Eco-Security and Conservation Frontiers (2025-26): UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The 2025-2026 conservation paradigm is shifting from 'Static Protection' to 'Active Bio-Engineering' and 'Scientific Micro-Mapping.' While the institutional footprint is expanding (e.g., ZSI’s new DNA barcoding techniques and the inclusion of sites like Sakkarakottai into Ramsar), the ecological integrity of the Western Ghats and Himalayan avian corridors is under unprecedented stress from land-use conversion. The threat is no longer just 'deforestation' but 'functional replacement'—where biodiversity-rich forests are replaced by commercial monoculture orchards and invasive species like Senna spectabilis, creating a façade of green cover while ecological depth collapses.

Cross-Theme Insight

A recurring theme of 'Spatial Incongruity' emerges across the threads: while urban forest cover shows marginal gains (Thread 2), primary forest loss and rangeland degradation are accelerating (Thread 2, 6). This is mirrored in the security domain (Thread 7), where digital infrastructure is expanding faster than the 'cyber-hygiene' of the user base. The common denominator is the 'Resilience Gap'—the distance between rapid human-led expansion (orchards in Ghats, soilification in Rajasthan, AI in cyber) and the slower pace of institutional and natural adaptation.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Majid Husain, p. 10) rely on ISFR 2019/2021 data showing a 24.62% forest/tree cover, which obscures the 'quality' loss highlighted in Thread 2 (18,200 hectares of primary forest lost in 2024 alone). Textbooks describe the Western Ghats primarily through the lens of the Gadgil/Kasturirangan reports (IAS 2016, NID: 5614), whereas current developments (Thread 6) show that government-subsidized orchard transitions are bypassing these older regulatory frameworks by altering the 'agricultural' rather than 'forest' status of the land.

How This Theme Is Evolving

Conservation is evolving from 'Area-Centric' (National Parks/Sanctuaries) to 'Species-Mandated' (Legal rights for bees, specific ZSI discoveries like Nereis dhritiae). We are also seeing a transition from 'Conservation by Restriction' to 'Conservation by Technology,' exemplified by Rajasthan's 'soilification' bioformulations (Thread 3) and the MISHTI scheme’s use of MGNREGA for mangrove restoration.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC has transitioned from asking about general biodiversity hotspots (IAS 2011) to the specific mechanics of invasive species (IAS 2023, NID: 6054) and the legal mandates of reporting cyber incidents (IAS 2017, NID: 5730). There is a sharp focus on 'newly added' Ramsar sites (NDA 2025, NID: 10212) and the geographical extent of committee recommendations (CDS 2014, NID: 11984).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Nereis dhritiae: New species of polychaete discovered by ZSI (named after its first woman director).
• Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary: Newest Ramsar addition in Tamil Nadu (as per NDA 2025 trends).
• MISHTI Scheme: Integration of MGNREGA and CAMPA funds for shoreline mangroves.
• Orobanche aegyptiaca: Parasitic weed (Mustard Broomrape) emerging as a threat in Rajasthan.
• Senna spectabilis: The invasive species driving habitat loss in the Western Ghats (link to IUCN GISD).

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (14 themes, 50 news items)

India's Forest Cover: Statistical Trends and Regional Variations

Focus: A collection of statistical reports and parliamentary disclosures tracking quantitative changes in India's forest cover, including primary forests, mangroves, and urban green spaces.

UPSC Value: This grouping is essential for GS Paper III (Environment) to evaluate the status of India's biodiversity and the effectiveness of national conservation policies against real-world data.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [Environment & Ecology] — Parliament discusses forest cover increase in mega cities
  As told to Parliament (February 9, 2026): Forest cover in India's mega cities up by 2.09 sq km since 2021.
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  UPSC Angle: Forest cover in India's mega cities increased by 2.09 sq km since 2021.

  Key Facts:

  • Forest cover increase in India's mega cities since 2021: 2.09 sq km
  • Date: February 9, 2026
• 2025-08-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Forest Cover Loss in India
  Overall forest cover declined from 24.13% to 24.10% between 2015 and 2019, with all states showing net losses. Tamil Nadu and West Bengal accounted for nearly half of the forest cover loss. Mizoram had the highest (~99%) and Ladakh the lowest (~0.91%) forest cover.
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  UPSC Angle: Overall forest cover declined from 24.13% to 24.10% between 2015 and 2019.

  Key Facts:

  • Forest cover declined from 24.13% to 24.10% (2015-2019)
  • Tamil Nadu and West Bengal made up nearly half the forest cover loss
  • Mizoram had the highest (~99%) forest cover
  • Ladakh had the lowest (~0.91%) forest cover
  • Overall forest cover decline: from 24.13% to 24.10% (2015-2019)
  • Tamil Nadu and West Bengal: nearly half of the forest cover loss
  • Mizoram forest cover: ~99%
  • Ladakh forest cover: ~0.91%
• 2025-06-16 [Environment & Ecology] — India Losing Forest Cover
  India lost 18,200 hectares (about 45,000 acres) of primary forest cover in 2024, a 2.8 percentage point increase from 2023. From 2002 to 2024, India lost 348,000 ha of humid primary forest, making up 15% of its total tree cover. The primary driver is 'shifting agriculture' (60.9%).
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  UPSC Angle: India lost 18,200 hectares of primary forest cover in 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • primary forest cover loss
  • 2024: 18,200 hectares (45,000 acres)
  • 2.8 percentage point increase from 2023
  • 2002 to 2024: 348,000 ha humid primary forest lost
  • shifting agriculture: 60.9%
• 2025-05-22 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Forest Loss and Conservation Efforts
  India lost 18,200 hectares of primary forest in 2024, compared to 17,700 hectares in 2023, according to Global Forest Watch (GFW) data. Fire-induced primary forest loss escalated to 950 hectares in 2024, a 158% increase from the previous year, with Northeastern states like Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram being the most affected due to shifting cultivation, agricultural expansion, and logging. Overall tree cover loss decreased by 6.9% between 2023 and 2024, while humid primary forest loss increased by 5.9% in 2024.
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  UPSC Angle: India's primary forest loss increased in 2024, according to Global Forest Watch.

