 lakh new cancer cases and 8.74 lakh deaths in India in 2024, with a national lifetime risk of cancer at 11%. Women account for a higher number of cases (51.1%) but a lower share of deaths (45%), while men have a lower incidence but higher mortality.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ICMR-NCDIR projects 15.6 lakh new cancer cases in India in 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • ICMR-NCDIR
  • 15.6 lakh new cancer cases projected in 2024
  • 8.74 lakh cancer deaths projected in 2024
  • 11% national lifetime risk of cancer
  • 51.1% of cases in women
  • 45% of deaths in women
  • Oral cancer most common in men
  • Breast cancer most common in women
• 2025-08-10 [Society & Culture] — Lung Cancer Statistics in India
  Lung cancer is the second-most common cancer among Indian men, accounting for 8.5% of all cancers, with India ranking 4th in lung cancer incidence for men and 6th for women in 2022. In 2022, India recorded 82,000 new lung cancer cases, causing about 9.2% of all cancer deaths. Aizawl, Mizoram, has the highest lung cancer rates in both genders.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Lung cancer is the second-most common cancer among Indian men.

  Key Facts:

  • India recorded 82000 new lung cancer cases in 2022
  • India ranked 4th in lung cancer incidence for men and 6th for women in 2022
  • Lung cancer caused about 9.2% of all cancer deaths in 2022
  • Aizawl, Mizoram, has the highest lung cancer rates
  • New lung cancer cases in India in 2022: 82,000
  • India's global ranking in lung cancer incidence: 4th for men, 6th for women in 2022
  • Projected DALYs due to cancers by 2025: 29.8 million
  • Highest lung cancer rates: Aizawl, Mizoram

Policy Interventions for Cancer Care and Affordability

Focus: Administrative and fiscal measures taken by central and state governments to address the rising cancer crisis and treatment costs in India.

UPSC Value: Highlights the multi-pronged approach (customs exemptions, price caps, disease notification) to managing public health challenges.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-02 [Economy] — Basic Customs Duty Exemptions
  Union Budget 2026-27 proposed a full exemption of basic customs duty on 17 cancer-related drugs and medicines, bringing immediate relief to patients with cancer and rare diseases.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Full exemption of basic customs duty on 17 cancer-related drugs.

  Key Facts:

  • Full exemption of basic customs duty on 17 cancer-related drugs and medicines
• 2025-08-21 [Schemes & Programs] — Cancer should be declared notifiable disease across States, UTs: Panel
  A parliamentary panel has recommended that cancer should be declared a notifiable disease across all States and Union Territories.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Panel recommends cancer be declared a notifiable disease across States/UTs.

  Key Facts:

  • Parliamentary panel recommendation
  • Cancer to be declared a notifiable disease
  • All States and Union Territories
• 2025-08-19 [Schemes & Programs] — Goa first state to cut cancer and rare disease drug prices
  Goa has become the first state in India to announce up to 80% price cuts on cancer and rare disease therapies in state-run government hospitals. This initiative aims to provide greater access to high-cost medical treatments.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Goa first state to cut cancer and rare disease drug prices.

  Key Facts:

  • Goa
  • 80%
  • cancer
  • rare disease therapies
• 2025-05-31 [Society & Culture] — World No Tobacco Day and India's Cancer Crisis
  On World No Tobacco Day, concerns were raised about how affordable tobacco is worsening India's cancer crisis. India ranks 1st globally in male cancer incidence and mortality linked to tobacco, with lip and oral cancers being most common in India. The economic cost of tobacco use in India was ₹1.77 lakh crore (1.04% of GDP) in 2017–18.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India ranks 1st globally in male cancer incidence linked to tobacco.

  Key Facts:

  • India ranks 1st globally in male cancer incidence and mortality linked to tobacco.
  • Economic cost in India (2017–18): ₹1.77 lakh crore, or 1.04% of GDP.
  • Smoking accounts for 74% of the economic burden, SLT use 26%.

MoSPI's Institutional and Methodological Modernization (2025-26)

Focus: Initiatives by MoSPI to upgrade its institutional identity, technological infrastructure, and statistical methodologies to align with global standards.

UPSC Value: Highlights the structural reforms in India's statistical system, including the shift to digital monitoring (PAIMANA), adoption of GSTN frames (ASSSE), and adherence to IMF standards (SDDS).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-31 [Polity & Governance] — MoSPI Operationalises PAIMANA Portal
  The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) operationalised PAIMANA (Project Assessment, Infrastructure Monitoring & Analytics for Nation-building), a web-based portal for monitoring Central Sector Infrastructure Projects worth Rs 150 crore and above. The portal integrates with DPIIT's IPMP/IIG-PMG via APIs, automating about 60% of project updates under the “One Data, One Entry” principle.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MoSPI operationalises PAIMANA Portal for infrastructure project monitoring.

  Key Facts:

  • MoSPI operationalised PAIMANA portal.
  • PAIMANA monitors Central Sector Infrastructure Projects worth Rs 150 crore and above.
  • Replaces the earlier Online Computerised Monitoring System (OCMS-2006).
• 2026-01-19 [Economy] — India's commitment to global best practices
  MoSPI underlined that both GDP and CPI adhere to the International Monetary Fund's Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS), which lay down benchmarks for coverage, frequency, timeliness, public access, data integrity and quality. This move aligns India with global standards and reflects India's commitment to global best practices in economic reporting.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: GDP and CPI adhere to IMF's Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS).

