Deep-Tech Indigenization and Digital Sovereignty 2025-26: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

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GS-2GS-317 sub-themes · 77 news items

Key Takeaways

  • India is decoupling from global tech dependencies by creating 'Sovereign AI' and indigenous gene-editing tools.
  • Telecommunications has moved from a service-delivery sector to a critical national security infrastructure under the 2023 Act.
  • Chennai is rivaling Bangalore/Hyderabad by integrating heavy industry (Hydrogen rail) with deep-tech (AI/Drones).
  • Digital Identity (Aadhaar) is evolving from a card-based system to a seamless, multimodal 'Face-first' ecosystem.

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is transitioning from a technology-consuming nation to a technology-defining power, marked by the indigenization of critical sectors like 6G, CRISPR gene editing, and room-temperature superconductivity. This shift is underpinned by a modernization of regulatory frameworks (Telecom Act 2023) and a move toward 'Sovereign AI' to ensure digital autonomy. The overarching transformation is the evolution of the 'India Stack' from basic identity (Aadhaar 1.0) to multimodal, AI-integrated digital governance (Aadhaar Vision 2032).

Cross-Theme Insight

While Bangalore has traditionally been the tech hub, these threads reveal the emergence of Chennai as a strategic 'Multi-Sectoral Innovation Node,' hosting India's first Hydrogen trains, Sovereign AI Parks, and Agri-Drone hubs. Collectively, these developments show that India's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' mission is moving beyond assembly into the realm of fundamental science (Quantum/Materials) and high-value healthcare (CRISPR/Genome Sequencing). The synergy between GIFT City's financial regulations and high-tech manufacturing suggests an integrated approach to building a 'Viksit Bharat' infrastructure.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like *Indian Economy (Nitin Singhania)* describe India as the 'second-largest 5G market' with a focus on subscriber growth (p. 432), whereas 2025 reality shows India as a top 6 global patent filer in 6G technology, shifting from quantity to IP leadership. While *Laxmikanth (7th ed.)* details the Aadhaar Act 2016 and privacy concerns (p. 757), it lacks the 2025-26 shift toward 'Face Authentication' (200 crore transactions) and the new UIDAI 'Vision 2032' roadmap. Similarly, textbooks focus on the 2023 Telecom Act's broad features, but current news highlights specific 'Cyber Security Amendment Rules 2025' and TIUE identification.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from infrastructure rollout (2022-24) to indigenous standard-setting (2025-26). The trajectory moves from 'Make in India' (assembly) to 'Design and Discover in India' (IP and fundamental research).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC has consistently tested the 'mechanics' of emerging tech, such as Cas9 molecular scissors (IAS 2019, nid:6446) and Aadhaar metadata storage limits (IAS 2020, nid:5932). Recent exams like CAPF 2024 (nid:17323) have started focusing on 'Critical Information Infrastructure,' which aligns with the new Telecom Cyber Security Rules 2025. The angle is shifting from 'what is the technology' to 'how is it regulated and what are its environmental impacts' (e.g., Green Hydrogen exhaust in CDS 2022, nid:14505).

Probable Prelims Angles

  • Categorization of Telecommunication Identifier User Entities (TIUEs) under 2025 Rules
  • Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 in BIRSA 101 gene therapy for Sickle Cell Disease
  • Operational status and location of India's first International Dark Sky Reserve (Hanle)
  • Technical efficiency difference between Perovskite-Silicon tandem solar cells vs traditional cells
  • The role of IFSCA as a unified regulator for GIFT City entities vs domestic regulators

Mains Answer Framework

  • India's technological landscape in 2025 is defined by a strategic shift from 'Digital Adoption' to 'Digital Sovereignty,' evidenced by indigenous breakthroughs in 6G, AI, and Quantum materials.
  • Indigenous Innovation: Highlight BIRSA 101 (CRISPR) and room-temperature superconductivity as evidence of R&D maturity.. Regulatory Modernization: Discuss the Telecommunications Act 2023 and Cyber Security Rules 2025 as pillars of national security.. Regional Hub Development: Use Chennai’s Sovereign AI Park and Hydrogen rail trials as examples of decentralized high-tech growth.. Ethical/Governance Dimensions: Mention the Gujarat Tribal Genome Sequencing project as a move toward inclusive healthcare.
  • By bridging the gap between fundamental research and commercial application, India is positioning itself as a 'Viksit' (developed) knowledge economy by 2047.

Essay Connections

  • 'Technology as the silent architect of a sovereign nation' - Use 6G patent status and Sovereign AI as case studies.
  • 'The future of India lies in its villages and its laboratories' - Connect Agri-drones and CRISPR treatments for tribal diseases.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Start with Vivek Singh/Nitin Singhania for the regulatory basics of GIFT City and Telecom. Then, integrate the 'Chennai Hub' and 'Aadhaar 2032' news items to understand how these static frameworks are being applied in 2025-26. Conclude with Science & Technology NCERT/Shankar basics on CRISPR before studying BIRSA 101.

Textbook Roadmap

  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania (ed 2nd) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > Telecom Sector. Evolution of NTP and current status of 5G. Threads 1, 10, 14 (6G and 2025 Telecom landscape)
  • Environment, Shankar IAS (ed 10th) > Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts > DNA Barcoding. Genomics and DNA sequencing basics. Threads 3, 9, 13 (Tribal Genome and CRISPR)
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed.) > Chapter 2: GIFT City (p. 103). Regulatory framework of IFSCA. Thread 7 & 12 (GIFT City evolution)

Revision Bullets

  • Aadhaar Milestone: 200 crore face authentication transactions reached Aug 10, 2025.
  • BIRSA 101: India's first indigenous CRISPR gene therapy for Sickle Cell Disease.
  • 6G Ranking: India is now among the top 6 patent filers globally.
  • National Tech Day 2025 Theme: 'YANTRA – Yugantar for Advancing New Technology, Research & Acceleration'.
  • Gujarat: First state to launch Tribal Genome Sequencing (2,000 individuals).
  • Maharashtra: First state to grant 'Agricultural Status' to livestock and poultry farming.
  • Perovskite-Silicon Cells: Achieved ~30% efficiency in 2025 trials.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (17 themes, 77 news items)

Chennai as a Hub for National 'Firsts' and Strategic Initiatives

Focus: A distinct cluster of items where Chennai serves as the launchpad for India's pioneering technologies and policy frameworks across transport, AI, and urban management.

UPSC Value: Highlights the emergence of Chennai as a critical node for multi-sectoral innovation and infrastructure development in India.

8 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-18 [Science & Technology] — India's First 'Sovereign AI Park' to be Established in Tamil Nadu
    The Government of Tamil Nadu signed a MoU with Sarvam AI to establish India's first Sovereign AI Park in Chennai, marking a step towards Digital Autonomy and aligning with the Central Government's IndiaAI Mission to democratize AI compute access. The park will host the entire AI lifecycle, including specialized GPU-based data centers, and will be managed in coordination with the Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA) to integrate AI into public service delivery.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu to establish India's first 'Sovereign AI Park' in Chennai.

    Key Facts:

    • Tamil Nadu government signed a MoU with Sarvam AI.
    • India's first Sovereign AI Park will be established in Chennai.
    • The park will host specialized Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based data centers.
    • The park will be managed in coordination with the Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA).
    • The project aligns with the Central Government's IndiaAI Mission.
  • 2026-01-04 [Science & Technology] — India's First Hydrogen-Powered Train Trial
    India's first hydrogen-powered train has begun its trial run, with testing being conducted by the Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO). The train was developed by the Chennai-based Integral Coach Factory (ICF), and is a step towards cleaner rail transport.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's first hydrogen-powered train begins trial run.