  Key Facts:

  • Primary forest loss in 2024: 18,200 hectares
  • Primary forest loss in 2023: 17,700 hectares
  • Increase in fire-induced forest loss: 158%
  • Fire-induced forest loss: 950 hectares in 2024
  • Most affected states: Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram
  • Decrease in overall tree cover loss: 6.9%
  • Increase in humid primary forest loss: 5.9%
  • India lost 18,200 hectares of primary forest in 2024
  • 6.9% decrease in total tree cover loss between 2023 and 2024
  • Humid primary forest loss increased by 5.9% in 2024
  • Fire-induced primary forest loss escalated to 950 hectares in 2024, a 158% increase from the previous year
  • Northeastern states, including Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram, have been the most affected by fire-related forest loss
• 2025-03-17 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Mangrove Cover
  According to the Indian State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023, India's mangrove cover is approximately 4,992 sq. km, which is 0.15% of the country's total geographical area. Mangroves have ecological and economic importance in India. Focus is given on research for phytoremediation, medicinal applications, and sustainable mangrove uses.
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  UPSC Angle: India's mangrove cover is 4,992 sq. km (ISFR 2023).

  Key Facts:

  • Mangrove Cover: 4,992 sq. km (0.15% of India's geographical area)
  • Report: Indian State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023

Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Systems

Focus: Updates on the conservation status, legal protection, and discovery of specific flora, fauna, and ecological systems globally.

UPSC Value: Useful for GS-3 (Biodiversity, Conservation) and Prelims questions on species and ecosystems.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Amazonian Stingless Bees Get Legal Rights
  Two municipalities (Satipo and Nauta) in Peru have granted legal rights to Amazonian stingless bees, marking the first time an insect has received such recognition globally. The ordinance recognizes specific inherent rights of stingless bees, including their right to exist, maintain healthy populations, have their habitats restored, and live in a pollution-free environment. Amazonian stingless bees pollinate over 80% of Amazonian flora and support crops like cacao, coffee, avocados, and blueberries.
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  UPSC Angle: Amazonian stingless bees get legal rights in Peru.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Satipo and Nauta, Peru
  • Insect: Amazonian stingless bees
  • Rights: Right to exist, maintain healthy populations, habitat restoration, pollution-free environment
  • Ecological Role: Pollinate over 80% of Amazonian flora
• 2025-11-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Discovery of Hoya dawodiensis in Arunachal Pradesh
  Hoya dawodiensis, a new plant species, has been discovered in the Vijaynagar region of Changlang district, Arunachal Pradesh. This region, accessible only by air or multi-day treks, is one of the least explored but biologically richest areas of the state.
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  UPSC Angle: Hoya dawodiensis, a new plant species, discovered in Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Discovered in: Vijaynagar region, Changlang district, Arunachal Pradesh
• 2025-08-20 [Agriculture] — GIAHS Recognition
  A mountain agropastoral system in Tajikistan has become Central Asia's first inclusion in the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), recognized by the FAO. Additionally, pine tree agroforestry and traditional bamboo-fishery systems in South Korea, and an agrosilvopastoral system in Portugal have also been recognized. There are 99 such systems designated across 29 countries.
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  UPSC Angle: Tajikistan's mountain agropastoral system recognized as GIAHS by FAO.

  Key Facts:

  • Mountain agropastoral system in Tajikistan is Central Asia's first GIAHS inclusion
  • Recognized by the FAO
  • 99 such systems have been designated across 29 countries
  • Pine tree agroforestry and traditional bamboo-fishery systems in South Korea recognized
  • Agrosilvopastoral system in Portugal recognized
• 2025-07-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Lantana camara Infestation in Himachal Pradesh
  Lantana camara, an ornamental plant introduced decades ago, now infests approximately 3,25,282 hectares of forests in Himachal Pradesh, posing a threat to the State's native biodiversity. It is an invasive alien species native to Central and South America.
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  UPSC Angle: Lantana camara infestation in Himachal Pradesh; threat to biodiversity.

  Key Facts:

  • Lantana camara infests approximately 3,25,282 hectares of forests in Himachal Pradesh
  • Introduced as an ornamental plant
  • Native to Central and South America
  • Exotic weed that aggressively proliferates and forms a dense mesh of bushes
  • First introduced in India in the early 18th century
• 2025-05-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Pangolin Trafficking Decline
  Global trafficking of pangolin scales has sharply declined since 2020 due to COVID-19-related disruptions, law enforcement, and evolving smuggling tactics, according to a Wildlife Justice Commission (WJC) report. The Indian pangolin, found across India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and protected under Schedule I of India's Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
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  UPSC Angle: Global trafficking of pangolin scales has declined since 2020.

