Ecological Governance and Infrastructure Clusters: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India's developmental strategy is evolving from fragmented environmental clearance toward 'Integrated Ecological Governance.' This model attempts to synchronize the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan with high-sensitivity conservation zones. The state is increasingly using 'Cluster-based Infrastructure' (E-waste parks, Biotech hubs, Aqua parks) as a tool to contain industrial footprints within pre-defined zones, while simultaneously expanding the Protected Area (PA) network—particularly in Central India (Madhya Pradesh) and Odisha. However, this creates a 'spatial friction' where linear infrastructure (highways, power lines) cuts through newly notified tiger corridors and Great Indian Bustard (GIB) habitats, forcing a judicial shift toward 'Species-Centric Infrastructure Design' (e.g., mandated underground cabling or elevated animal underpasses).

Cross-Theme Insight

The convergence of threads reveals a 'Two-Speed Governance' model: (1) Rapid-track approvals for specialized industrial parks and defense projects in border/coastal areas, and (2) Heightened judicial and NGT scrutiny for projects in Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs). The expansion of Tiger Reserves (Madhav as the 58th, Veerangana Durgavati) is no longer just about biological conservation but serves as a land-use 'buffer' against unplanned urbanization. The governance of human activities—especially 'Religious Tourism' and 'Defense Infra'—within these PAs represents the new frontier of regulatory friction where national security and cultural rights meet environmental mandates.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (Shankar IAS, p. 212) still emphasize the 6-schedule structure of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972). However, the 2022 Amendment (enforced 2023) has streamlined these into 4 schedules, significantly changing the legal threshold for 'vermin' status and trade in captive elephants. While textbooks define ESZs as a generic 10km buffer, recent Supreme Court mandates (2022-2023) have fixed a 'minimum 1km' rule while allowing for site-specific exemptions, shifting the focus from 'distance-based' to 'activity-based' regulation. Furthermore, the inclusion of the Rhesus Macaque into Schedule II (Item 6) marks a shift from 'extinction risk' to 'conflict management' as the primary driver for scheduling.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The 2025-26 trajectory shows a transition from 'Mitigation' to 'Resilience-by-Design.' Regulatory bodies are moving beyond simply 'blocking' projects; they are now mandating 'Eco-Sensitive Infrastructure' (e.g., elevated corridors in Kaziranga, solar fences in Panna) as a non-negotiable component of the project's financial closure. The role of the NGT has evolved from a 'grievance cell' to a 'proactive auditor' of state-level ESZ dilutions.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC has transitioned from asking about 'National Park locations' (IAS 2010, nid 5275) to the 'Legal implications of protection status' (IAS 2017, nid 5736). Recent focus areas include the statutory basis of ESZs (Environment Protection Act 1986 vs. WPA 1972 - IAS 2014, nid 5441) and the conflict between renewable energy infra and GIB survival (IAS 2020, nid 5846). There is a rising trend in questions regarding 'Statutory Bodies' like NGT (IAS 2018, nid 5749) and their procedural differences from executive bodies like CPCB.

Probable Prelims Angles

• The 4-schedule structure of the 2022 WPA Amendment and the status of CITES species (Schedule IV).
• Statutory basis of ESZs (Section 3 of Environment Protection Act, 1986) vs. National Parks (WPA 1972).
• Location and significance of new Tiger Reserves: Madhav (MP), Veerangana Durgavati (MP), and Similipal upgrades.
• Regulatory bodies for industrial clusters: Roles of MoEFCC vs. State Pollution Control Boards in 'Critically Polluted Areas' (CEPI index).
• The 'Standing Committee of NBWL' as the final clearing house for infra in PAs.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (14 themes, 57 news items)

Environmental Regulatory Friction in Infrastructure Development

Focus: The items illustrate the systemic tension between large-scale infrastructure expansion and environmental regulatory frameworks, specifically highlighting the role of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), and conservation laws in fragile ecological zones.

UPSC Value: This thread is critical for analyzing the 'Environment vs. Development' paradigm, focusing on the legalities of the Forest Conservation Act and the necessity of disaster-resilient planning in sensitive regions like the Himalayas and the Nicobar Islands.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — NGT Upholds Environmental Clearance for Great Nicobar Project
  The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has upheld the environmental clearance for the Great Nicobar Holistic Development project, stating that adequate environmental safeguards are in place. The project, valued at ₹81,834.22 crore, includes an international container transshipment terminal, airport, power plant, and township.
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  UPSC Angle: NGT upholds environmental clearance for Great Nicobar project.