    Key Facts:

    • India's first hydrogen-powered train
    • Trial run commenced
    • Testing by Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO)
    • Developed by Chennai-based Integral Coach Factory (ICF)
  • 2025-10-23 [Environment & Ecology] — Chennai Implements Real-Time Flood Forecasting System
    Chennai, Tamil Nadu, became the first city in India to fully operationalize a Real-Time Flood Forecasting and Spatial Decision Support System (RTFF & SDSS). This enhances the city's flood preparedness and response capabilities.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Chennai implements Real-Time Flood Forecasting System.

    Key Facts:

    • Chennai first city in India to fully operationalize Real-Time Flood Forecasting and Spatial Decision Support System (RTFF & SDSS)
  • 2025-09-29 [Science & Technology] — India’s 1st Maritime Simulation Centre and ISTC
    Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal inaugurated India's first Maritime Simulation Centre at the Academy of Maritime Education and Training(AMET) Knowledge Park, Maersk's Centre of Excellence, near Chennai, and virtually inaugurated the Indian Ship Technology Centre (ISTC) in Visakhapatnam AndhraPradesh(AP).
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India’s 1st Maritime Simulation Centre inaugurated near Chennai.

    Key Facts:

    • First Maritime Simulation Centre : Academy of Maritime Education and Training(AMET) Knowledge Park, Maersk's Centre of Excellence, near Chennai
    • Indian Ship Technology Centre (ISTC): Visakhapatnam AndhraPradesh(AP)
    • Inaugurated by: Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW)
  • 2025-08-25 [Environment & Ecology] — Chennai Releases City Biodiversity Index
    Chennai released its City Biodiversity Index (CBI) on August 25, 2025, in the presence of Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister M. K. Stalin, marking a step towards strengthening biodiversity conservation efforts. ICLEI South Asia, along with the Tamil Nadu Green Climate Company, developed the CBI for Chennai, making it the first city in Tamil Nadu and the 20th in India to develop one. Chief Minister Stalin announced that five more cities in Tamil Nadu will develop their CBIs.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Chennai releases its City Biodiversity Index to strengthen conservation.

    Key Facts:

    • Chennai released its City Biodiversity Index (CBI) on August 25, 2025
    • M. K. Stalin, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, was present at the release
    • ICLEI South Asia and Tamil Nadu Green Climate Company developed the CBI
    • Chennai is the first city in Tamil Nadu to release a CBI
    • Chennai is the 20th city in India to develop a CBI
    • Five more cities in Tamil Nadu will work on developing their CBIs
  • 2025-07-01 [International Relations] — 1st ASEAN-India Cruise Dialogue Held in Chennai
    The first ASEAN-India Cruise Dialogue was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, on June 30-July 1, 2025, marking a step in ASEAN-India relations.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: 1st ASEAN-India Cruise Dialogue held in Chennai.

    Key Facts:

    • 1st ASEAN-India Track 1.0 Cyber Policy Dialogue was held in Singapore on 16 October 2024
    • The 1st ASEAN-India Cruise Dialogue was held on 30 June-01 July 2025, in Chennai, Tamilnadu
  • 2025-06-14 [Agriculture] — India's Agri-Drone Indigenization Hub Inaugurated in Chennai
    Union Minister of State for Rural Development Shri Kamlesh Paswan inaugurated the Agri-Drone Indigenization Facility of Garuda Aerospace in Chennai on June 14, 2025. The Minister also unveiled 300 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) and flagged off the DGCA-approved Train the Trainer (TTT) programme.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Agri-Drone Indigenization Facility inaugurated in Chennai.

    Key Facts:

    • Agri-Drone Indigenization Facility inaugurated in Chennai
    • Inaugurated by Union Minister of State for Rural Development Shri Kamlesh Paswan
    • 300 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) unveiled
    • DGCA-approved Train the Trainer (TTT) programme flagged off
    • Kamlesh Paswan inaugurated Agri-Drone Indigenization Facility of Garuda Aerospace in Chennai
    • Unveiled 300 Centres of Excellence (CoEs)
    • Flagged off the DGCA-approved Train the Trainer (TTT) programme
  • 2025-03-02 [Science & Technology] — Asia's First Hyperloop Competition
    The Railway Minister has recently concluded Asia's first Hyperloop competition in Chennai.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Asia's First Hyperloop competition concluded in Chennai.

    Key Facts:

    • Chennai
    • Asia's first Hyperloop competition

Technological Evolution of the Aadhaar Ecosystem (2025-2026)

Focus: Items detailing specific upgrades to the Aadhaar technology stack, including Face Authentication, mobile app iterations, and long-term strategic roadmaps.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the shift from fingerprint-based auth to multimodal (Face/App) systems and the strategic 'Vision 2032' roadmap.

7 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-28 [Science & Technology] — New Aadhaar App Launched
    A new Aadhaar App was launched by the Minister of State for Commerce and Industry and Electronics & Information Technology, designed by UIDAI to provide Aadhaar Number Holders with a secure and convenient way to carry, share, show and verify their digital identity. The app prioritizes privacy and control for residents, promoting data minimization and selective sharing of information. It supports various real-life use cases, including hotel check-ins, age verification, and hospital admissions.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: New Aadhaar App aims to provide secure access for Aadhaar holders.

    Key Facts:

    • Developed by: Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)
    • Key features: Secure, convenient, privacy-first digital identity management
    • Supports: Selective sharing, consent control, offline verification
    • Use cases: Hotel check-ins (Offline Verification Seeking Entity's QR code scanning), age verification, hospital admissions, verification of gig workers
  • 2025-11-19 [Science & Technology] — UIDAI Launches New Aadhaar Mobile App
    The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) launched a new Aadhaar mobile app, available on Google Play Store and Apple App Store under early access from November 2025. The app allows residents to carry and verify Aadhaar digitally, featuring masked Aadhaar numbers, biometric locking, and QR code-based verification. It supports up to five Aadhaar profiles per device linked to the same mobile number.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UIDAI launches new Aadhaar mobile app with enhanced features.

    Key Facts:

    • Launched by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)
    • Available on Google Play Store and Apple App Store
    • Features masked Aadhaar numbers, biometric locking, and QR code-based verification
    • Supports up to five Aadhaar profiles per device linked to the same mobile number
  • 2025-11-03 [Polity & Governance] — UIDAI Launches 'Aadhaar Vision 2032'
    UIDAI has initiated a comprehensive technological and strategic review to frame 'Aadhaar Vision 2032', a roadmap to guide Aadhaar's evolution over the next decade and strengthen India's digital identity ecosystem. The vision aims to upgrade Aadhaar's technology stack, integrate emerging digital innovations, and ensure that the platform remains secure, inclusive, and future-ready in alignment with India's digital economy. The framework mandates compliance with the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, by embedding principles of consent-based data use.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UIDAI launches 'Aadhaar Vision 2032' for Aadhaar's evolution.

    Key Facts:

    • 'Aadhaar Vision 2032': roadmap for Aadhaar's evolution
    • Launched by: UIDAI
    • Aims to upgrade technology, integrate digital innovations
    • Mandates compliance with Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023
  • 2025-10-19 [Schemes & Programs] — UIDAI Launches SITAA to Strengthen India's Digital Identity
    The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) launched the Scheme for Innovation and Technology Association with Aadhaar (SITAA) on October 16, 2025, to foster innovation and collaboration in digital identity. The scheme will bring together startups, academic institutions, and industry to develop advanced, indigenous, and future-ready Identity (ID) technologies, strengthening India's digital identity ecosystem.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UIDAI launched SITAA to strengthen India's digital identity.