  Key Facts:

  • GDP and CPI adhere to the International Monetary Fund's Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS)
  • This move aligns India with global standards
  • SDDS benchmarks for coverage, frequency, timeliness, public access, data integrity and quality
• 2026-01-02 [Polity & Governance] — MoSPI Launches New Logo and Mascot
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has introduced a new logo and mascot to modernize its institutional identity and improve public outreach. MoSPI is the nodal ministry in India for official statistics, responsible for data collection, analysis, and dissemination to support evidence-based policymaking and national development.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
  • Purpose: Modernize institutional identity and improve public outreach
• 2025-04-30 [Economy] — Pilot Study on Annual Survey of Services Sector Enterprises (ASSSE) Findings Released
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) conducted a pilot study on the Annual Survey of Services Sector Enterprises (ASSSE) and released its findings as a Technical Report. The pilot study was carried out in two phases using a GSTN frame, primarily to test the suitability of the GSTN database as a sampling frame and to test operational modalities. The pilot provides valuable operational insights and a foundation for launching a robust, full-scale annual survey of incorporated service sector enterprises from January 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MoSPI released findings from pilot study on Annual Survey of Services Sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Pilot study on ASSSE conducted by MoSPI
  • Aimed to test the GSTN database as a sampling frame
  • Service sector enterprises registered under Companies Act, 1956 or 2013 or LLP Act, 2008 were covered
  • 28.5% of enterprises reported having additional places of business within the state
  • 41.8% of enterprises in the Trade sector reported additional places of business in the state
  • Enterprises with output below Rupees 500 crores account for almost 63.03% of total employment and 36.84% of total compensation
  • Full-scale annual survey of incorporated service sector enterprises planned from January 2026

Demographic Transition and Human Development Metrics

Focus: Statistical reports released in 2025/2026 detailing India's population stabilization (TFR), child mortality reduction, and Human Development Index progress.

UPSC Value: Connects population dynamics (TFR < replacement) with development outcomes (HDI, U5MR) to analyze India's demographic dividend.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [Economy] — India's Human Development Index (HDI) in 2023
  In the Human Development Report 2025, based on 2023 data, India is ranked 130 out of 193 countries. India's HDI value increased from 0.676 in 2022 to 0.685 in 2023, keeping it in the 'medium human development' category.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's HDI value increased to 0.685 in 2023, ranked 130 out of 193.

  Key Facts:

  • India's HDI rank: 130 out of 193
  • HDI value: 0.685 in 2023 (up from 0.676 in 2022)
  • Life expectancy: 72 years in 2023 (up from 58.6 years in 1990)
  • Mean years of schooling: Increased, with children now expected to stay in school for 13 years (up from 8.2 years in 1990)
  • Gross National Income per capita: USD 9,046 in 2023 (up from USD 2,167 in 1990)
  • 135 million Indians escaped multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21
  • India's loss due to inequality is 31.1 percent, which lowers the HDI to 0.444 in 2022
  • GII value of 0.437, ranking it 108 out of 166 countries in 2022
• 2025-09-29 [Society & Culture] — MoSPI releases 'Children in India 2025' publication
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the 4th edition of the 'Children in India 2025' publication during the 29th Conference of Central and State Statistical Organizations (CoCSSO) in Chandigarh. The publication provides insights into the well-being of children, highlighting trends in areas such as health, education, and adoption. The report indicates a decline in the birth rate from 19.1 in 2022 to 18.4 per 1,000 population in 2023.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MoSPI releases 'Children in India 2025' publication.

  Key Facts:

  • Publication: 'Children in India 2025' (4th edition)
  • Released by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
  • Event: 29th Conference of Central and State Statistical Organizations (CoCSSO)
  • Location: Chandigarh
  • Birth rate: decreased from 19.1 (in 2022) to 18.4 per 1,000 population (in 2023)
  • Rural birth rate (2023): 20.3 per 1,000 population
  • Urban birth rate (2023): 14.9 per 1,000 population
  • Highest birth rate: Bihar at 25.8 in 2023
  • Lowest birth rate: Andaman & Nicobar Islands at 10.1 in 2023
  • Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) National average in 2023: 28 deaths per 1,000 live births
  • Highest U5MR: Madhya Pradesh (MP) at 44
  • Lowest U5MR: Kerala at 8 deaths per 1,000 live births
  • Percentage of women aged 20-24 years married before 18: 23.3% (in 2019-21)
  • Increase in child adoptions: from 3,927 (in 2017-18) to 4,515 (in 2024-25)
  • Gender Preference in in-country adoptions during 2024-25: 2,336 female children and 1,819 male children
  • National average of Indian teenagers with hypertension: 5%
  • Delhi Teen Hypertension Prevalence: 10%
  • National average of literacy among Indian children and adolescents: 63.1%
  • GPI for secondary level: 1.1
• 2025-06-29 [Schemes & Programs] — India Achieves Decline in Under-Five Mortality Rate
  India has achieved a 78% decline in the Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) from 1990 to 2023, surpassing the global reduction of 61%. This was acknowledged in the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) 2024 Report.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India achieved a 78% decline in Under-Five Mortality Rate since 1990.

  Key Facts:

  • Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) declined by 78% between 1990 and 2023
  • Global reduction in U5MR was 61%
  • Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) declined by 70% (Global reduction: 54%)
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) declined by 71% (Global reduction: 58%)
  • Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India is 80 per lakh live births, an 86% decline since 1990
• 2025-06-11 [Society & Culture] — UNFPA State of World Population 2025 Report: India
  The UNFPA's "State of the World Population 2025" report indicates India's population reached 146.39 crore in April 2025, surpassing China as the most populous country. The report highlights a decline in India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 1.9, which is below the replacement level of 2.1, signaling a demographic transition, and also points to barriers to reproductive autonomy and the need for improved access to reproductive health services.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's population reached 146.39 crore in April 2025, surpassing China.