  Key Facts:

  • Global pangolin scale trafficking declined since 2020
  • Indian pangolin is Endangered on IUCN Red List
  • Protected under Schedule I of India's Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
  • Indian pangolins found in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh

Ecological and Climatic Shifts in Southwest India

Focus: Scientific studies and environmental incidents documenting ecological stress, biodiversity loss, and climatic changes specifically within the Southwest India and Western Ghats region.

UPSC Value: Analyzing these together highlights the multifaceted environmental pressures—ranging from long-term climatic shifts to immediate industrial accidents—facing the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats and Arabian Sea corridor.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Induced Breeding of Mangrove Clam
  ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) has successfully induced breeding of the mangrove clam in captive conditions. The complete hatchery cycle was achieved with spat settlement from the 18th day after spawning. Hatchery-produced seeds can support ranching in degraded mangroves, aiding stock enhancement and mangrove ecosystem restoration.
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  UPSC Angle: CMFRI successfully induced breeding of mangrove clam in captive conditions.

  Key Facts:

  • ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)
  • Induced breeding of mangrove clam
  • Spat settlement from the 18th day after spawning
  • Scientific Name: Geloina erosa
  • Mangrove clams are filter feeders
  • Found in tropical and subtropical coastal ecosystems
  • Geographic Range: South and Southeast Asia, including India
• 2025-09-20 [Environment & Ecology] — Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology Study
  A Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE) study found major ecological damage from the ELSA Three ship wreck off the Kerala coast in the Arabian Sea in mid-2025. The wreck and disintegration of the ship released hazardous materials and fuel, leading to biodiversity losses.
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  UPSC Angle: CMLRE study found ecological damage from ELSA Three ship wreck.

  Key Facts:

  • ELSA Three ship wreck caused major ecological damage
  • Ship sank off the Kerala coast in the Arabian Sea
  • Hazardous materials and fuel released
  • Led to biodiversity losses
• 2025-08-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Increased Whale Strandings on India's Southwest Coast
  There has been a 10-fold increase in whale strandings along India's southwest coast in the last decade, according to a study conducted by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI). The study underscored an urgent need for region-specific conservation strategies in the face of climate change, increased noise pollution, ship strikes, and habitat degradation.
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  UPSC Angle: Increased whale strandings on India's southwest coast in last decade.

  Key Facts:

  • Increase: 10-fold increase in whale strandings
  • Region: India's southwest coast
  • Study by: ICAR-CMFRI
  • Reasons: Climate change, noise pollution, ship strikes, and habitat degradation
• 2025-04-01 [Environment & Ecology] — Western Ghats Monsoon Increase
  A study by the Central University of Kerala revealed a significant increase in monsoon rainfall in the Western Ghats over the past 800 years. The study reconstructed Indian monsoon patterns over the last 1,600 years.
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  UPSC Angle: Study reveals increased monsoon rainfall in Western Ghats over 800 years.

  Key Facts:

  • Region: Western Ghats
  • Finding: Significant increase in monsoon rainfall
  • Timeframe: Past 800 years
  • University: Central University of Kerala
  • Study: Reconstructed monsoon patterns over the last 1,600 years

Avian Conservation and Wetland Habitats

Focus: Updates on bird sanctuaries, wetland conservation reserves, and the status of specific avian species.

UPSC Value: Highlights efforts in conserving avian biodiversity, specifically in wetland ecosystems like Nalsarovar and DPS Lake.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-06 [Environment & Ecology] — Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary
  Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary is located approximately 64 km west of Ahmedabad in Gujarat. Declared a bird sanctuary by the Gujarat government in 1969 to protect its bird population, it was declared as a Ramsar site on 24 September 2012.
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  UPSC Angle: Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary: Gujarat's protected wetland, a Ramsar site.

  Key Facts:

  • Located 64 km west of Ahmedabad in Gujarat
  • Declared a bird sanctuary in 1969
  • Declared as a Ramsar site on 24 September 2012
• 2025-08-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Lesser Florican Status
  The Lesser Florican, one of three bustard species endemic to India, is mainly observed in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat, and is known locally as 'tanmor' or 'kharmor'. It has a conservation status of Critically Endangered (IUCN), Schedule I (Wildlife Protection Act, 1972), and Appendix II (CITES).
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  UPSC Angle: Lesser Florican is endemic to India, conservation status is important.

  Key Facts:

  • Species: Lesser Florican (Sypheotides Indicus)
  • Local names: 'tanmor' or 'kharmor'
  • Conservation status: IUCN - Critically Endangered, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 - Schedule I, CITES - Appendix II
• 2025-07-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Species in News: New Discoveries and Conservation Updates
  Between July 1-16, 2025, a new species of Malabar pit viper was discovered in Kerala's Nilgiri Hills, a rare sighting of the Western Tragopan was confirmed in Himachal Pradesh's Great Himalayan National Park, and there was a significant increase in the population of the Indian Skimmer in Gujarat's Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary.
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  UPSC Angle: New Malabar pit viper species discovered in Kerala's Nilgiri Hills.

  Key Facts:

  • New Malabar Pit Viper (Kerala): A new species discovered in the Nilgiri Hills.
  • Western Tragopan (Himachal Pradesh): Confirmed sighting via camera traps in the Great Himalayan National Park.
  • Indian Skimmer Population (Gujarat): Population increase observed at the Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary.
• 2025-04-18 [Environment & Ecology] — DPS Wetland Declared Flamingo Conservation Reserve
  The Maharashtra State Board of Wildlife has declared DPS wetland in Navi Mumbai as a Flamingo Conservation Reserve. The decision, which aims to protect the wetland, was made during a meeting chaired by Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis. Conserving the DPS lake is also expected to help reduce bird strike risks near the Navi Mumbai International Airport.
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  UPSC Angle: DPS wetland declared Flamingo Conservation Reserve in Navi Mumbai.