    Key Facts:

    • Scheme for Innovation and Technology Association with Aadhaar (SITAA) launched by UIDAI
    • Launched on October 16, 2025
    • Objective: To foster innovation and collaboration in digital identity
    • Will bring together startups, academic institutions, and industry to work with UIDAI
    • Focus areas: biometrics, authentication systems, data privacy, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and secure identity application
    • Aims to create scalable, secure, and globally competitive solutions in digital identity
  • 2025-08-13 [Science & Technology] — Aadhaar Face Authentication Milestone
    Aadhaar face authentication crossed 200 crore transactions in record time. UIDAI achieved this milestone on August 10, 2025, reflecting strong trust in Aadhaar's secure authentication ecosystem and strengthening the backbone of digital governance.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Aadhaar face authentication crosses 200 crore transactions.

    Key Facts:

    • 200 crore Aadhaar Face Authentication transactions achieved
    • UIDAI CEO is Bhuvnesh Kumar
    • Achieved on August 10, 2025
    • UIDAI CEO: Bhuvnesh Kumar
    • Aadhaar face authentication crossed 200 crore transactions
  • 2025-08-07 [Polity & Governance] — Aadhaar Face ID for Exam Transparency
    The Central government stated that Aadhaar face ID will ensure transparency in examinations. This is intended to improve e-governance, digital initiatives, and welfare policy delivery while enhancing digital security.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Aadhaar Face ID for Exam Transparency.

    Key Facts:

    • Aadhaar face ID to ensure transparency in exams.
  • 2025-04-29 [Economy] — Aadhaar Authentication Surges in FY 2024-25
    Aadhaar authentication transactions crossed 2,707 crore in FY 2024-25, with face authentication gaining significant momentum. UIDAI was also conferred with the Prime Minister's Award for Face Authentication innovation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Aadhaar authentication surges in FY 2024-25, face authentication gains.

    Key Facts:

    • 2,707 crore Aadhaar authentication transactions in FY 2024–25
    • 247 crore transactions in March 2025 alone
    • Cumulative Aadhaar authentications cross 14,800 crore since inception
    • 15 crore face authentications in March 2025
    • Aadhaar e-KYC crossed 44.63 crore in March 2025 (6% YoY growth)
    • Prime Minister's Award conferred to UIDAI for Face Authentication innovation
    • 100+ public and private entities actively using Aadhaar Face Authentication
    • 1.91 crore Aadhaar updates
    • 20 lakh new Aadhaar issuances in March 2025

Indigenous Breakthroughs in Advanced Materials and Quantum Physics

Focus: Research advancements in condensed matter physics, novel semiconductors, and quantum technologies by premier Indian institutes (IISc, RRI, IIT Bombay).

UPSC Value: Highlights India's growing capabilities in deep-tech sectors like quantum computing, material science, and nanotechnology, which are critical for future strategic autonomy.

6 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-21 [Science & Technology] — Breakthrough in Zinc-Ion Batteries for Grid Storage
    Researchers from the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru, have developed a new cathode material, sulfur vacancy-induced 1T-phase Molybdenum Disulfide (1T-MoSâ‚‚), that significantly improves the performance of zinc-ion batteries. This innovation enhances energy density, cycle life, and efficiency while using abundant, low-cost materials, making zinc batteries more viable for large-scale grid storage.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Breakthrough in Zinc-Ion Batteries for Grid Storage.

    Key Facts:

    • Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru: Institution involved
    • 1T-phase Molybdenum Disulfide (1T-MoSâ‚‚): New cathode material
    • Department of Science and Technology (DST): Funding agency
  • 2026-02-03 [Science & Technology] — India Achieves Breakthrough in Room-Temperature Superconductivity
    Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, have achieved a breakthrough in condensed matter physics by synthesizing a novel material exhibiting superconductivity at room temperature and ambient pressure. This discovery has the potential to transform various sectors, including power transmission, medical imaging, and high-speed computing, and could eliminate energy losses in electrical grids. The research highlights India's growing prowess in fundamental and applied scientific exploration.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: IISc Bengaluru achieves breakthrough in room-temperature superconductivity.

    Key Facts:

    • Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru have achieved a breakthrough in condensed matter physics
    • Synthesis of a novel material exhibiting superconductivity at room temperature and ambient pressure
    • Potential to transform various sectors, including power transmission, medical imaging, and high-speed computing
    • Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
    • Bengaluru
    • Room-temperature superconductor
  • 2025-09-23 [Science & Technology] — Indian scientists unlock atomic interactions for quantum devices
    Indian scientists have demonstrated that atoms cease to behave independently at extremely high-energy states, leading to interaction-driven distortions in Rydberg atomic signals. This breakthrough by the Raman Research Institute (RRI) could significantly advance the development of quantum computers, sensors, and communication devices.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Indian scientists unlock atomic interactions for quantum devices.

    Key Facts:

    • Raman Research Institute (RRI)
    • Department of Science and Technology
    • Rydberg atoms
    • Autler–Townes splitting patterns
    • Prof. Rejish Nath
    • IISER Pune
  • 2025-05-27 [Science & Technology] — New Method to Detect Topological Invariants in Quantum Materials
    Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru introduced a new technique to uncover hidden quantum properties in exotic materials. The method detects topological invariants, crucial for materials like topological insulators and superconductors.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: New technique to detect topological invariants in quantum materials.

    Key Facts:

    • Developed by: Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru
    • Detects: topological invariants
    • Relevant for materials like: topological insulators and superconductors
  • 2025-05-27 [Science & Technology] — Semi-transparent Perovskite Solar Cell Developed
    IIT Bombay researchers have developed a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell (PSC) layered over a silicon-based solar cell, forming a 4-terminal (4T) tandem structure. This structure helps in power conversion efficiency of approximately 30% compared with around 20% now. The PSC uses an indigenously developed halide perovskite semiconductor.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: IIT Bombay develops semi-transparent perovskite solar cell.

    Key Facts:

    • Developed by: IIT Bombay researchers
    • Type of solar cell: semi-transparent perovskite solar cell (PSC)
    • Structure: 4-terminal (4T) tandem structure
    • Power conversion efficiency: approximately 30%
    • IIT Bombay
    • Semi-transparent perovskite solar cell (PSC)
    • 4-terminal (4T) tandem structure
    • power conversion efficiency of approximately 30 per cent
    • traditional silicon-based solar cell
  • 2025-04-22 [Science & Technology] — IISc proposes Angstrom-scale Chip Development
    A team from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has proposed to the government the development of angstrom-scale semiconductor chips using 2D materials. This initiative aims to position India as a leader in next-generation chip technologies.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: IISc proposes angstrom-scale chip development using 2D materials.

    Key Facts:

    • Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
    • Angstrom-scale semiconductor chips
    • 2D materials

India's 'Firsts' in Sustainable and Ecological Infrastructure

Focus: Projects explicitly designated as 'India's First' implementation of specific green technologies or conservation infrastructures.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the technological and infrastructural frontier of India's environmental and sustainable urban planning.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-31 [Environment & Ecology] — India's First International Dark Sky Reserve in Ladakh
    Hanle, Ladakh is now home to India's first International Dark Sky Reserve, centered around the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO). Notified in December 2022, the reserve aims to curb light pollution and promote astro-tourism, benefiting local communities.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Hanle, Ladakh is India's first International Dark Sky Reserve.

    Key Facts:

    • India's first International Dark Sky Reserve is centered around the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO) at Hanle, Ladakh.
    • It was notified in December 2022 by the Government of Ladakh.
    • The reserve aims to curb light pollution and promote astro-tourism.
  • 2025-12-13 [Science & Technology] — India's First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vessel
    India has inaugurated its first fully indigenous hydrogen fuel cell based passenger vessel in Varanasi, signifying an important milestone in the country's push towards green maritime transportation. The maiden commercial run began here along the Ganga.
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    UPSC Angle: India inaugurates first indigenous hydrogen fuel cell passenger vessel.