  Key Facts:

  • India's population: 146.39 crore (April 2025)
  • Expected population peak: 170 crore (in approximately 40 years)
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): 1.9
  • Replacement level TFR: 2.1
  • Working-age population (15-64 years): 68%
  • Elderly population (65+ years): 7%
  • Life expectancy (men): 71 years (2025)
  • Life expectancy (women): 74 years (2025)
  • Couples facing infertility issues in India: 27.5 million
  • Adult Indians facing unintended pregnancies: 36%
  • Adult Indians experiencing unfulfilled desire for more/fewer children: 30%
  • Adult Indians facing both unintended pregnancies and unfulfilled desires: 23%
  • Fertility rate decline: 1.9 (below replacement level of 2.1)
  • India's population: 146.39 crore (as of April 2025)
  • Projected population peak: 170 crore (over the next four decades)
  • Working-age population: 68% (15-64 years)
  • Life expectancy (men): 71 years
  • Life expectancy (women): 74 years
  • States with above-average fertility rates: Bihar (2.98), Meghalaya (2.9), Uttar Pradesh (2.35), Jharkhand (2.26), Manipur (2.2)
  • India's population: 146.39 crore
  • Source: UNFPA's “State of the World Population 2025” report
  • Report: UNFPA’s “State of the World Population 2025”
  • Adult Indians facing unintended pregnancies: 1 in 3 (36%)
  • Adult Indians with unfulfilled desire for more/fewer children: 30%
  • Financial limitations as a barrier: 40%
  • Housing constraints as a barrier: 22%
  • India's population: 1.4639 billion (146.39 crore) in 2025
  • Fertility rate: 1.9
  • Expected population peak: 170 crore in 40 years
  • Replacement level fertility rate: 2.1

Administrative Reforms in Data Release Timelines

Focus: Announcements and implementations regarding MoSPI's structural shift to reduce time lags and increase frequency for IIP and PLFS data releases.

UPSC Value: Highlights governance reforms aimed at improving the timeliness and usability of public statistics for policy making.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-28 [Economy] — MoSPI to release IIP data on 28th of every month
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) will now release the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) on the 28th of each month, reducing the timeline from 42 to 28 days. Starting April 2025, the agency will provide quick estimates followed by a final estimate, eliminating the second revision.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MOSPI to release IIP data on the 28th of each month.

  Key Facts:

  • MOSPI will release the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) on the 28th of each month starting April 2025.
  • The timeline for release has been reduced from 42 to 28 days.
  • The Quick estimate for a specific month will undergo revision only once, in the next month as the final estimate, as per the revised revision policy.
• 2025-05-28 [Economy] — MOSPI to release IIP data on 28th of every month
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) will now release the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) on the 28th of each month, reducing the timeline from 42 to 28 days. Starting April 2025, the agency will provide quick estimates followed by a final estimate, eliminating the second revision.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MOSPI to release IIP data on the 28th of each month.

  Key Facts:

  • MOSPI: To release IIP on 28th of every month
  • Timeline Reduction: From 42 days to 28 days
  • Implementation: Starting April 2025
  • Process: Quick estimates followed by a final estimate, eliminating the second revision
  • All India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) will be released on 28th of every month at 4:00 PM
• 2025-04-20 [Economy] — MoSPI Advances IIP Data Release
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) announced that the All India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) data will be released on the 28th of every month, starting April 2025, reducing the timeline from 42 days to 28 days. MoSPI will also discontinue the second revision of the IIP to ensure quicker and more efficient data dissemination.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MoSPI to release IIP data on the 28th of every month.

  Key Facts:

  • All India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) data will be released on the 28th of every month starting April 2025.
  • Timeline reduced from 42 days to 28 days.
  • MoSPI will discontinue the second revision of the IIP.
• 2025-04-18 [Economy] — MoSPI to Release Monthly Labour Force Data from April 2025
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) will release key labour force indicators from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) on a monthly basis at the all-India level, starting April 2025. Quarterly PLFS results will now include data from rural areas. Annual PLFS reports will align with the calendar year (January–December) instead of the July–June cycle from 2025 onwards.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MoSPI to release monthly labour force data from April 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • MoSPI will release the All India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) on the 28th of every month starting April 2025.
  • The release timeline is reduced from 42 days to 28 days.
  • The second revision of the IIP will be discontinued.
  • The IIP will be released as Quick Estimates followed by a Final Estimate.
  • Next IIP estimates will be released on April 28, 2025, at 4:00 PM.
  • Key labour force indicators from PLFS will be released monthly starting April 2025.
  • Quarterly PLFS results will include data from rural areas.
  • Annual PLFS reports will align with the calendar year (January–December) from 2025.
  • The new design allows for monthly estimates of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR) in the Current Weekly Status (CWS) framework for both rural and urban areas.
  • The first monthly bulletin of PLFS for the month April 2025 is scheduled to be released in May 2025.

Women's Economic Participation and Workforce Trends

Focus: Data and schemes focusing specifically on women's role in the economy, ranging from manufacturing and cooperatives to self-help groups.