  Key Facts:

  • DPS Wetland: Declared Flamingo Conservation Reserve
  • Location: Navi Mumbai
  • Decision by: Maharashtra State Board of Wildlife
  • Chair: Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis

Ecological and Agricultural Dynamics in Rajasthan

Focus: News items specific to Rajasthan covering environmental conservation (wetlands, sacred groves) and agricultural challenges/innovations (crop diseases, soil technology).

UPSC Value: Provides a case study on land resource management and agricultural resilience in an arid state.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-12 [Agriculture] — Orobanche Threatens Mustard Crop in Rajasthan and Haryana
  India's largest oilseed crop, mustard, is facing a major yield threat due to the rapid spread of the parasitic weed Orobanche aegyptiaca in Rajasthan and Haryana. Farmers in Haryana's Sirsa district report yield declines from 9–12 quintals per acre to nearly 6 quintals per acre.
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  UPSC Angle: Orobanche threatens mustard crop in Rajasthan and Haryana.

  Key Facts:

  • Parasitic weed: Orobanche aegyptiaca (locally called Margoja)
  • Threatens mustard crop in Rajasthan and Haryana
  • Farmers in Haryana's Sirsa district report yield declines from 9–12 quintals per acre to nearly 6 quintals per acre
  • Weed attaches to roots, extracting water, carbon, and nutrients
• 2025-09-28 [Science & Technology] — Desert Soilification Technology
  Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR) used desert 'soilification' with indigenous bioformulation to convert desert sand into soil-like structure. Wheat required only 3 irrigations (vs. 5–6 normally) due to high water retention. Pilot results: 13 kg wheat seeds yielded 26 kg harvest per 100 sq. metres in April 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Desert soilification technology reduces irrigation needs for wheat cultivation.

  Key Facts:

  • Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR)
  • Desert 'soilification' technology
  • Wheat required only 3 irrigations
  • 13 kg wheat seeds yielded 26 kg harvest per 100 sq. metres in April 2025
• 2025-07-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Supreme Court Recognises Oran Lands as Forests
  Orans, community-managed sacred groves, primarily in Rajasthan (approximately 25,000 Orans spanning 0.6 million hectares), have been recognised by the Supreme Court as forests. These groves serve as spiritual sites and critical ecosystems supporting grazing, natural water filtration, livelihood generation, and biodiversity preservation.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court recognises Oran lands as forests.

  Key Facts:

  • Orans: Community-managed sacred groves
  • Location: Rajasthan (primarily)
  • Number of Orans in Rajasthan: Approximately 25,000
  • Area covered by Orans in Rajasthan: 0.6 million hectares
  • Recognition: Recognised as forests by Supreme Court
• 2025-06-06 [Environment & Ecology] — Ramsar Sites in Rajasthan
  Khichan and Menar wetlands in Rajasthan have been declared Ramsar Sites, bringing India's total to 91 wetlands designated as Ramsar Sites, covering over 1.3 million hectares. India joined the Ramsar Convention on 1st February 1982.
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  UPSC Angle: Khichan and Menar wetlands in Rajasthan declared Ramsar Sites.

  Key Facts:

  • India has a total of 91 wetlands designated as Ramsar Sites, covering over 1.3 million hectares.

Avian Biodiversity in the Himalayan Region

Focus: Sightings, habitat concerns, and profiles of specific rare or migratory bird species within the Himalayan and North-Eastern states.

UPSC Value: Highlights the ecological significance of the Himalayan belt as a habitat for rare avian species and the specific threats (infrastructure) they face.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-06 [Environment & Ecology] — Union Environment Ministry Grants Clearance to Hydropower Project Amidst Concerns
  The Union Environment Ministry has granted environmental clearance to the Kalai-II Hydropower Project on the Lohit River in Arunachal Pradesh. Environmentalists flagged that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report failed to mention the White-bellied Heron, despite the Lohit basin being a known habitat for the species.
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  UPSC Angle: Environment Ministry grants clearance to Kalai-II Hydropower Project.

  Key Facts:

  • Environmental clearance granted to Kalai-II Hydropower Project
  • Location: Lohit River in Anjaw district, Arunachal Pradesh
  • 1,200 MW run-of-river hydropower project
  • Developed by Tehri Hydro Development Corporation India Limited (THDC) India Limited
  • Environmental concern: EIA report failed to mention the White-bellied Heron
  • Lohit basin known habitat for White-bellied Heron
• 2025-12-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Bar-headed Goose
  The Bar-headed Goose is a migratory bird species known for being one of the highest-flying birds in the world, capable of flying at altitudes of 25,000 feet over the Himalayas. It is native to central Asia and found in countries like India, Pakistan, and Nepal. In India, their range extends from the northeast to the southern parts of the country.
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  UPSC Angle: The Bar-headed Goose is a migratory bird species.