  Key Facts:

  • The project requires 166.10 sq km of land, of which 130.75 sq km is forest land and 84.10 sq km is tribal land.
  • NGT directed authorities to ensure “full and strict” compliance with the conditions listed in the EC.
  • NGT accepted the Zoological Survey of India's submission that there is no major coral reef in one of the affected areas, Galathea Bay.
  • The project requires 166.10 sq km of land
  • 130.75 sq km is forest land
  • 84.10 sq km is tribal land
  • Coral colonies in nearby areas that could be impacted will be carefully relocated under scientific supervision
• 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — NGT Clears Great Nicobar Island Project
  The National Green Tribunal (NGT) cleared the ₹92,000-crore Great Nicobar Island mega-infrastructure project, citing its strategic importance and directing strict compliance with Environmental Clearance (EC) conditions. The project includes a transshipment port, airport, power plant, and township; concerns were raised by environmentalists and indigenous communities about coral reefs and turtle nesting sites.
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  UPSC Angle: NGT cleared Great Nicobar Island project with environmental compliance directions.

  Key Facts:

  • Great Nicobar Project cleared by NGT
  • Project value: ₹80,000 crore
  • Aims to transform Great Nicobar Island into a strategic maritime and economic hub in IOR
  • Project cost: ₹92,000 crore
  • Location: Great Nicobar Island
  • Components: transshipment port, airport, power plant, township
  • Concerns: coral reefs, leatherback turtle nesting sites
  • Environmental Clearance (EC) conditions: strict compliance directed by NGT
  • The National Green Tribunal (NGT) cleared the ₹92,000-crore Great Nicobar Island mega-infrastructure project
• 2026-01-23 [Environment & Ecology] — Environmental Security and Infrastructure Projects
  Ignoring Main Central Thrust (MCT) classification where heavy infrastructure is discouraged and repeated warnings by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) being overlooked can have negative impacts. NMHSE (National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem) principles are contradicted in practice, absence of carrying capacity assessments and weak enforcement of disaster-resilient land-use planning are also concerns. Environmental security = National security in fragile border regions.
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  UPSC Angle: Ignoring MCT classification and NGT warnings can have negative impacts.

  Key Facts:

  • Ignoring Main Central Thrust (MCT) classification where heavy infrastructure is discouraged
  • Repeated warnings by National Green Tribunal (NGT) overlooked
  • NMHSE (National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem) principles contradicted in practice
  • Absence of carrying capacity assessments
  • Weak enforcement of disaster-resilient land-use planning
  • Environmental security = National security in fragile border regions
• 2025-12-10 [Environment & Ecology] — NHPC forest land proposal rejected
  NHPC's proposal to use forest land as collateral for a hydel project was rejected by the government. This decision highlights the complexities of balancing infrastructure development with environmental protection under the Forest Conservation Act.
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  UPSC Angle: NHPC forest land proposal rejected, balancing development with environment.

  Key Facts:

  • NHPC
  • forest land
  • hydel project
  • Forest Conservation Act
• 2025-07-07 [Environment & Ecology] — EIA study for Great Nicobar Infrastructure Project
  The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study for the Great Nicobar Infrastructure Project (GNIP) downplays earthquake and tsunami risks. The project includes a trans-shipment port, an international airport, township development, and a power plant. Concerns exist regarding biodiversity loss and impact on resident tribes.
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  UPSC Angle: EIA study for Great Nicobar project downplays earthquake/tsunami risks.

  Key Facts:

  • The GNIP includes a trans-shipment port, an international airport, township development, and a 450 MVA power plant.
  • The islands were among the worst affected regions during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami-earthquake.
• 2025-04-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Star-rating System for State Environmental Bodies
  The Centre has dropped the star-rating system for state environmental bodies after a legal challenge by a Tamil Nadu fishermen's association, following an order by the National Green Tribunal’s southern bench. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) introduced the system to evaluate State Environmental Impact Assessment Authorities (SEIAAs) based on their efficiency in granting clearances for industrial and infrastructure projects.
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  UPSC Angle: Centre drops star-rating system for state environmental bodies after legal challenge.

  Key Facts:

  • Star-rating system dropped after legal challenge
  • Introduced by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
  • Purpose: Evaluate State Environmental Impact Assessment Authorities (SEIAAs)

Expansion of Protected Wildlife Areas in Madhya Pradesh

Focus: Administrative decisions and notifications establishing or expanding specific wildlife sanctuaries and tiger reserves within Madhya Pradesh.