UPSC Value: Highlights the structural challenges and specific government interventions (like Drone Didi) aimed at improving Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-28 [Economy] — India's Labour Force: Current Status and Trends
  India has over 643 million workers, expected to contribute two-thirds of new global workforce entrants, with 16.83 crore jobs added between 2017-18 and 2023-24, and unemployment declining from 6% to 3.2%. In this period, 1.56 crore women entered the formal workforce, and as per PLFS 2022–23, about 57.3% workers are self-employed, 20.9% are regular wage/salaried, and 21.8% are casual labourers.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's labour force: current status and trends.

  Key Facts:

  • 643 million workers
  • 16.83 crore jobs added (2017-18 to 2023-24)
  • Unemployment: 3.2%
  • 1.56 crore women entered formal workforce
  • PLFS 2022-23
  • 57.3% self-employed
  • 20.9% regular wage/salaried
  • 21.8% casual labourers
• 2025-05-10 [Economy] — Empowering Women through Cooperatives
  India accounts for 27% of global cooperatives, with 20% of its population as members. However, women in rural cooperatives face challenges due to low literacy, limited skills, and poor market access, holding only 26% of membership positions. Cooperatives provide rural women with income-generating activities, livelihood options, fair pricing, skill development, and inclusive governance, enhancing socio-economic resilience.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Challenges faced by women in rural cooperatives.

  Key Facts:

  • India accounts for 27% of global cooperatives.
  • 20% of India's population are members of cooperatives.
  • Women hold only 26% of membership positions in mixed cooperatives.
  • Top 3 cooperative sectors in India: Housing (24%), dairy (17.7%), and PACS (13%).
  • Leading States for cooperatives: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
• 2025-04-17 [Economy] — Women in Manufacturing in India
  Women remain underrepresented in the manufacturing sector in India, which contributes approximately 17% to India's GDP. Women's share in formal manufacturing has declined from 20.9% in 2015-16 to 18.9% in 2022-23, with 1.57 million women out of 8.34 million formal workers. Tamil Nadu employs the highest share (41%) of women, followed by Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Women underrepresented in India's manufacturing sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Manufacturing sector contribution to GDP: approximately 17%
  • Women's share in formal manufacturing (2022-23): 18.9%
  • Number of women in formal manufacturing: 1.57 million out of 8.34 million
  • State employing highest share of women: Tamil Nadu (41%)
• 2025-03-17 [Schemes & Programs] — Namo Drone Didi Scheme and SVAMITVA Scheme
  The Namo Drone Didi Scheme, with an outlay of ₹1,261 crore for 2023–24 to 2025–26, aims to provide 15,000 drones to Women Self Help Groups (SHGs). Under the SVAMITVA scheme, drone surveys had been completed in 3.23 lakh villages as of July 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Namo Drone Didi Scheme aims to provide drones to Women SHGs.

  Key Facts:

  • Namo Drone Didi Scheme
  • Outlay: ₹1,261 crore for 2023–24 to 2025–26
  • Target: 15,000 drones to Women Self Help Groups (SHGs)
  • SVAMITVA scheme
  • Drone surveys completed in 3.23 lakh villages as of July 2025

Macroeconomic Statistics and Analysis

Focus: Administrative updates to national statistical frameworks (MoSPI) and subsequent analysis of economic health indicators.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding the data infrastructure behind GDP/CPI calculations and their interpretation in economic planning.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Economy] — Household Consumption and Wage Growth Trends
  An Indian Express editorial on January 29, 2026, highlights that India's consumption recovery needs to shift from inflation-led and credit-driven demand to income-led growth, with policies focusing on generating quality employment and improving productivity. Real rural wages grew by 4.1% in Q1 FY26, mainly due to rural CPI inflation falling to 2.4%, and real urban wage growth of 5.7% in Q2 FY26, again inflation-led.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) accounts for nearly 56–58% of India's GDP
  • Household financial liabilities rose from 3.9% of GDP (FY20) to 6.2% (FY24) before easing to 4.7% in FY25
  • Real rural wages grew by 4.1% in Q1 FY26
  • Real urban wage growth of 5.7% in Q2 FY26
• 2025-11-12 [Economy] — MoSPI Announces Advance Release Calendar for 2025-26
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released its Advance Release Calendar for 2025-26, outlining planned dates for publishing macroeconomic indicators, survey reports, and socio-economic publications. This includes data on GDP, IIP, CPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), and reports on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The ministry aims to enhance transparency and coordination in statistical activities.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MoSPI's Advance Release Calendar informs about macroeconomic data release schedule.

  Key Facts:

  • Advance Release Calendar 2025-26
  • GDP
  • IIP
  • CPI
  • Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
  • Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)
  • Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE)
  • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) National Indicator Frame Work
• 2025-10-23 [Economy] — India's economic indicators to be updated
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has initiated a comprehensive revision of the base year for key economic indicators including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The new CPI series will be released on February 12, 2026, followed by the updated GDP series on February 27, 2026, and the revised IIP series in May 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MoSPI initiates revision of base year for key economic indicators.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
  • Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
  • Consumer Price Index (CPI)
  • Base year revision
  • New CPI series release date: February 12, 2026
  • Updated GDP series release date: February 27, 2026
  • Revised IIP series release date: May 2026

RBI Consumer Sentiment and Inflation Expectation Surveys

Focus: Items detailing the methodology, launch, and specific findings of the RBI's periodic surveys (IESH and UCCS) regarding household inflation perceptions and consumer confidence.