  Key Facts:

  • Migratory bird
  • Can fly at altitudes of 25,000 feet
  • Native to: Central Asia
  • Found in: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Japan
  • Wintering Sites in India: Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu), Pong Dam Lake (Himachal Pradesh), East Calcutta Wetlands
• 2025-07-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Rare Grandala Bird Spotted in Himachal Pradesh
  A Rare 'Grandala', an electric-blue bird, was recently spotted in Sainj Valley, Himachal Pradesh. The Grandala ranges across the northeastern Indian Subcontinent and some adjoining regions, existing primarily in the low-to-mid altitudes of the Himalayas, typically found at elevations between 3,000 to 5,000 meters.
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  UPSC Angle: Grandala bird spotted in Himachal Pradesh; ranges across NE Indian Subcontinent.

  Key Facts:

  • Rare 'Grandala' bird spotted in Sainj Valley, Himachal Pradesh.
  • Ranges across the northeastern Indian Subcontinent and Himalayas.
  • Found at elevations between 3,000 to 5,000 meters.
• 2025-03-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Bar-Headed Goose Sighted in Arunachal Pradesh
  A bar-headed goose, a rare migratory bird, was sighted for the first time in Morshing village, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh. This species is known for its high-altitude migration over the Himalayas.
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  UPSC Angle: Bar-headed goose sighted in Arunachal Pradesh for the first time.

  Key Facts:

  • Species: Bar-Headed Goose
  • Sighting location: Morshing village, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh
  • First sighting in the area
  • Scientific name: Anser indicus
  • Migration: Over the Himalayas
  • IUCN Red List: Least Concern

Ecological Developments in West Bengal

Focus: Items detailing new species discoveries (both native and invasive) and government ecosystem restoration policies specifically in West Bengal.

UPSC Value: Connects specific biodiversity findings (bioindicators, invasive species) with broader state-level environmental governance and restoration efforts.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [Environment & Ecology] — New Marine Worm Species Discovered in West Bengal
  Researchers from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have discovered two new marine worm species (polychaetes), Namalycastis solenotognatha and Nereis dhritiae, from the coasts of West Bengal. Nereis dhritiae is named after the first woman director of ZSI, Dhriti Banerjee. These species were found in areas impacted by human activities and pollution and can serve as vital bioindicators for monitoring coastal health.
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  UPSC Angle: New marine worm species discovered in West Bengal.

  Key Facts:

  • Species: Two new polychaete marine worm species
  • Location: Digha and Bankiput regions of Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal
  • Researchers: Zoological Survey of India in collaboration with international experts
  • Significance: Maintain coastal health, play a major role in nutrient cycling and sediment aeration
  • Species: Namalycastis solenotognatha and Nereis dhritiae
  • Location: Coasts of West Bengal
  • Discovered by: Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)
  • Nereis dhritiae named after: Dhriti Banerjee, first woman director of ZSI
  • Significance: Bioindicators for monitoring coastal health
• 2025-06-11 [Environment & Ecology] — WB Govt Emphasizes Ecosystem Restoration
  West Bengal government officials are calling for partnerships with academia and corporates to combat climate change and biodiversity loss. Prabhat Kumar Mishra, Additional Chief Secretary (Finance), West Bengal government, underscored the significance of the State's 'Nodi Bandhan' initiative in reconnecting rivers and wetlands to mitigate flood risks. The West Bengal government allocated ₹200 crore for the Nodi Bandhan scheme in its Budget 2025-26.
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  UPSC Angle: WB Govt emphasizes ecosystem restoration to combat climate change.

  Key Facts:

  • WB Govt allocated ₹200 crore for the Nodi Bandhan scheme
  • Nodi Bandhan scheme aims to arrest river erosion using hydrological models
  • Corporate investment in ecosystem restoration across the State has been increasing
  • Rising salinity levels and the increasing frequency and intensity of cyclones in the Sundarbans are impacting local communities
• 2025-04-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Small Hive Beetle Discovered in India
  A scientist from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) identified the Small Hive Beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida, in Amdanga, West Bengal. This is the first recorded instance of SHB in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Small Hive Beetle discovered in India, first recorded instance.

  Key Facts:

  • Small Hive Beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida, identified in Amdanga, West Bengal.
  • First recorded instance of SHB in India.

Cyber Threat Landscape and Statistics

Focus: Reports and analyses detailing the statistical rise of cybercrime and the global context, distinct from government policy actions.

UPSC Value: Provides the data points (NCRB stats, global conventions) necessary to understand the magnitude of the internal security challenge.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [Polity & Governance] — Cybercrime and Global Governance Crisis
  India faces a crucial point where institutional autonomy must align with global cooperation to tackle cyber threats, with cyber incidents rising from 10.29 lakh in 2022 to 22.68 lakh in 2024. AI is being used for phishing and fraud, while ransomware attacks combine data theft with extortion. India has not signed the UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024), highlighting the divide between global cyber norms and national priorities.
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  UPSC Angle: Cybercrime and Global Governance Crisis: institutional autonomy vs cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • India has not signed the UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024)
  • Convention proposed by Russia in 2017
  • India participated in negotiations but rejected the final text
  • Concerns over overbroad crime definitions and potential misuse
  • Cyber incidents in India jumped from 10.29 lakh in 2022 to 22.68 lakh in 2024.
  • AI is used as a “force multiplier” for phishing, deepfake-based fraud, and automated malware.
  • 2026 attacks combine sensitive data theft with multi-stage extortion and psychological leverage.
  • India has not signed the UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024).
• 2025-12-05 [Polity & Governance] — Cybercrime Surge in India
  Cybercrime cases in India have sharply increased, rising from 52,000 in 2021 to over 86,000 in 2023, marking an increase of more than 33,000 cases. Cybercrime includes offenses committed using digital devices and networks, such as fraud, identity theft, phishing, ransomware attacks, online harassment, and financial scams.
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  UPSC Angle: Cybercrime cases in India have sharply increased since 2021.