    Key Facts:

    • India's first hydrogen fuel cell passenger vessel inaugurated.
    • Location: Namo Ghat, Varanasi along the Ganga.
    • Developed by: Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL)
    • 24-metre hydrogen fuel cell-powered AC catamaran crafted for zero-emission passenger movement
  • 2025-07-22 [Polity & Governance] — Chandigarh aims to be India's first landfill-free city
    The Chandigarh Municipal Corporation announced that it is on track to become India's first landfill-free city. This initiative aligns with the Swachh Bharat Mission and focuses on waste management and urban development.
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    UPSC Angle: Chandigarh aims to be India's first landfill-free city.

    Key Facts:

    • Chandigarh
    • Landfill-free city
    • First in India
  • 2025-06-30 [Environment & Ecology] — National Highways Authority Develops Animal Overpass
    The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has developed India's first dedicated animal overpass corridor along a 12 km stretch of the Delhi–Mumbai Expressway, passing through the buffer zone of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve. This green corridor is designed to ensure safe wildlife movement without disturbing their natural habitat.
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    UPSC Angle: NHAI developed India's first animal overpass on Delhi-Mumbai Expressway.

    Key Facts:

    • NHAI developed India's first animal overpass corridor.
    • It is along a 12 km stretch of the Delhi–Mumbai Expressway.
    • It passes through the buffer zone of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve.
  • 2025-05-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Madhya Pradesh Launches AI-Based Forest Alert System
    Madhya Pradesh has launched India’s first AI-based real-time forest monitoring system, using satellite data, AI algorithms, and mobile field reports to detect deforestation, land encroachment, and land use changes. The system is currently being piloted in five forest divisions: Shivpuri, Guna, Vidisha, Burhanpur, and Khandwa.
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    UPSC Angle: MP launches AI-based forest alert system for deforestation detection.

    Key Facts:

    • Madhya Pradesh launched AI-based forest monitoring system
    • Uses satellite data, AI algorithms, and mobile field reports
    • Piloted in Shivpuri, Guna, Vidisha, Burhanpur, and Khandwa forest divisions

Modernization of India's Telecommunications Regulatory Framework

Focus: The implementation and expansion of the Telecommunications Act 2023, covering security certification, indigenous technology standards, and tariff reviews.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the transition from legacy telegraph laws to a modern digital-first regulatory regime focusing on national security and infrastructure.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-25 [Polity & Governance] — Telecom Regulatory Authority of India: Review of Tariff for Domestic Leased Circuits
    TRAI is reviewing tariffs for Domestic Leased Circuits to ensure affordability, transparency, and fair competition in telecom services.
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    UPSC Angle: TRAI reviewing tariffs for Domestic Leased Circuits to ensure affordability.

    Key Facts:

    • TRAI reviewing tariffs for Domestic Leased Circuits
    • Aims to ensure affordability, transparency, and fair competition in telecom services
  • 2025-10-25 [Polity & Governance] — Telecom Cyber Security Amendment Rules, 2025
    The Telecommunications (Telecom Cyber Security) Amendment Rules, 2025, were notified by the Department of Telecommunications. The rules create a new category called Telecommunication Identifier User Entities (TIUEs), covering any business that uses phone numbers to identify customers or deliver services — except licensed telecom operators. All digital services that use mobile numbers are now under telecom cybersecurity regulations.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Telecom Cyber Security Amendment Rules, 2025 notified.

    Key Facts:

    • Telecommunications (Telecom Cyber Security) Amendment Rules, 2025 notified by the Department of Telecommunications
    • TIUEs: Telecommunication Identifier User Entities, covering businesses using phone numbers to identify customers or deliver services (excluding licensed telecom operators)
    • TIUEs must comply with government directives on suspending phone numbers, respond to data requests, and verify customer identities
    • Digital services like WhatsApp, payment apps, food delivery platforms (Zomato, Swiggy, PhonePe, Paytm, Ola, Uber) are now under telecom cybersecurity regulations
    • TIUEs: Telecommunication Identifier User Entities
    • TIUEs: must comply with government directives on suspending phone numbers, respond to data requests and verify customer identities
    • Digital services using mobile numbers covered: WhatsApp, payment apps, food delivery platforms
    • Telecommunications (Telecom Cyber Security) Amendment Rules, 2025 notified.
    • New category: Telecommunication Identifier User Entities (TIUEs) created.
    • TIUEs must comply with government directives on suspending phone numbers.
    • TIUEs must respond to data requests and verify customer identities.
  • 2025-09-24 [Science & Technology] — Communication Security Certification Scheme
    The Communication Security Certification Scheme is applicable for Security Certification of all telecommunication equipment for which Mandatory Testing and Certification of Telecom Equipment (MTCTE) applies. This scheme falls under broader 'Mandatory Testing and Certification of Telecom Equipment (MTCTE)', rules notified in September 2017, which have now been superseded by Telecommunications (Framework to Notify Standards, Conformity Assessment and Certification) Rules, 2025.
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    UPSC Angle: Communication Security Certification Scheme for telecom equipment.

    Key Facts:

    • Applicability: Security Certification of all telecommunication equipment for which Mandatory Testing and Certification of Telecom Equipment (MTCTE) applies
    • Superseded Rules: Telecommunications (Framework to Notify Standards, Conformity Assessment and Certification) Rules, 2025 superseded MTCTE rules notified in September 2017
  • 2025-09-07 [Science & Technology] — Indigenous Telecom System Receives TEC Certification
    India has reached a key milestone as its first telecom system using locally made semiconductor chips secured TEC certification.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Indigenous telecom system receives TEC certification.

    Key Facts:

    • India's first telecom system using locally made semiconductor chips secured TEC certification.
  • 2025-03-17 [Science & Technology] — Starlink's Challenges in Launching Satellite Internet in India
    Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio have signed distribution pacts with SpaceX's Starlink to introduce satellite internet access in India, particularly beneficial in rural areas lacking terrestrial networks. Starlink must obtain a Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite (GMPCS) authorization under the Telecommunications Act, 2023 but faces regulatory challenges including security clearances and spectrum allocation. The Indian government has not yet issued rules for satellite spectrum allocation, and telecom companies have insisted on auctions.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Partnerships: Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio with SpaceX's Starlink
    • Required Authorization: Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite (GMPCS) under the Telecommunications Act, 2023
    • Regulatory Hurdles: Security clearances, spectrum allocation

Institutional and Operational Evolution of the GIFT City IFSC

Focus: Specific regulatory, institutional, and infrastructural milestones overseen by the IFSCA to develop the GIFT City financial ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-dimensional approach to building an International Financial Services Centre, including governance structure, capacity building, banking infrastructure, and fund management regulation.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-16 [Economy] — IFSCA Clarifies Scheme Application Procedures for Fund Management Entities
    On January 16, 2026, the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) issued a circular clarifying the procedure for filing scheme applications by Fund Management Entities authorized to provide third-party fund management services under the Fund Management Regulations, 2025.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: IFSCA clarifies scheme application procedures for Fund Management Entities.

    Key Facts:

    • IFSCA issued a circular on January 16, 2026
    • Clarifies scheme application procedures for Fund Management Entities
    • Applies to entities providing third-party fund management services
    • Governed by the Fund Management Regulations, 2025
  • 2025-10-27 [Economy] — Launch of Foreign Currency Settlement System
    The Foreign Currency Settlement System (FCSS) was launched for the GIFT International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) to allow real-time or near real-time foreign currency payments between IFSC Banking Units.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Foreign Currency Settlement System launched for GIFT IFSC.