UPSC Value: Understanding the divergence between perceived and official inflation and how the RBI utilizes qualitative consumer data for monetary policy signaling and economic forecasting.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Economy] — RBI Survey Reveals Inflation Expectations
  According to the Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) Inflation Expectations Survey, households perceive inflation to be around 6.6%, significantly higher than the official rate of 1.33% for December 2025. The survey also indicates expectations that inflation will continue to rise.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: RBI survey reveals household inflation expectations.

  Key Facts:

  • Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
  • Inflation Expectations Survey
  • Household perceived inflation: 6.6%
  • Official inflation (December 2025): 1.33%
• 2025-06-08 [Economy] — RBI's Urban Consumer Confidence Survey: May 2025
  The Reserve Bank of India's Urban Consumer Confidence Survey (UCCS) conducted in May 2025, indicates stable sentiments among urban households regarding the current economic situation, with optimism about future income, employment, and inflation control. The Current Situation Index (CSI) slightly decreased to 95.4 in May, while the Future Expectations Index (FEI) increased to 123.4, reflecting growing hope among consumers about future economic conditions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • The Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) latest Urban Consumer Confidence Survey (UCCS) shows that urban consumers maintain stable sentiments about the current economic situation.
  • In May 2025, the survey collected insights from 6,090 respondents across 19 cities.
  • The Current Situation Index (CSI) slightly declined from 95.5 in March to 95.4 in May.
  • The Future Expectations Index (FEI) increased from 122.4 in March to 123.4 in May.
  • Perceived current inflation dropped to 7.7% and one-year-ahead expectations fell to 9.5%.
  • Urban Consumer Confidence Survey showed stable present sentiment (CSI at 95.4) and improved future optimism (FEI at 123.4) in May 2025.
  • Perceived current inflation dropped by 10 basis points to 7.7% in May.
  • Inflation expectations one year ahead also declined by 20 basis points to 9.5%.
• 2025-05-01 [Economy] — RBI Launches Surveys for Inflation, Consumer Confidence
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has launched three surveys in May 2025 to gather consumer sentiment ahead of its monetary policy meeting scheduled for June 4–6. The surveys include the Inflation Expectations Survey of Households (IESH), the Urban Consumer Confidence Survey (UCCS), and the Rural Consumer Confidence Survey (RCCS). These surveys help the central bank make informed policy decisions based on consumer perception and expectations. RBI also mandates use of Platform for Regulatory Application, Validation and Authorisation (PRAVAAH) Portal for All Regulatory Applications from May 1, 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: RBI launched surveys for inflation and consumer confidence in May 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI launched surveys for inflation and consumer confidence in May 2025
  • Surveys: IESH, UCCS, RCCS
  • RBI mandates use of Platform for Regulatory Application, Validation and Authorisation (PRAVAAH) Portal for All Regulatory Applications from May 1, 2025

India's CPI Methodology and Statistical Integrity

Focus: Items focusing on the reporting, international evaluation, and the urgent need for methodological reform of India's Consumer Price Index (CPI).

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the reliability of macroeconomic indicators used in monetary policy and the challenges of statistical governance in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Economy] — India Needs CPI Base Year Revision
  India urgently needs a revision of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) base year because the outdated data has started distorting inflation-linked decisions. The shift to a new CPI base year aims to correct statistical distortions that no longer reflect India's consumption reality.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India needs CPI base year revision to correct inflation data.

  Key Facts:

  • Consumer Price Index (CPI)
  • Base year revision
  • Statistical distortions
  • Consumption reality
• 2025-11-28 [Economy] — IMF Gives India a 'C' Grade for National Accounts Statistics
  The IMF's latest Article IV review has assigned India's national accounts statistics a 'C' grade, pointing out methodological weaknesses, while the Consumer Price Index (CPI) received a 'B' grade, indicating some shortcomings but broad adequacy for surveillance.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IMF gives India a 'C' grade for national accounts statistics.

  Key Facts:

  • IMF
  • Article IV review
  • India
  • National accounts statistics
  • C grade
  • Consumer Price Index
  • B grade
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • India's national accounts statistics
  • GDP
  • GVA
  • grade of 'C'
  • U.S.' 50% tariffs
• 2025-04-16 [Economy] — Analysis of Retail Inflation and CPI
  Retail inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), stood at 3.34% in March, remaining below the RBI's target for the second consecutive month. Food prices contributed significantly to the decline, with the Consumer Food Price Index at 2.6% in March. The IMD's prediction of an above-normal monsoon is expected to positively influence food production and control inflation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Retail inflation remains below RBI's target in March.

  Key Facts:

  • Retail inflation: 3.34% in March 2025 (5.5-year low).
  • Previous month inflation: 3.61%.
  • RBI repo rate cuts: Two consecutive cuts of 0.25% each.
  • Retail inflation (CPI): 3.34% in March.
  • Consumer Food Price Index: 2.6% in March.
  • IMD prediction: Above-normal monsoon expected.

Progress and Trends in India's Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

Focus: Specific reports and statistical analyses tracking the reduction of maternal mortality in India and the impact of institutional deliveries.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding healthcare interventions, progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 3.1, and the efficacy of public health schemes in improving maternal health outcomes.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-24 [Schemes & Programs] — Increased Institutional Deliveries Reduce MMR
  The Union Health Ministry reported that institutional deliveries in India have increased to 89%, leading to a significant reduction in the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR). Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of its termination, from any cause related to the pregnancy. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Increased institutional deliveries lead to reduction in Maternal Mortality Rate.