  Key Facts:

  • 52,000: Cybercrime cases in 2021
  • 86,000+: Cybercrime cases in 2023
  • 33,000+: Increase in cybercrime cases from 2021 to 2023
  • NCRB: Source of the Crime in India 2023 report
  • Cybercrime cases: Increased from 52,000 (2021) to 86,000 (2023)
  • NCRB: National Crime Records Bureau
  • Nirbhaya Fund: Used to support 20 states/UTs to improve cyber forensic capacity
• 2025-07-19 [Polity & Governance] — Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)
  The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) was launched by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2020 to provide a comprehensive and coordinated response to cybercrime, including financial frauds. A citizen-centric platform under I4C enables individuals to report cyber frauds online.
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  UPSC Angle: I4C launched in 2020 to coordinate response to cybercrime.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) launched in 2020 by the Ministry of Home Affairs
  • Acts as the national nodal agency to monitor, prevent, and investigate cybercrimes
  • National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal is a citizen-centric platform under I4C

Western Ghats Ecological Governance and Crisis

Focus: Reports and events centering on the ecological fragility, land-use changes, and policy governance of the Western Ghats region.

UPSC Value: The Western Ghats is a critical biodiversity hotspot; understanding the conflict between development (land use) and conservation (Gadgil/Kasturirangan reports) is essential for Environment & Ecology.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Land-use change impacting biodiversity in Western Ghats
  Land-use change is accelerating in the Northern Western Ghats, with large areas being converted into orchards, partly encouraged by government subsidies. Traditional farming systems are breaking down as younger generations move out, leading to land sales to orchard owners or wood loggers, impacting wildlife.
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  UPSC Angle: Land-use change impacting biodiversity in Western Ghats.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Northern Western Ghats
  • Issue: Land-use change accelerating
  • Change: Conversion into orchards
  • Driver: Government subsidies
  • Impact: Traditional farming systems breaking down
  • Cause: Younger generations moving out, land sold to orchard owners/wood loggers
  • Researcher: Vijayan Jithin (study on amphibians)
  • Finding: Frog diversity plummeted when rocky ecosystems converted into rice paddies and orchards
  • IUCN rating: Western Ghats as being of “significant concern” in its 2025 World Heritage Outlook 4 report
• 2026-01-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Madhav Gadgil's Legacy and Death in January 2026
  Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026), an ecologist, passed away in January 2026. He pioneered the concept of India's first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, 1986) and conducted foundational research on Western Ghats ecology, influencing conservation policies, including the Gadgil Committee on Western Ghats.
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  UPSC Angle: Madhav Gadgil: Pioneer of India's first Biosphere Reserve.

  Key Facts:

  • Madhav Gadgil death: January 2026 (1942-2026)
  • Pioneered India's first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, 1986
  • Influenced conservation policies: Gadgil Committee on Western Ghats
• 2025-06-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Western Ghats Carrying Capacity Study
  Karnataka's Minister of Forest, Ecology, and Environment has ordered a study on the carrying capacity of the Western Ghats following landslips during pre-monsoon rains. The Western Ghats are recognized as one of the world's eight 'hottest hotspots' of biodiversity. The Kasturirangan Committee proposed that 37% of the Western Ghats be declared Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA).
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  UPSC Angle: Karnataka orders study on Western Ghats carrying capacity.

  Key Facts:

  • Kasturirangan Committee proposed 37% of Western Ghats be declared Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA).

Grassland Ecosystems: Global Recognition vs. Local Threats

Focus: Contrasts the UN's global prioritization of rangelands (Seed) with specific evidence of rapid grassland habitat loss and degradation in Assam's protected areas (Items 2 & 5).

UPSC Value: Highlights the critical state of neglected grassland biomes often overshadowed by forest-centric conservation in climate policy and NDCs.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Grasslands' Role in Climate Resilience
  The United Nations declared 2026 as the International Year for Rangelands and Pastoralists, highlighting grasslands' importance, which often gets overshadowed by forests in climate negotiations. Grasslands, covering ~40% of Earth's land, support livelihoods, wildlife, and carbon storage. There's a need to integrate grasslands into national climate plans and NDCs, recognizing their role in carbon sequestration and biodiversity.
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  UPSC Angle: UN declares 2026 as International Year for Rangelands and Pastoralists.

  Key Facts:

  • The UN declared 2026 as the International Year for Rangelands and Pastoralists.
  • Grasslands cover ~40% of Earth's land surface.
  • India's current NDC aims to restore degraded lands and build 2.5 to 3 billion tons of CO2 sink.
  • 31% decline in grasslands between 2005 and 2015.
  • Indian grasslands are governed by 18 different ministries, leading to confusion.
• 2025-08-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Odisha's Island-like National Park Dibru-Saikhowa
  A study found that not just invasive plants but also two native species are altering Dibru-Saikhowa National Park's (DSNP) grassland ecosystem. Grasslands in DSNP declined from 28.78% in 2000, replaced by shrubland and degraded forests; the park is the only habitat of feral horses in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Native species altering Dibru-Saikhowa National Park's grassland ecosystem.