UPSC Value: Highlights state-specific conservation efforts and the administrative process of upgrading forest divisions to protected sanctuaries.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Madhya Pradesh recognized for its Extensive Protected Forest Network
  Madhya Pradesh is recognized as one of India's most important wildlife strongholds, defined by an extensive and interconnected network of protected forests and conservation landscapes. The state has 11 National Parks, 24 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 9 Tiger Reserves, and 3 Biosphere Reserves.
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  UPSC Angle: Madhya Pradesh recognized for its extensive protected forest network.

  Key Facts:

  • Madhya Pradesh has 11 National Parks
  • 24 Wildlife Sanctuaries
  • 9 Tiger Reserves
  • 3 Biosphere Reserves
• 2026-01-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Wildlife Conservation
  The New Madhav Tiger Reserve declared in Madhya Pradesh; Elephant Reserves increased to 33 in 2025 (up from 26 in 2014).
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  UPSC Angle: New Madhav Tiger Reserve declared; Elephant Reserves increased to 33.

  Key Facts:

  • New Madhav Tiger Reserve declared in Madhya Pradesh
  • Elephant Reserves increased to 33 in 2025 (up from 26 in 2014).
• 2025-10-31 [Environment & Ecology] — Nauradehi Sanctuary to Become Third Home for Cheetahs in Madhya Pradesh
  Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister announced that Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary will become the third home for cheetahs in the state, after Kuno National Park and Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary. Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, spanning over 1,197 sq. km, is one of India's largest sanctuaries and a crucial wildlife corridor in the upper Vindhyan range of Madhya Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: Nauradehi Sanctuary to become third home for cheetahs in Madhya Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary: To become third home for cheetahs in Madhya Pradesh
  • Other cheetah homes in Madhya Pradesh: Kuno National Park and Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary
  • Area of Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary: 1,197 sq. km
  • Location: Upper Vindhyan range of Madhya Pradesh
  • Location across districts: Sagar, Damoh, and Narsinghpur districts of Madhya Pradesh
  • Location between river basins: Yamuna and Narmada
• 2025-04-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Madhya Pradesh Declares Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Abhyaran
  The Madhya Pradesh government has declared 258.64 square kilometers of forest in Sagar district as a wildlife sanctuary named Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Abhyaran, ahead of Dr B R Ambedkar's 134th birth anniversary on April 14. The sanctuary spans across North Sagar forest division, including Banda and Shahgarh forest areas.
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  UPSC Angle: Madhya Pradesh declares Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Abhyaran.

  Key Facts:

  • Sanctuary Name: Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Abhyaran
  • Location: Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh
  • Area: 258.64 square kilometers
  • It is the 25th wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh
• 2025-03-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Madhav National Park Declared India's 58th Tiger Reserve
  The Centre declared Madhav National Park as the 58th Tiger Reserve of India on March 10, 2025, as announced by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav. Madhya Pradesh now has nine tiger reserves, maintaining its title as the "Tiger State of India".
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  UPSC Angle: Madhav National Park declared India's 58th Tiger Reserve.

  Key Facts:

  • Madhav National Park location: Shivpuri district, Chambal region, Madhya Pradesh
  • Established: 1958
  • Area: 354 sq km
  • Tiger reintroduction: Started in 2023
  • Number of tigers reintroduced: Three (including two females)
  • Declared as Tiger Reserve: March 9, 2025
  • 58th Tiger Reserve in India
  • 9th Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh
  • Madhav National Park
  • 58th Tiger Reserve of India
  • Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav
  • March 10, 2025
  • Madhya Pradesh
  • nine tiger reserves

Regulatory Governance of Human Activities in Protected Wildlife Areas

Focus: Legal and administrative frameworks governing human activities, infrastructure, and land-use—including religious sites, defense projects, and tourism—within or adjacent to wildlife sanctuaries and eco-sensitive zones.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing the implementation of the Wildlife Protection Act and Environment Protection Act, specifically regarding the balance between conservation and developmental, strategic, or cultural needs.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Norms set for religious sites in sanctuaries
  An expert panel has established guidelines for religious sites situated within wildlife sanctuaries.
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  UPSC Angle: Expert panel sets norms for religious sites in wildlife sanctuaries.