    Key Facts:

    • The Foreign Currency Settlement System (FCSS) was launched for GIFT IFSC.
  • 2025-07-13 [Economy] — International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA)
    The International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) was established under the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019. It aims to develop and regulate financial products, services, and institutions in International Financial Services Centres (IFSC) in India. The IFSCA consists of nine members appointed by the central government, including members from RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA, and the Ministry of Finance, with a term of three years subject to reappointment.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: IFSCA established to regulate financial products in IFSCs.

    Key Facts:

    • Established under International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019
    • Objective: To develop and regulate financial activities in IFSCs in India
    • Headquarters: Gandhinagar
    • Consists of nine members appointed by central government
    • Members from RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA, and Ministry of Finance
    • Term: Three years, subject to reappointment
  • 2025-07-04 [Economy] — Mashreq Bank to set up IFSC Banking Unit in GIFT City
    Mashreq became the first UAE bank to receive in-principle approval from IFSCA to establish an International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) Banking Unit (IBU) in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City).
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Mashreq Bank to set up IFSC Banking Unit in GIFT City.

    Key Facts:

    • Mashreq
    • International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA)
    • International Financial Services Centre (IFSC)
    • Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City)
  • 2025-05-02 [Economy] — IFSCA and NISM MoU for capacity building in financial sector
    On May 2, 2025, IFSCA and NISM signed a MoU to enhance capacity building in the financial sector at GIFT IFSC, aiming to provide world-class education in India without the financial burden of studying abroad.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: IFSCA and NISM MoU for capacity building in financial sector.

    Key Facts:

    • IFSCA and NISM signed an MoU on May 2, 2025.
    • The MoU aims to enhance capacity building in the financial sector at GIFT IFSC.
    • The goal is to provide world-class education in India without the financial burden of studying abroad.

India's Strategic Telecommunications Roadmap and Global Ambitions

Focus: A sequence of milestones tracking India's evolution from a major 5G consumer to a developer and exporter of indigenous 4G and 6G technology, including the regulatory hurdles of spectrum allocation.

UPSC Value: This thread is critical for understanding 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' in the telecom sector, India's role in setting global technology standards, and the intersection of domestic infrastructure with digital diplomacy.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-24 [Science & Technology] — US Tech Companies Oppose Indian Telcos' 6 GHz Spectrum Demand
    Apple, Amazon, Cisco, Meta, HP, and Intel have jointly opposed Reliance Jio and Vodafone Idea's demand to allocate spectrum in the 6 GHz band for mobile services. These U.S. tech companies are advocating for the entire 6 GHz band to be reserved for Wi-Fi services, citing a lack of established technical and commercial readiness for mobile services in this band.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: US tech companies oppose Indian telcos' demand for 6 GHz spectrum.

    Key Facts:

    • Apple, Amazon, Cisco, Meta, HP, and Intel opposed the allocation of the 6 GHz band for mobile services.
    • Reliance Jio and Vodafone Idea demanded the allocation of spectrum in the 6 GHz band.
    • The U.S. tech majors want the entire 6GHz band allocated for Wi-Fi services.
  • 2025-10-23 [Science & Technology] — India's indigenous 4G technology stack to be exported globally
    Prime Minister Modi announced at the India Mobile Congress 2025 that India's indigenous 4G technology stack is set to enhance domestic connectivity and will also be exported globally. This initiative aims to challenge China’s dominance in telecom infrastructure development, especially in emerging markets like Africa.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's indigenous 4G technology stack to be exported globally.

    Key Facts:

    • India Mobile Congress 2025
    • India
    • 4G technology stack
  • 2025-08-22 [Science & Technology] — India's 6G Vision
    India aims to be a global leader in 6G technology by 2030, building on its strong 5G foundation. Launched in March 2023, the initiative prioritizes affordability, sustainability, and ubiquity.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India aims to be a global leader in 6G technology by 2030.

    Key Facts:

    • India's goal is to be a global leader in 6G by 2030.
    • The initiative was launched in March 2023.
  • 2025-07-11 [Science & Technology] — Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA)
    Bharat 6G Alliance is India's flagship platform for collaborative 6G innovation, uniting diverse stakeholders to build an advanced, secure, and globally relevant 6G ecosystem. The Alliance is central to India's 'Bharat 6G Vision,' aiming for pre-commercial 6G trials by 2026 and commercial rollout by 2029–2030 and targets achieving 10% of global 6G intellectual property rights (IPRs).
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Bharat 6G Alliance: India's platform for collaborative 6G innovation.

    Key Facts:

    • Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA)
    • India's flagship platform for collaborative 6G innovation
    • Pre-commercial 6G trials by 2026
    • Commercial rollout by 2029–2030
    • Targeting 10% of global 6G intellectual property rights (IPRs)
  • 2025-03-28 [Economy] — India Now Second Largest 5G Market Globally
    According to Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, India has become the second-largest 5G market globally. Addressing an event in New Delhi, he stated that nearly â‚ą11 lakh crore investments are being made in different industries. He also noted the rapid growth of Indian ports and the transformation of electronic manufacturing into a major export sector.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India is now the second-largest 5G market globally.

    Key Facts:

    • India's rank: Second largest 5G market globally
    • Investments in industries: Nearly â‚ą11 lakh crore
    • Indian Railways: Expected to become the second-largest carrier, handling 1.6 billion tons this year
    • Electronic manufacturing: Has become a major export sector
    • Increase in medical colleges and IITs: Doubled over the last ten years
    • Domestic chip launch: Planned for this year
    • India is now the second largest 5G market globally.
    • Nearly â‚ą11 lakh crore investments are being made in different industries.
    • India plans to launch its first domestically produced chip this year.

Pioneering State-Level Developmental and Administrative Milestones

Focus: Significant 'first-of-their-kind' achievements by Indian states in infrastructure, environmental management, and sectoral classification.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper II (Governance) and GS Paper III (Economy/Environment) as examples of state-led innovation and competitive federalism.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-18 [Polity & Governance] — Kerala First State to Frame an Urban Policy
    Kerala has become the first state in India to frame an Urban Policy.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Kerala first state to frame an Urban Policy.

  • 2025-11-14 [Schemes & Programs] — Punjab implements revised Bharat Net scheme statewide
    Punjab has become the first state to implement the revised Bharat Net scheme statewide.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Punjab implements revised Bharat Net scheme statewide.

    Key Facts:

    • Punjab first state to implement revised Bharat Net scheme statewide
  • 2025-10-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Kerala Reports First Zero-Waste District Under State Green Mission
    Ernakulam has become Kerala's first district to achieve “zero-waste” certification under the Green Mission project. The initiative focuses on recycling, composting, and reducing landfill waste through community-led efforts.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Ernakulam becomes Kerala's first zero-waste district under Green Mission.

    Key Facts:

    • Ernakulam is Kerala's first zero-waste district
    • Under the Green Mission project
    • Focus on recycling, composting, and reducing landfill waste
  • 2025-07-17 [Agriculture] — Maharashtra Grants Agri Status to Livestock Farming
    Maharashtra has become the first Indian state to grant agricultural status to livestock and poultry farming, allowing over 37 million farmers to access subsidised electricity, agricultural credit, tax relief, and solar equipment subsidies. This decision is expected to benefit the poultry, dairy, fisheries, and small ruminant sectors, potentially adding over â‚ą7,000 crore annually to the rural economy, while aligning with national goals for scientific livestock development.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Maharashtra grants agri status to livestock farming.

    Key Facts:

    • First state to grant agricultural status to livestock and poultry farming
    • Farmers benefited: Over 37 million
    • Benefits: Subsidized electricity, agricultural credit, tax relief, solar equipment subsidies
    • Expected addition to rural economy: â‚ą7,000 crore annually
    • Maharashtra grants agricultural status to livestock and poultry farming.
    • Benefits 37 million farmers.
    • Access to subsidised electricity, credit, tax relief, and solar subsidies.
    • Expected to add over â‚ą7,000 crore annually to the rural economy.