  Key Facts:

  • Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP), Assam
  • Only habitat of feral horses in India
  • Grasslands in Flux study
  • Grasslands declined from 28.78% (2000)
  • Shrubland became dominant (81.34 sq. km by 2013)
  • Degraded forests expanded (80.52 sq. km by 2024)
• 2025-07-30 [Environment & Ecology] — Kaziranga Grassland Bird Census Reveals Multiple Threats
  A survey aimed to monitor elusive and rapidly declining grassland bird species, focused on 10 priority species that are either globally threatened or endemic to the Brahmaputra floodplains. In total, 43 species were recorded, including 1 Critically Endangered, 2 Endangered, and 6 Vulnerable species, as per the IUCN Red List. Over the past 40 years, Assam has lost around 70% of its grasslands.
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  UPSC Angle: Kaziranga Grassland Bird Census reveals multiple threats.

  Key Facts:

  • 43 species were recorded, including 1 Critically Endangered, 2 Endangered, and 6 Vulnerable species, as per the IUCN Red List.
  • Over the past 40 years, Assam has lost around 70% of its grasslands.

Mangrove Ecosystems: Schemes, Statistics, and Sanctuaries

Focus: Items specifically focused on the status of India's mangrove cover, government schemes like MISHTI, and key mangrove habitats.

UPSC Value: Connects data from the State of Forest Report with government initiatives (MISHTI) and specific geographical locations (Coringa) relevant to coastal ecology.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
  Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Andhra Pradesh and is part of the Godavari estuary, featuring extensive mangrove and dry deciduous tropical forests, and is the second-largest stretch of mangrove forests in India. It is home to endangered mammals like the Smooth Indian otter and Fishing cat, and provides habitat for various bird species.
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  UPSC Angle: Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is in Andhra Pradesh, part of Godavari estuary.

  Key Facts:

  • Located in Andhra Pradesh
  • Part of the Godavari estuary
  • Second-largest stretch of mangrove forests in India
  • Home to endangered mammals like Smooth Indian otter and Fishing cat
• 2025-07-26 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Mangrove Cover Increase
  According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023, the nation's mangrove cover is now 4,991.68km², which is 0.15% of its land area. There has been an increase of 16.68km² since 2019. The largest mangrove cover is in West Bengal, followed by Gujarat and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
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  UPSC Angle: India's mangrove cover increased by 16.68km² since 2019.

  Key Facts:

  • Mangrove cover: 4,991.68 sq km
  • 0.15% of India's total geographical area
  • Increase of 16.68 sq km since 2019
  • Largest mangrove cover: West Bengal
  • Second largest: Gujarat
  • Third largest: Andaman & Nicobar Islands
• 2025-03-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Gujarat Leads in Mangrove Afforestation under MISHTI Scheme
  Gujarat has been recognized as the national leader in mangrove afforestation, successfully covering 19,020 hectares in two years under the Central Government's MISHTI scheme. The MISHTI scheme, launched on June 5, 2023, aims to restore 540 sq. km of mangrove forests over 5 years (2023-2028) across 9 states and 3 UTs. It aligns with India’s commitment to the Mangrove Alliance for Climate at COP27.
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  UPSC Angle: Gujarat leads in mangrove afforestation under MISHTI scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • 19,020 hectares of mangrove afforestation in Gujarat
  • MISHTI scheme launched on June 5, 2023
  • Target to restore 540 sq. km of mangrove forests over 5 years (2023-2028)
  • Scheme covers 9 states and 3 union territories
  • Funding through MGNREGS, CAMPA Fund, and community participation
  • Aligns with Mangrove Alliance for Climate at COP27 (2022, Egypt)

Ecological Profile and Biodiversity of Dudhwa Tiger Reserve

Focus: Items specifically detailing the geographical features, species counts, and rare wildlife discoveries within the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive case study of a specific Trans-Himalayan protected area's conservation status and biodiversity indicators for Environment and Geography papers.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
  Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is located on the Indo-Nepal border in the Lakhimpur-Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1988 and covers an area of 1,284 sq.km. It includes Dudhwa National Park and two nearby sanctuaries.
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  UPSC Angle: Dudhwa Tiger Reserve located on the Indo-Nepal border in Uttar Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • 1988: Establishment year
  • 1,284 sq. km: Area covered
  • Lakhimpur-Kheri: District in Uttar Pradesh where it is located
  • Sharda River: Flows by Kishanpur WL Sanctuary
  • Geruwa River: Flows through Katerniaghat WL Sanctuary
  • Suheli and Mohana streams: Flow in Dudhwa National Park
• 2025-06-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Butterfly Species
  Dudhwa Tiger Reserve now hosts 180 butterfly species, indicating a healthier ecosystem, alongside 135 tigers, enhancing its biodiversity significance. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is located on the Indo-Nepal border in Uttar Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: Dudhwa Tiger Reserve hosts 180 butterfly species, indicating a healthier ecosystem.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Indo-Nepal border in Uttar Pradesh
  • Butterfly species: 180
  • Tiger count: 135
• 2025-04-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Discovery of Long-Snouted Vine Snake
  A rare long-snouted vine snake (Ahaetulla longirostris) has been rediscovered during a rhino release at Dudhwa Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh. This is the first sighting in Uttar Pradesh and only the second in India, with the first being in Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar.
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  UPSC Angle: Long-snouted vine snake rediscovered at Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.

  Key Facts:

  • Rare long-snouted vine snake (Ahaetulla longirostris) rediscovered
  • Location: Dudhwa Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh
  • First sighting in Uttar Pradesh
  • Second sighting in India, the first being in Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar
  • Snake's usual habitat is in Southeast Asia

Botanical Species Profiles and Scientific Discoveries

Focus: Scientific documentation and discovery of specific plant species, focusing on their unique biological traits, medicinal properties, or evolutionary history.