  Key Facts:

  • Institutional deliveries increased to 89%
  • Significant reduction in Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
  • Maternal death: death during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination
  • MMR: maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
• 2025-06-03 [Society & Culture] — Decline in Maternal and Child Mortality
  India is witnessing a significant decline in maternal and child mortality rates, moving towards achieving its 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) fell from 130 (2014-2016) to 93 (2019-2021), and the infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased from 39 in 2014 to 27 in 2021.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India witnessing decline in maternal and child mortality rates.

• 2025-05-09 [Society & Culture] — India's MMR Shows Declining Trend
  India's Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has declined to 93 per 100,000 live births in 2019–21, a decrease from 97 in 2018–20 and 103 in 2017–19. The highest MMR is observed in the 20-29 age group, followed by the 30-34 age group.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's MMR declined to 93 per 100,000 live births in 2019–21.

  Key Facts:

  • MMR in India dropped to 93 per 100,000 live births in 2019–21.
  • MMR was 97 in 2018–20 and 103 in 2017–19.
  • Highest MMR occurs in the 20-29 age group.
  • Second highest MMR occurs in the 30-34 age group.
  • States with high MMRs include Madhya Pradesh (175), Assam (167), and Uttar Pradesh (151).

2025 Global Demographic and Population Dynamics

Focus: Reports and observances from 2025 that analyze population growth, urbanization milestones, and the socio-economic pressures (such as hunger and youth development) associated with demographic shifts.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding Human Geography, urban planning challenges, and the socio-economic implications of the demographic dividend and food security in the Global South.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-28 [Geography] — Jakarta Becomes World's Most Populous City
  According to the UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2025 report, Jakarta has surpassed Tokyo to become the world's most populous city, with an estimated population of 42 million in 2025 due to updated UN methodology.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Jakarta Becomes World's Most Populous City.

  Key Facts:

  • Jakarta
  • World's most populous city
  • 42 million
  • UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2025 report
• 2025-07-30 [Economy] — Global Hunger Still Above Pre-Pandemic Levels
  The 'State of Food and Nutrition in the World' (SOFI) 2025 report indicates that hunger affected up to 720 million people worldwide in 2024, which is around 8.2 per cent of the global population. Global hunger in 2024 remained well above pre-pandemic levels and even higher than in 2015, with an estimated 96 million more people suffering from chronic hunger compared to 2015. Asia accounted for the highest number of undernourished people at 323 million, followed by Africa (307 million) and Latin America and the Caribbean (34 million).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Global hunger affected 720 million people in 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • Hunger affected up to 720 million people worldwide in 2024 (8.2% of global population)
  • 96 million more people suffering from chronic hunger compared to 2015
  • Asia: 323 million undernourished
  • Africa: 307 million undernourished
  • Latin America and Caribbean: 34 million undernourished
  • Hunger affected up to 720 million people worldwide in 2024, around 8.2 per cent of the global population.
  • An estimated 96 million more people were suffering from chronic hunger today compared to 2015.
  • About 2.3 billion people in the world were moderately or severely food insecure in 2024.
  • Asia accounted for the highest number of undernourished people at 323 million, followed by Africa (307 million) and Latin America and the Caribbean (34 million).
• 2025-07-12 [Society & Culture] — World Population Day 2025 Focuses on Empowering Youth
  World Population Day 2025 is observed with the theme "Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world". The day reaffirms commitments made at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), emphasizing rights-based family planning, gender equality, and informed reproductive choices. Over 65% of India's population is under 35, representing a critical demographic dividend.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: World Population Day 2025 theme: Empowering young people.

  Key Facts:

  • Theme: “Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world.”
  • Over 65% of India's population is under 35
  • Reaffirms commitments made at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)

Post-2011-12 Poverty Estimation Debates in India

Focus: Independent institutional and academic efforts to quantify India's poverty levels using the 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) data in the absence of updated official government poverty lines.

UPSC Value: Understanding the methodological challenges and varying results in measuring poverty is crucial for evaluating social welfare policies and the inclusivity of India's economic growth.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-21 [Economy] — RBI Study Updates Poverty Estimates for Major States
  A recent study by RBI economists, using the 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES), updated poverty estimates for 20 major states in India, revealing substantial inter-state variation in poverty reduction. The Rangarajan Committee (2014) estimated the national poverty line at ₹972/month for rural areas and ₹1,407/month for urban areas, placing 29.5% of India's population below the poverty line in 2011–12. Odisha and Bihar showed the largest poverty reduction between 2011-12 and 2022-23.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: RBI study updates poverty estimates for major states using HCES.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI study used 2022-23 HCES data
  • Rangarajan Committee (2014): ₹972/month rural poverty line, ₹1,407/month urban
  • 29.5% of India's population below poverty line in 2011–12 (Rangarajan)
  • Odisha rural poverty: 47.8% (2011–12) to 8.6% (2022–23)
  • Bihar urban poverty: 50.8% (2011–12) to 9.1% (2022–23)
  • Kerala rural poverty: 7.3% (2011–12) to 1.4% (2022–23)
  • Himachal Pradesh urban poverty: 8.8% (2011–12) to 2.0% (2022–23)
  • Lowest rural poverty (2022–23): Himachal Pradesh (0.4%)
  • Lowest urban poverty (2022–23): Tamil Nadu (1.9%)
  • Highest rural and urban poverty (2022–23): Chhattisgarh (25.1% & 13.3%)
• 2025-07-01 [Economy] — India's Poverty Estimates
  Reports from SBI and the World Bank suggest a significant drop in poverty in India. The SBI report estimated rural poverty at 4.86% and urban poverty at 4.09% in FY24. The World Bank report stated rural extreme poverty at 2.8% and urban at 1.1% in 2022–23.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SBI and World Bank reports suggest a significant drop in poverty.