Advancing STEM Education and Innovation Infrastructure

Focus: Initiatives across different states and educational levels aimed at building scientific infrastructure, fostering innovation, and promoting STEM education.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Science and Technology) regarding the development of indigenous innovation, human capital, and scientific temper.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-30 [Schemes & Programs] — Boeing Sukanya STEM labs inaugurated in Odisha
    Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan inaugurated Boeing Sukanya STEM labs across government schools in Odisha’s Sambalpur, Rairakhol, and Kuchinda districts. These labs are expected to benefit more than 3,000 students annually.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Boeing Sukanya STEM labs inaugurated in Odisha government schools.

    Key Facts:

    • Boeing Sukanya STEM labs inaugurated
    • Location: Government schools in Odisha’s Sambalpur, Rairakhol, and Kuchinda districts
    • Inaugurated by Dharmendra Pradhan, Union Education Minister
    • Expected to benefit more than 3,000 students annually
  • 2025-10-21 [Science & Technology] — Nirmala Sitharaman Inaugurates BioNEST Incubation Centre at IIT Dharwad
    Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurated the BioNEST Incubation Centre (BIC) at IIT Dharwad in collaboration with Research and Technology Incubator (dhaRti), aiming to foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students. The FM emphasized the government’s commitment to sustainable green models and zero emissions by 2047, highlighting support for renewable energy enterprises through subsidies, green bonds, and CSR funds.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: BioNEST Incubation Centre inaugurated at IIT Dharwad.

    Key Facts:

    • BioNEST Incubation Centre (BIC) inaugurated at IIT Dharwad
    • Inaugurated by Nirmala Sitharaman
    • Collaboration with Research and Technology Incubator (dhaRti)
    • Government committed to sustainable green models and zero emissions by 2047
  • 2025-03-28 [Schemes & Programs] — Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
    SSA provides support for setting up composite science labs in upper primary schools.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: SSA supports setting up composite science labs in upper primary schools.

    Key Facts:

    • composite science labs: support from SSA for setting up in upper primary schools
  • 2025-03-04 [Science & Technology] — Telangana CM Urges Innovation at Vigyan Vaibhav 2025
    Telangana Chief Minister Shri A Revanth Reddy encouraged innovation at Vigyan Vaibhav 2025, highlighting Hyderabad as a hub for science and technology. The event featured an exhibition with over 200 stalls showcasing defence and aerospace technologies developed by DRDO and Indian industries, attracting over 30,000 students.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Event: Vigyan Vaibhav 2025
    • Location: Hyderabad
    • Organizer: DRDO and leading Indian industries
    • Attendees: Over 30,000 students
    • Exhibition stalls: 200+

India's International Economic and Trade Platforms

Focus: Developments and milestones related to India's premier international-facing economic hubs and trade exhibitions, specifically GIFT City, the IIBX, and the India International Trade Fair.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's external sector strategies, the role of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) like GIFT City, and the promotion of 'Brand India' through international trade and financial integration.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-29 [Economy] — PIB Highlights: India's GDP Growth and GIFT City Development
    PIB summaries highlight India's broad-based GDP growth, manufacturing revival due to PLI impact, and globally competitive services. GIFT City is emerging as a global financial hub with increasing entities, dollar loan disbursements exceeding Singapore and London, and innovative utility infrastructure for energy saving and sustainability.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: PIB highlights India's GDP growth, PLI impact, and GIFT City development.

    Key Facts:

    • GDP growth
    • Manufacturing revival
    • PLI impact
    • Services remain globally competitive
    • Inflation sharply moderated
    • Export ecosystems improving
    • Labour participation improving
    • GIFT City: 1034+ entities
    • Global Financial Centres Index rank: 46th
    • Dollar loan market: $20 bn disbursed
    • District Cooling System: 30% energy saving
    • Utility Tunnel: 17-km
    • Power Reliability: 99.999% uptime
  • 2025-11-29 [Economy] — CBIC wins Gold Prize at IITF 2025
    The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) 'GST & Customs Pavilion' has bagged the Gold Prize in the 'Public Outreach and Communication' category at the India International Trade Fair (IITF) 2025 in New Delhi recently.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC)
    • GST & Customs Pavilion
    • Gold Prize
    • Public Outreach and Communication
    • India International Trade Fair (IITF) 2025
    • New Delhi
  • 2025-11-14 [Economy] — India International Trade Fair begins in Delhi
    The 44th India International Trade Fair started at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi. The theme is “Ek Bharat–Shreshtha Bharat,” with Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Bihar as partner states, and Jharkhand as the focus state.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India International Trade Fair theme is “Ek Bharat–Shreshtha Bharat”.

    Key Facts:

    • 44th India International Trade Fair started at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi
    • Theme: “Ek Bharat–Shreshtha Bharat”
    • Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Bihar are partner states; Jharkhand is the focus state
  • 2025-11-05 [Economy] — India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX)
    SBI has completed its first gold transaction as a special category client on the India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX). The IIBX aims to make India a global bullion trading hub, located in Gujarat's GIFT City. This initiative seeks to make India’s gold import and trade system more transparent and organized, benefiting MSME jewelry industries.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: SBI completes first gold transaction on India International Bullion Exchange.

    Key Facts:

    • SBI: Completed first gold transaction on IIBX
    • Gujarat's GIFT City: Location of IIBX
    • MSME jewelry industries: Beneficiaries of IIBX

Indigenous Human Gene Therapy and Editing Milestones

Focus: A series of breakthroughs in India's development of indigenous gene-based medical treatments, including CRISPR, CAR T-cell therapy, and gene therapy trials.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's growing self-reliance in precision medicine and the use of advanced genomics to treat hereditary and chronic diseases.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-21 [Science & Technology] — CSIR Gene Editing Tool Transferred to Serum Institute
    A gene editing tool developed by CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) has been transferred to the Serum Institute of India for developing treatments for genetic diseases. The tool is completely indigenously developed, and Indian scientists hold all patents.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: CSIR gene editing tool transferred to Serum Institute.

    Key Facts:

    • CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)
    • Serum Institute of India
    • Gene editing tool
    • Indigenously developed
    • Indian scientists holding all patents
  • 2025-11-20 [Science & Technology] — BIRSA 101 Gene Therapy Launched
    India's first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy for Sickle Cell Disease, named BIRSA 101, was launched by the Union Minister of State for Science & Technology. Developed by CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), it honors tribal leader Birsa Munda and uses CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing to correct the genetic mutation causing SCD, disproportionately affecting India's tribal communities.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: BIRSA 101: India's first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy for Sickle Cell.

    Key Facts:

    • BIRSA 101 is India's first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy.
    • It is designed to treat Sickle Cell Disease (SCD).
    • The therapy is named after tribal leader Birsa Munda.
    • Developed by the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB).
    • It utilizes the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool.
    • BIRSA 101 is India's first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD).
    • The therapy has been named Birsa-101 in honour of the tribal leader Birsa Munda.
  • 2025-04-28 [Science & Technology] — India's First Gene Therapy Trial for Haemophilia
    India's first human gene therapy trial for haemophilia was conducted through a collaboration between Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council's Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (BRIC-inStem) and CMC Vellore.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's first gene therapy trial for haemophilia conducted.

    Key Facts:

    • Collaboration between BRIC-inStem and CMC Vellore
    • First human gene therapy trial for haemophilia in India
  • 2025-03-16 [Science & Technology] — India's CAR T-cell therapy shows 73% response rate
    India's CAR T-cell therapy for cancer patients has shown a 73% response rate, according to a report in The Lancet. This advancement offers a promising new treatment option for cancer patients in India.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's CAR T-cell therapy shows 73% response rate for cancer patients.