UPSC Value: Understanding plant biodiversity and paleobotanical history is essential for GS Paper III (Environment) and GS Paper I (Geography), particularly regarding indigenous species and ecological history.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-28 [Science & Technology] — 37,000-Year-Old Bamboo Fossil Discovered in Manipur
  Scientists from BSIP (DST) have discovered a 37,000-year-old thorny bamboo fossil in Manipur's Chirang River sediments, which represents the earliest documented evidence of thorniness in Asian bamboo and offers insights into past vegetation and climate.
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  UPSC Angle: 37,000-year-old bamboo fossil discovered in Manipur.

  Key Facts:

  • 37,000-year-old
  • thorny bamboo fossil
  • Chirang River
  • Manipur
  • BSIP
  • DST
• 2025-11-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Manchurian Walnut Tree
  The Manchurian walnut tree is noted for its medicinal uses, including analgesic, antifungal, and antiparasitic effects. It is cold-resistant down to -45 °C and can grow up to 2 m per year in the first 20 years, reaching 30 m in height with a lifespan of up to 300 years.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Medicinal use: Analgesic, antifungal, antiparasitic
  • Cold resistance: down to -45 °C
  • Growth rate: up to 2 m per year for the first 20 years
  • Life expectancy: up to 300 years
• 2025-07-04 [Environment & Ecology] — New Garcinia Species Found in Assam
  Botanists discovered a new Garcinia species in Assam, named Garciniakusumae. It is a dioecious evergreen tree growing up to 18 meters, flowering from February to April and fruiting between May and June; the fruit has local cultural and medicinal value.
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  UPSC Angle: New Garcinia species (Garciniakusumae) discovered in Assam.

  Key Facts:

  • New Garcinia species
  • Garciniakusumae
  • Assam
  • Dioecious evergreen tree
  • Up to 18 meters tall
  • Flowering: February-April
  • Fruiting: May-June

ZSI Institutional Reporting and Methodology

Focus: Reports and methodological updates (like DNA barcoding) from the Zoological Survey of India that summarize national-level biodiversity data.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the institutional framework and annual progress of biodiversity documentation in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-01 [Environment & Ecology] — Zoological Survey of India: Faunal Discoveries 2024
  The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) documented 683 new faunal discoveries in 2024. This includes 459 new species and 224 newly recorded species in India. Kerala recorded the maximum number of new discoveries with 101 species, followed by Karnataka with 82.
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  UPSC Angle: ZSI documented 683 new faunal discoveries in 2024, including 459 new species.

  Key Facts:

  • 683 new faunal discoveries in 2024
  • 459 new species
  • 224 species newly recorded in India
  • Kerala: 101 discoveries (80 new species, 21 new records)
  • Karnataka: 82 discoveries (68 new species, 14 new records)
  • Version 2.0 of Checklist of Fauna of India released, comprising 1,05,244 species and subspecies
• 2025-06-30 [Environment & Ecology] — New Species Discovered in India
  In June 2025, scientists reported over 10 new species discoveries across India, including a new gecko species (Dravidogecko coonoor) in Tamil Nadu, two new earthworm species (Kanchuria tripuraensis & Kanchuria priyasankari) in Tripura, a new flowering plant (Portulaca bharat) in Rajasthan, a new jumping spider (Spartaeus karigiri) in Karnataka, and a new skink species (Deccan Gracile Skink) in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. These discoveries highlight India's rich biodiversity and the importance of conservation efforts.
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  UPSC Angle: New species discovered in India, including gecko and earthworm species.

  Key Facts:

  • 683 new species added to fauna in 2024 (459 new species, 224 new records)
  • 433 new taxa added to flora in 2024 (410 species, 23 infra-specific taxa)
  • Union Minister Bhupender Yadav released the details in Kolkata
  • Kerala recorded highest number of fauna discoveries (101 species)
  • Karnataka recorded 82 fauna discoveries
  • Tamil Nadu recorded 63 fauna discoveries
  • Kerala recorded highest number of flora discoveries (58)
  • Maharashtra recorded 45 flora discoveries
  • Uttarakhand recorded 40 flora discoveries
  • Plant discoveries include: 154 angiosperms, 4 pteridophytes, 15 bryophytes, 63 lichens, 156 fungi, 32 algae and 9 microbes
  • India has recorded and documented 56,177 species of plants
  • New gecko species: Dravidogecko coonoor (Tamil Nadu)
  • Two new earthworm species: Kanchuria tripuraensis & Kanchuria priyasankari (Tripura)
  • New flowering plant: Portulaca bharat (Rajasthan)
  • New jumping spider: Spartaeus karigiri (Karnataka)
  • New skink species: Deccan Gracile Skink (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana)
• 2025-04-08 [Science & Technology] — DNA barcoding to identify blackfly species
  A new study by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) has used Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) barcoding to correctly identify blackfly species that spread river blindness. River blindness, also called Onchocerciasis, is caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus and spreads through the bite of infected blackflies of the genus Simulium.
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  UPSC Angle: DNA barcoding used to identify blackfly species spreading river blindness.

  Key Facts:

  • Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) used DNA barcoding
  • To identify blackfly species that spread river blindness
  • River blindness is caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus
  • Spreads through the bite of infected blackflies of the genus Simulium