  Key Facts:

  • SBI report: Rural poverty at 4.86%, urban poverty at 4.09% in FY24
  • World Bank report: Rural extreme poverty at 2.8%, urban at 1.1% in 2022–23
• 2025-05-22 [Economy] — Slowdown in India's Poverty Reduction Since 2011-12
  India has not published official poverty data since 2011–12, but a recent paper analyzing poverty levels indicates that poverty reduction has significantly slowed down. While Uttar Pradesh showed marked poverty reduction, Jharkhand, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh showed little improvement or largely stagnated. The authors call for consistent, publicly available government data to resolve current uncertainties.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Poverty reduction in India has slowed since 2011-12.

  Key Facts:

  • Official poverty data last published: 2011-12
  • Significant poverty reduction in: Uttar Pradesh
  • Slow progress in: Jharkhand, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
  • Poverty reduction slowed since: 2011-12
  • Paper title: 'Poverty Decline in India after 2011-12: Bigger Picture Evidence'

National Demographic and Civil Registration Metrics

Focus: Statistical reports and coverage data regarding India's population indicators, including birth/death rates, fertility trends, and Aadhaar saturation.

UPSC Value: Analyzing demographic shifts and the reach of civil registration systems is vital for policy formulation and understanding social development trends in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-14 [Society & Culture] — Vital Statistics of India Report Based on Civil Registration System (CRS) for 2023
  India registered 2.52 crore births in 2023, around 2.32 lakh fewer than in 2022, according to the Vital Statistics of India based on the Civil Registration System (CRS) report for the year 2023. The report stated that 86.6 lakh deaths were registered in 2023, a marginal increase from 86.5 lakh deaths in 2022. Overall birth registration stood at 98.4%.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India registered 2.52 crore births in 2023 (CRS report).

  Key Facts:

  • 2.52 crore births were registered in 2023.
  • 2.32 lakh fewer births compared to 2022.
  • 86.6 lakh deaths were registered in 2023.
  • Overall birth registration stood at 98.4%.
  • Institutional births: 74.7% of total registered births.
  • Jharkhand recorded the lowest sex ratio at birth at 899, followed by Bihar at 900
• 2025-07-11 [Polity & Governance] — Aadhaar Coverage in Bihar
  Aadhaar is available to over 88% of Bihar's population, which is approximately 11.48 crore people and the saturation level stands at 94% across the state. Adult coverage (18+ years) is 70.29% of total Aadhaar holders. Some districts like Kishanganj and Katihar show saturation above 120%, indicating coverage exceeding projections.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Aadhaar coverage in Bihar: 88%
  • Approximately 11.48 crore people
  • Saturation level: 94%
  • Adult coverage (18+ years): 70.29%
• 2025-05-12 [Society & Culture] — Total Fertility Rate Trends and Demographic Shift in India
  India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined to 2.0, which is below the replacement level. Bihar has the highest total fertility rate at 3.0, indicating higher population growth in the state. States like Delhi and West Bengal have the lowest total fertility rate at 1.4.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's TFR declined to 2.0, below replacement level.

  Key Facts:

  • India's TFR declined to 2.0
  • Bihar has the highest TFR at 3.0
  • Delhi and West Bengal have the lowest TFR at 1.4

Evolution and Recognition of Female Education and Leadership in India

Focus: Items highlighting the historical foundations of girls' education in India alongside contemporary institutional and leadership awards for women's empowerment.

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive timeline of progress in women's education and social justice, relevant for GS Paper 1 (Society) and GS Paper 2 (Social Justice).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-02 [Sports & Awards] — NGO Educate Girls Wins Ramon Magsaysay Award
  Indian NGO Educate Girls has been announced as one of the three winners of the Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025. This is the first Indian non-profit organization to receive the award.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Educate Girls wins Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Award: Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025
  • Winner: Educate Girls (Indian NGO)
  • First Indian non-profit organization to receive the award
• 2025-09-02 [Sports & Awards] — TERI Director General Honored with 'EmpowerHer: Leadership in Energy' Award
  Dr. Vibha Dhawan, Director General of TERI, received the 'EmpowerHer: Leadership in Energy' award at the Bharat Electricity – Powering India Awards in New Delhi on September 2, 2025. The award recognizes her leadership and contributions to the energy sector and sustainable future.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: TERI Director General Honored with 'EmpowerHer: Leadership in Energy' Award.

  Key Facts:

  • Dr. Vibha Dhawan: Director General of TERI
  • EmpowerHer: Leadership in Energy Award
  • Bharat Electricity – Powering India Awards: Event
  • New Delhi: Location of the award ceremony
  • September 2, 2025: Date of the award ceremony
• 2025-03-08 [History & Heritage] — Pre-Independence Women Activists
  Savitribai Phule, a Dalit woman, opened India's first school for girls in Vishrambag Wada, Pune, Maharashtra in 1848 along with her husband Jyotirao Phule. Chandraprabha Saikiani from Assam started a school for girls at 13 and founded the Assam Pradeshik Mahila Samiti in 1926, while Fatima Sheikh, is celebrated as India's first Muslim woman educator, was an associate of Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Savitribai Phule opened India's first school for girls in 1848.