• 2025-12-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary Eco-Tourism
  Telangana's Mulugu forest officials are introducing safari services in the Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary to promote eco-tourism. The Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary is known for its diverse Deccan Plateau ecosystem and cultural-ecological heritage.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Safari services are being launched for the first time in Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • The sanctuary is located in Telangana.
• 2025-11-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Supreme Court Restricts Tiger Safaris to Non-Forest Land
  The Supreme Court has issued directives to curb ecological damage in tiger reserves, prohibiting tiger safaris inside core tiger habitats and critical areas. Safaris can only be established on non-forest or degraded forest land within buffer zones and must operate with a rescue and rehabilitation center. The Court also banned night tourism and regulated tourism infrastructure in buffer zones.
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  UPSC Angle: SC restricts tiger safaris to non-forest land.

  Key Facts:

  • Tiger safaris are prohibited inside core or critical tiger habitats.
  • Safaris may only be established on non-forest or degraded forest land within buffer zones.
  • Safaris must operate in association with a fully functional rescue and rehabilitation center for tigers.
  • Complete ban on night tourism within tiger reserves.
  • Tourism infrastructure development in buffer areas must comply with ESZ notifications under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
  • No eco-establishment shall be permitted in tiger corridors.
  • Project Tiger (1973) has helped increase the national tiger population to 3,682 as per the 2024 census.
• 2025-07-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Need for Site-Specific ESZ Framework
  The current blanket 10-km norm for Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ) around protected areas is deemed ineffective due to ecological irrationality and developmental restrictions in varied regions. The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 is used to declare ESZs, with guidelines issued by the MoEF & CC in 2011 providing a framework. A standing committee of the National Board of Wildlife has sought to review the eco-sensitive zone guidelines.
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  UPSC Angle: Need for site-specific ESZ framework around protected areas.

  Key Facts:

  • Blanket 10-km norm ineffective
  • Environment (Protection) Act 1986 is used to declare ESZs
  • MoEF & CC issued ESZ guidelines in 2011
  • ESZ could extend up to 10 km around a protected area
  • Standing committee of National Board of Wildlife to review ESZ guidelines
• 2025-07-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Wildlife Panel Approves Defence Projects Near Ladakh and Arunachal
  Thirty defence projects in regions from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh have received approval from a wildlife panel. These projects likely involve infrastructure development and strategic enhancements in sensitive border areas.
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  UPSC Angle: Wildlife panel approves defence projects near Ladakh and Arunachal.

  Key Facts:

  • Ladakh
  • Arunachal Pradesh
  • Defence projects
  • Wildlife panel

Development of Specialized Industrial and Technology Parks

Focus: A pattern of establishing dedicated infrastructure zones (parks) tailored to specific sectors—IT, biotechnology, e-waste, and aquaculture—across different states.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the shift towards sector-specific cluster development and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) as key drivers for regional industrialization and employment.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-05 [Economy] — Technopark's QUAD project construction begins
  Construction is set to commence on Technopark's QUAD project in January 2026, marking a significant advancement in Kerala's IT township development, with presentations from private co-developers scheduled for January 5, 2026. The project aims to create a self-sustained ecosystem integrating office spaces, commercial hubs, and social infrastructure, expecting to generate thousands of jobs and strengthen Thiruvananthapuram's position as a technology destination.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Construction on Technopark's QUAD project to begin in January 2026
  • Presentation of proposals from interested developers on January 5, 2026
  • Project located at Technocity, Pallipuram, on 30-acre non-SEZ IT township
  • Technopark's IT building on 5.5 acres with 8,50,000 sq ft built-up area
  • Estimated cost of Technopark's IT building: over Rs 380 crore
  • Capacity to accommodate nearly 6,000 IT professionals
  • IT building development on 4.5 acres with built-up area ranging from 8,00,000 to 13,50,000 sq ft
  • Commercial building complex on 5.6 acres, with built-up area potential of 9,00,000 to 17,00,000 sq ft
• 2025-12-31 [Economy] — Gujarat State Fermentation Biotech Park
  Gujarat State Fermentation Biotech Park is being established as a Public‑Private Partnership (PPP) involving the Government of Gujarat, the Government of India(GoI), and the Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance (IPA). The total five-year budget of Rs. 300 crore will be shared equally (33.33% each) among the three partners, with the IPA contributing Rs. 25 crore in 2025-26. It will be focused on advanced AI research, development of AI-based products, intellectual property creation, and policy-driven studies.
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  UPSC Angle: Gujarat State Fermentation Biotech Park being established as PPP.