    Key Facts:

    • 73% response rate
    • The Lancet

2025 High-Tech Innovation Milestones

Focus: A series of specific announcements and data points demonstrating India's escalating capabilities in high-tech domains (Patents, 6G, Space).

UPSC Value: Tracks India's transition from technology adoption to technology development in critical emerging sectors.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-16 [Science & Technology] — India to be a major player in 21st-century space exploration
    Union Minister Jitendra Singh stated that India is set to become a major player in 21st-century space exploration, highlighting achievements like Chandrayaan-3, SpaDeX, and Gaganyaan. India has mastered satellite development, launch capabilities, and operations. The Minister discussed ongoing and future space exploration cooperation between India and Europe with a high-level European Union delegation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India to be a major player in 21st-century space exploration.

    Key Facts:

    • Jitendra Singh is the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology.
    • India has mastered satellite development, launch capabilities and operations.
    • Recent successes include the Chandrayaan-3 mission, the SpaDeX mission, and the Gaganyaan mission.
    • India is collaborating with the European Space Agency (ESA).
  • 2025-05-29 [Science & Technology] — Rising Patent Activity in Indian Higher Education
    Patents filed by Indian higher education institutions rose from 7,405 in 2021–22 to 19,155 in 2022–23, a 158% increase, indicating stronger research output. India ranks 39th in the Global Innovation Index, improving from 76th a decade ago, reflecting a significant leap in innovation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Patent filings by Indian higher education rose significantly.

    Key Facts:

    • Increase in patents: 158% (2021-22 to 2022-23)
    • India's rank in Global Innovation Index: 39th
  • 2025-05-16 [Science & Technology] — India Among Top Six Patent Filers in 6G Technology
    At the Bharat 6G 2025 conference in New Delhi, Union MoS Dr. Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani announced that India has secured a place among the top six nations globally for filing 6G technology patents, underscoring the country's dedication to next-generation telecom innovation.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India among top six patent filers in 6G technology.

    Key Facts:

    • Bharat 6G 2025 conference
    • Union MoS Dr. Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani
    • India: Top six nations in 6G patent filing
    • India
    • top six countries
    • 6G patent filing
  • 2025-05-13 [Science & Technology] — National Technology Day 2025 Theme: YANTRA
    The Technology Development Board (TDB) under DST announced the theme for National Technology Day 2025 as “YANTRA – Yugantar for Advancing New Technology, Research & Acceleration”. National Technology Day is observed on May 11 to commemorate India's technological advancements. The term "Yugantar" signifies India's transition from technology adoption to global technology leadership.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: National Technology Day 2025 theme: YANTRA.

    Key Facts:

    • National Technology Day 2025
    • Technology Development Board (TDB)
    • YANTRA – Yugantar for Advancing New Technology, Research & Acceleration
    • May 11th
    • Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests
    • Trishul missile
    • National Technology Day 2025 theme: “YANTRA – Yugantar for Advancing New Technology, Research & Acceleration”
    • Announced by: Technology Development Board (TDB) under the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
    • National Technology Day observed annually on: May 11
    • “YANTRA” signifies mechanical systems and scalable innovation power
    • “Yugantar” means epochal shift, symbolizing India's transition to a global technology leader

Milestones in Indigenous Medical Technology and Healthcare Research

Focus: A series of 'first-in-India' achievements involving the indigenous development of diagnostic devices, molecular testing kits, and specialized genomic research initiatives.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's progress toward self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in high-tech medical diagnostics and biotechnology, a key theme in Science and Technology (GS III).

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-07-17 [Science & Technology] — Gujarat Launches India's First Tribal Genome Sequencing Project
    Gujarat became the first Indian state to launch a Tribal Genome Sequencing Project to build a reference genetic database aimed at improving healthcare access for tribal populations. The project will sequence the genomes of 2,000 tribal individuals across 17 districts of Gujarat to enhance precision medicine.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Gujarat launches Tribal Genome Sequencing Project.

    Key Facts:

    • First Tribal Genome Sequencing Project in India
    • Target: Sequence genomes of 2,000 tribal individuals
    • Districts covered: 17 districts in Gujarat
    • Objective: Enhance precision medicine for tribal populations
    • Gujarat: First state to launch Tribal Genome Sequencing Project.
    • Sequencing 2,000 tribal individuals' genomes.
    • Covers 17 districts.
    • Aims to improve healthcare access and precision medicine.
    • Gujarat launched India's First Tribal Genome Sequencing Project.
    • Aims to build a reference genetic database for improving healthcare access for tribal populations.
    • Will sequence the genomes of 2,000 tribal individuals across 17 districts of Gujarat.
  • 2025-04-27 [Science & Technology] — India Launches First Indigenous HPV Test Kit for Cervical Cancer
    India launched its first indigenous Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) test kit for cervical cancer screening, designed for the second most common cancer among Indian women. The kits, Twin HPV HR plus and PathoDetect, use Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology to target 7-8 high-risk HPV strains, leveraging India's post-COVID diagnostic infrastructure for rapid, cost-effective, point-of-care testing.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India launches indigenous HPV test kit for cervical cancer screening.

    Key Facts:

    • First indigenous HPV test kit
    • For cervical cancer screening
    • Two kits launched: Twin HPV HR plus and PathoDetect
    • Uses Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology
    • Targets 7-8 high-risk HPV strains
    • Validated by AIIMS New Delhi, NICPR Noida, NIRRCH Mumbai, and WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon (France)
  • 2025-04-13 [Science & Technology] — Indigenous rt-LAMP Assay developed for early TB detection
    Researchers from Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, have developed a novel, indigenous, real-time LAMP (rt-LAMP) assay for the early detection of Tuberculosis (TB). The rt-LAMP assay is a molecular diagnostic tool similar to GeneXpert and Truenat, providing high sensitivity and specificity and can detect TB DNA.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Indigenous rt-LAMP Assay developed for early TB detection.

    Key Facts:

    • rt-LAMP Assay developed for early TB detection
    • Developed by Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram
    • Molecular diagnostic tool similar to GeneXpert and Truenat
    • Detects TB DNA
  • 2025-03-26 [Science & Technology] — India's First Indigenously Developed MRI Scanner
    India's First Indigenously Developed MRI Scanner has been developed.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's First Indigenously Developed MRI Scanner.

    Key Facts:

    • India has developed its first indigenously developed MRI Scanner.

Next-Generation Telecom Policy and Implementation

Focus: The progression of India's domestic telecom landscape, from policy formulation (NTP 2025) and 5G status to future applications like V2V.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the government's roadmap for telecommunications, including spectrum allocation and technology targets beyond 5G.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-27 [Science & Technology] — Government to Launch Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Safety Technology
    The government plans to introduce Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication technology to prevent road accident deaths and improve traffic management. V2V is a wireless communication system that allows vehicles to exchange real-time data such as speed, location, acceleration, and braking patterns. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has allocated 30 GHz radio frequency spectrum for this purpose.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Government to launch Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) safety technology.

    Key Facts:

    • Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication technology to be launched
    • Aims to reduce road accident deaths and improve traffic management
    • V2V is a wireless communication system for real-time data exchange
    • 30 GHz radio frequency spectrum allocated by DoT
    • MoRTH–DoT joint task force constituted
    • V2V technology will enable vehicles to communicate real-time information like speed, location, acceleration, braking, etc.
    • V2V is a sub-category of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X).
  • 2025-08-17 [Economy] — India's Telecom & IT Revolution
    India's telecommunications sector is the second largest in the world and caters to over a billion people, contributing 6% to the overall gross domestic product. Liberalization reforms have opened doors for private companies and innovations to enter the market. As of October 31, 2024, 5G services have been rolled out in all states and UTs across the country and are available in 779 districts out of 783, with more than 4.6 lakh 5G base transceiver stations installed.
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    UPSC Angle: India's telecom sector is the second largest in the world.