  Key Facts:

  • Savitribai Phule: Opened India's first school for girls in 1848 in Pune
  • Chandraprabha Saikiani: Started a school for girls at 13, founded Assam Pradeshik Mahila Samiti in 1926
  • Fatima Sheikh: India's first Muslim woman educator, associate of Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule

Women in the Knowledge Economy

Focus: Events and statistical reports specifically highlighting the participation, celebration, and growth of women in India's STEM and education sectors.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing gender budgeting, social justice in science, and workforce participation trends in the knowledge sector.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-30 [Society & Culture] — India Surpasses 1 Crore School Teachers
  According to the UDISE+ report for the academic year 2024-25, India has exceeded one crore school teachers for the first time, marking a 6.7% increase since 2022-23. This milestone reflects improvements in pupil-teacher ratios and broader inclusion in education, with women constituting 54.3% of the total teaching population.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India exceeds one crore school teachers, a 6.7% increase.

  Key Facts:

  • India has surpassed one crore school teachers for the first time in the 2024-25 academic year
  • UDISE+ report
  • 6.7% rise in the number of teachers since the 2022-23 academic session
  • Approximately 15 lakh schools
  • More than 24 crore students
  • 54.3% women teachers
  • Pupil-Teacher Ratios: 10 for Foundational, 13 for Preparatory, 17 for Middle, and 21 for Secondary levels
• 2025-07-15 [Society & Culture] — World Youth Skills Day Focuses on Women in STEM
  World Youth Skills Day on July 15, 2025, highlights the importance of investing in women's potential in STEM fields, where women constitute 43% of graduates in India but only 27% of the workforce, revealing a significant gap between education and employment opportunities. The Indian government is addressing this issue with skill development initiatives to promote women in STEM, as closing this gap could significantly boost India's GDP.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: World Youth Skills Day focuses on investing in women in STEM.

  Key Facts:

  • Date: July 15, 2025
  • Theme: Youth Empowerment Through Artificial Intelligence and Digital Skills
  • World Youth Skills Day: July 15
  • Women STEM graduates in India: 43%
  • Women in STEM workforce in India: 27%
  • Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) in India in 2023-24: 41.7%
  • Rural women FLFPR: 47.6%
  • Urban women FLFPR: 25.4%
  • Global percentage of women researchers (UNESCO, 2021): 31.5%
  • Potential GDP boost by 2025 with 68 million women in India's workforce (McKinsey estimate): $700 billion
  • Potential GDP growth enhancement with 50% female workforce participation (World Bank projection): 1%
• 2025-03-08 [Science & Technology] — CSIR Celebrates International Women's Day
  CSIR celebrated International Women's Day on March 8, 2025, at CSIR-NPL, emphasizing women's contributions in science and technology. The event featured notable speakers including Dr. Jitendra Singh and Dr. N Kalaiselvi, highlighting the increasing representation of women in STEM fields. Women entrepreneurs utilizing CSIR technologies also gave presentations during the event.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • CSIR
  • International Women's Day
  • March 8, 2025
  • CSIR-NPL
  • Dr. Jitendra Singh
  • Dr. N Kalaiselvi
  • STEM

Dynamics of Female Labor Force Participation in India

Focus: The items collectively address the statistical trends, macroeconomic impact, and specific state-level policy interventions regarding women's employment in India.

UPSC Value: This thread is critical for understanding women's economic empowerment and labor reforms under GS Paper 1 (Social Issues) and GS Paper 3 (Indian Economy).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-27 [Economy] — Low Female Labor Force Participation impacting GDP
  Low female labor force participation rate in India could lead to long-term economic decay. If the gender gap is reduced and women's participation in the labor force is increased, GDP could increase by approximately 27% in the future. India's female labor force participation is low, approximately 37% to 41.7%; in China, it is 60%.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Low female labor force participation impacts GDP.

  Key Facts:

  • India's female labor force participation is 37% to 41.7%.
  • China's female labor force participation is 60%.
  • GDP could increase by approximately 27% if women's participation is increased.
• 2025-08-26 [Economy] — Women's Employment Rate Increase
  The Labour Ministry reported a significant increase in women's employment rate in India, nearly doubling from 22% in 2017-18 to 40.3% in 2023-24, with a corresponding decrease in female unemployment from 5.6% to 3.2%. This increase reflects a rise in women engaged in economic activities, including self-employment, regular jobs, and casual labor, indicating a positive trend in women's workforce participation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Women's employment rate nearly doubled to 40.3% between 2018-2024.

  Key Facts:

  • Women's employment rate (WPR) increased from 22% in 2017-18 to 40.3% in 2023-24.
  • Female unemployment fell from 5.6% to 3.2%.
  • Rural women employment increased by 96%, while urban employment increased by 43%.
  • Female self-employment grew from 51.9% to 67.4%.
  • 1.56 crore women joined the formal workforce via EPFO in 7 years.
  • 16.69 crore women are registered on e-Shram for access to welfare schemes.
  • Women-led MSMEs doubled.
  • 68% of Mudra loans went to women.
  • Gender budget increased by 429% in the last decade.
  • Nearly 50% of startups have women directors.
• 2025-07-09 [Polity & Governance] — Bihar Domicile Rule for Women's Job Quota
  On July 8, 2025, the Bihar Cabinet mandated domicile for women to access the 35% reservation in state government jobs, a policy introduced in 2016, which previously allowed women from outside Bihar to benefit.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Bihar mandates domicile for women to access job quota.

  Key Facts:

  • Bihar Cabinet made domicile mandatory for 35% reservation for women in state government jobs
  • Decision made on July 8, 2025
  • Reservation policy introduced in 2016
  • Previously, women from outside Bihar could also benefit