  Key Facts:

  • Gujarat State Fermentation Biotech Park is being established as a Public‑Private Partnership (PPP).
  • Involving the Government of Gujarat, the Government of India(GoI), and the Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance (IPA).
  • Total five-year budget of Rs. 300 crore will be shared equally (33.33% each) among the three partners.
  • The IPA contributing Rs. 25 crore in 2025-26.
  • Focused on advanced AI research, development of AI-based products, intellectual property creation, and policy-driven studies.
• 2025-12-25 [Economy] — Industrial parks as key drivers
  Industrial parks have emerged as a core instrument of India's industrial and innovation strategy, enabling faster manufacturing growth, higher investment, job creation and sustainable development. An industrial park is a planned and demarcated area developed specifically for industrial use, with common facilities like power, water, internal roads, waste management, testing labs, logistics services and security.
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  UPSC Angle: Industrial parks are key drivers of India's industrial strategy.

  Key Facts:

  • Industrial parks mapped: Over 4,500
  • Area covered: 7.70 lakh hectares
  • Initiatives: IILB platform, IPRS 3.0
  • Investment for plug-and-play parks: ₹2,500 crore
  • Industrial park: Planned and demarcated area for industrial use with common facilities
  • Boost: manufacturing, FDI, and sustainable growth
• 2025-07-17 [Agriculture] — Assam Inaugurates First Aqua Tech Park
  Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma inaugurated India's first Aqua Tech Park in Sonapur, near Guwahati, Assam. Established by the NGO Kolong Kopili with support from NABARD and ICAR-CIFA, the park will promote modern fish farming technologies like aquaponics and biofloc system, aiming to boost fish production and farmers’ income in the state. Assam doubled its fish production to 4.99 lakh metric tonnes between 2019 and 2024, becoming the fourth-largest fish-producing state in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Assam inaugurates India's first Aqua Tech Park.

  Key Facts:

  • First Aqua Tech Park in India
  • Location: Sonapur, near Guwahati, Assam
  • Technologies: Aquaponics and biofloc system
  • Established by: NGO Kolong Kopili
  • Support from: NABARD and ICAR-CIFA
  • Assam fish production: 4.99 lakh metric tonnes (2024)
  • India's first Aqua Tech Park inaugurated in Sonapur, Assam.
  • Established by Kolong Kopili with NABARD and ICAR-CIFA support.
  • Promotes aquaponics and biofloc system.
  • Aims to boost fish production and farmers’ income.
  • Assam's fish production: 4.99 lakh metric tonnes (2019-2024).
• 2025-06-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Delhi to get India's first E-Waste Eco Park
  The Delhi government plans to develop India's first integrated E-Waste Eco Park at Holambi Kalan in north-west Delhi. The park will be built under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model and will process up to 51,000 metric tonnes of e-waste annually. The project aims to manage nearly 25% of Delhi's e-waste and create over 1,000 green jobs.
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  UPSC Angle: Delhi to get India's first E-Waste Eco Park at Holambi Kalan.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Holambi Kalan, North-West Delhi
  • Area: 11.4 acres
  • Processing capacity: Up to 51,000 metric tonnes of e-waste annually
  • Developer: Delhi State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (DSIIDC)
  • Development model: Design, Build, Finance, Operate, and Transfer (DBFOT)
  • Concession period: 15 years
  • Employment: Over 1,000 green jobs
  • Model: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
  • Expected job creation: 1,000 green jobs

Wildlife Conservation and Eco-Sensitive Infrastructure

Focus: Infrastructure and administrative strategies for the conservation of India's Tiger Reserves and National Parks, focusing on mitigating human-wildlife conflict and upgrading protection status.

UPSC Value: Relevant for understanding environmental impact assessments and conservation measures in biodiversity hotspots (GS Paper III).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Elevated corridor in Kaziranga National Park
  The Prime Minister of India is scheduled to inaugurate a 34.5-kilometre elevated corridor in Assam's Kaziranga National Park.
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  UPSC Angle: PM to inaugurate elevated corridor in Kaziranga National Park.

  Key Facts:

  • 34. 5-kilometre elevated corridor in Assam's Kaziranga National Park.
• 2025-09-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Elevated Road in Amrabad Tiger Reserve
  A 54-kilometre-long elevated road bridge will take traffic over the Nallamala forests of the Amrabad tiger reserve. This initiative aims to protect forests and wildlife and could become a model for other parts of India.
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  UPSC Angle: Elevated road in Amrabad Tiger Reserve to protect forests.