    Key Facts:

    • Telecommunications sector: Second largest in the world
    • Contribution to GDP: 6%
    • 5G Rollout (as of October 31, 2024): All states and UTs
    • Districts with 5G: 779 out of 783
    • 5G base transceiver stations installed: More than 4.6 lakh
  • 2025-07-26 [Polity & Governance] — Draft National Telecom Policy (NTP) 2025
    The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has circulated the Draft National Telecom Policy (NTP) 2025 for public consultation, aiming to boost telecom sector investment to â‚ą1 lakh crore annually and double telecom product exports. The policy targets 100% 4G population coverage and 90% 5G coverage by 2030, along with expanding fiberization of telecom towers. NTP 2025 promotes innovation in emerging technologies like 5G, 6G, AI, IoT, and quantum communications, incentivizing the use of Indian-made telecom equipment.
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    UPSC Angle: Draft National Telecom Policy (NTP) 2025 for public consultation.

    Key Facts:

    • Draft National Telecom Policy (NTP) 2025 released by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
    • Aims to boost telecom sector investment to â‚ą1 lakh crore annually
    • Targets 100% 4G population coverage and 90% 5G coverage by 2030
    • Increase tower fiberization from 46% to 80%
    • Expand fixed-line broadband to 100 million households
    • Deploy 1 million public Wi-Fi hotspots
    • Focuses on Atmanirbhar Bharat, universal access, and future technologies

India's 2025 Technological and Scientific Milestones

Focus: Items documenting India's specific advancements in AI, space exploration, digital infrastructure, and global innovation rankings throughout the year 2025.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Science and Technology) to illustrate India's progress in indigenization of technology and its rising global standing in emerging sectors.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-12-29 [Science & Technology] — India's Scientific Achievements in 2025
    India has achieved significant advancements in science and technology in 2025, strengthening research capabilities, fostering innovation, and boosting its global standing across emerging sectors including AI, space, biotech, and clean energy technologies. India secured 38th position in the global innovation index among the top innovative economies in 2025.
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    UPSC Angle: India's scientific achievements in 2025: innovation and global standing.

    Key Facts:

    • India secured 38th position in the global innovation index among the top innovative economies in 2025.
    • ISRO's space docking experiment (Spadeex) mission was successfully completed.
    • India's first made-in-India 32-bit processor chip was presented to Prime Minister Narendra Modi during Semicon India 2025.
    • Bengaluru-based QI AI announced the launch of one of India's most powerful quantum computers featuring 25 superconducting cubits.
  • 2025-09-23 [Economy] — Bharat Digital Infra Summit 2025
    The Bharat Digital Infra Summit 2025 took place, focusing on accelerating India's digital infrastructure for a connected future. The summit highlighted the transformative growth of India's telecom infrastructure, driven by mobile broadband usage, data consumption, and government initiatives like Digital India and BharatNet.
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    UPSC Angle: Bharat Digital Infra Summit 2025 focused on digital infrastructure.

    Key Facts:

    • The summit's theme was "accelerating India's digital infrastructure for a connected tomorrow".
    • The event addressed challenges in achieving deeper fiberization and 5G readiness.
    • Mr. Manis Sini, member finance of digital communication department of telecommunications was present.
  • 2025-05-10 [Science & Technology] — Cystic Fibrosis Awareness and India's Air Defence
    Shankar IAS Academy's Daily Current Affairs analysis for May 10, 2025, includes discussions on cystic fibrosis awareness, India's air defense systems (S-400, Barak-8, Akash), child labor in India, and the Human Development Report 2025. India retains 20% of the global AI researchers. The second mock test for UPSC prelims will be held on 11th May 2025.
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    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • India retains 20% of the global AI researchers.
    • The second mock test for UPSC prelims will be held on 11th May 2025.
    • India successfully brought down the maternal mortality rate uh to 100.

Milestones in Indigenous AI Deployment in India

Focus: The development and launch of first-of-their-kind, locally-engineered AI solutions designed to address specific Indian challenges in social welfare, ecology, and industry.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the practical multi-sectoral application of the 'Make AI in India' and 'AI for All' initiatives, highlighting progress in domestic technological self-reliance.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-08-04 [Schemes & Programs] — India's First AI-Powered Anganwadi Launched
    India's first Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered anganwadi was launched in Waddhamna village, Nagpur district, Maharashtra, under the Mission Bal Bharari initiative. AI tools will be used for real-time health monitoring, nutrition tracking, and education delivery.
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    UPSC Angle: India's first AI-powered anganwadi launched in Maharashtra.

    Key Facts:

    • Launched in Waddhamna village, Nagpur district, Maharashtra
    • Under the Mission Bal Bharari initiative
    • AI tools for real-time health monitoring, nutrition tracking, and education delivery
  • 2025-04-15 [Science & Technology] — Bat Monitoring System
    The Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS), Bengaluru, has developed India's first automated bat monitoring system called BatEchoMon. BatEchoMon detects, records, analyses, and classifies bat sounds using echolocation. It uses an ultrasonic microphone, a Raspberry Pi microprocessor, solar-powered battery, and Wi-Fi unit and activates at sunset, working through the night using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify bat calls.
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    UPSC Angle: BatEchoMon is India's first automated bat monitoring system.

    Key Facts:

    • BatEchoMon developed by IIHS, Bengaluru
    • BatEchoMon stands for Bat Echolocation Monitoring
    • Uses ultrasonic microphone, Raspberry Pi microprocessor, solar-powered battery, and Wi-Fi unit
    • Detects, records, analyses, and classifies bat sounds using echolocation
  • 2025-03-09 [Science & Technology] — Indian Firms Race to Develop Local AI
    Indian firms are actively working to develop local Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies.
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    UPSC Angle: Indian firms are actively working to develop local AI technologies.

    Key Facts:

    • Local AI development
    • Indian firms

Institutional Promotion and Showcasing of Indigenous Innovation

Focus: A series of 2025 government-led initiatives, including publications, theme unveilings, and inaugural exhibitions, specifically designed to document and exhibit domestic technological breakthroughs.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the government's strategic focus on fostering a product-driven economy and achieving 'Viksit Bharat 2047' through institutional support for the R&D ecosystem.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-06-28 [Science & Technology] — Tec-Verse 2025 Technology Showcase
    The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) organized Tec-Verse 2025, the inaugural technology showcase event to support the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. The event brings together MeitY's premier R&D institutions to exhibit indigenous innovations addressing real-world societal challenges and marks a shift towards a product-driven economy.
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    UPSC Angle: MeitY organized Tec-Verse 2025 to support Viksit Bharat 2047.

    Key Facts:

    • Tec-Verse 2025 is organized by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
    • It supports the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.
    • It showcases indigenous innovations from MeitY's R&D institutions.
  • 2025-05-27 [Science & Technology] — 9th India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025 Theme
    Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia unveiled the theme "Innovate to Transform" for the 9th India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025 in New Delhi.
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    UPSC Angle: 9th India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025 theme: Innovate to Transform.

    Key Facts:

    • Event: 9th India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025
    • Theme: Innovate to Transform
    • Location: New Delhi
  • 2025-04-24 [Schemes & Programs] — MeitY Launches 'I Am Circular' Coffee Table Book
    The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) hosted the release of the 'I Am Circular' Coffee Table Book, curated by the International Council for Circular Economy (ICCE). The book features 30 of India's most promising innovations.
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    UPSC Angle: MeitY launches 'I Am Circular' Coffee Table Book.

    Key Facts:

    • Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
    • Book: 'I Am Circular' Coffee Table Book
    • Curated by: International Council for Circular Economy (ICCE)
    • Features: 30 of India's most promising innovations

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