  Key Facts:

  • 54-kilometre-long elevated road bridge
  • Nallamala forests
  • Amrabad tiger reserve
• 2025-06-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Kaziranga National Park: Home to the Big Five
  Kaziranga National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site famous for hosting the world's largest population of the one-horned rhinoceros and is also home to the Big Five of Kaziranga. The Big Five include One-horned Rhinoceros, Bengal Tiger, Asian Elephant, Wild Water Buffalo, and Swamp Deer.
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  UPSC Angle: Kaziranga National Park: Home to the Big Five.

  Key Facts:

  • Kaziranga is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
  • It hosts the world's largest population of the one-horned rhinoceros.
  • The Big Five of Kaziranga include One-horned Rhinoceros, Bengal Tiger, Asian Elephant, Wild Water Buffalo, and Swamp Deer.
• 2025-04-28 [Environment & Ecology] — Similipal Tiger Reserve Declared National Park
  The Odisha government has officially designated Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) as a national park, encompassing an area of 845.70 square kilometers. This marks it as the 107th national park in India and the second national park in eastern Odisha, following the Bhitarkanika National Park.
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  UPSC Angle: Similipal Tiger Reserve declared National Park, the 107th in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Similipal Tiger Reserve is the 107th national park in India
  • Second national park of Odisha after Bhitarkanika
  • Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
  • Declared National Park
  • Area: 845.70 square kilometers
  • 107th National Park in India
  • Location: Mayurbhanj district, Odisha

Regulation and Management of Ex-Situ Conservation Facilities

Focus: Administrative scrutiny, legal investigations, and scientific development concerning zoos and wildlife rescue centers.

UPSC Value: Highlights the governance framework (CZA, Wildlife Protection Act) and operational challenges in managing captive wildlife institutions.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Probe Ordered into Animal Cruelty at Delhi Zoo
  The Centre has ordered a probe under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 into alleged animal cruelty at the Delhi zoo, raising concerns over zoo management and animal welfare standards.
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  UPSC Angle: Probe ordered into animal cruelty at Delhi Zoo.

  Key Facts:

  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• 2025-11-06 [Environment & Ecology] — CITES advises India to halt imports of endangered species
  A recent CITES verification mission advised India to halt imports of critically endangered species like gorillas and orangutans, citing risks of wild-caught animals being falsely labeled as captive-bred. This move aims to strengthen oversight and prevent illegal wildlife trafficking. CITES is a legally binding international treaty with 185 member nations.
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  UPSC Angle: CITES advises India to halt imports of endangered species.

  Key Facts:

  • CITES
  • Gorillas
  • Orangutans
  • 185 member nations
• 2025-08-26 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court orders SIT probe into Vantara
  The Supreme Court has ordered an inquiry by a Special Investigation Team (SIT) into the affairs of Vantara, the wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre of Reliance Foundation in Gujarat's Jamnagar. The SIT will examine and submit a report on the acquisition of animals from India and abroad, particularly elephants.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court orders SIT probe into Vantara.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court orders SIT inquiry
  • Into Vantara wildlife rescue center
  • Located in Jamnagar, Gujarat
  • Examine animal acquisition, especially elephants
• 2025-06-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Delhi Zoo to establish biobank for conservation
  Delhi Zoo is planning to establish a biobank to collect and preserve genetic material from animals at the zoo as part of a broader effort led by the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) to strengthen ex-situ conservation in Indian zoos. The biobank is expected to follow a model already implemented at the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling.
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  UPSC Angle: Delhi Zoo to establish biobank for ex-situ animal conservation.

  Key Facts:

  • Delhi Zoo to establish a biobank
  • Aims to collect and preserve genetic material
  • Part of Central Zoo Authority (CZA) effort
  • Follows model at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling
  • Samples for research and regulated breeding purposes

Regulatory and Boundary Updates in Protected Areas

Focus: Items focusing on the legal definition, boundary adjustments (ESZ), and governance of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the administrative framework (ESZ notifications, NBWL role) and legal challenges managing Protected Areas.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Bannerghatta National Park ESZ
  The Central Empowered Committee recommended that the Ecologically Sensitive Zone (ESZ) around Bengaluru's Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) should be restored to its original 2016 extent. The park, located near Bangalore, Karnataka, was declared a National Park in 1974. India's first butterfly enclosure was inaugurated at the park in 2006.
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  UPSC Angle: Bannerghatta National Park ESZ restoration recommended.

  Key Facts:

  • CEC recommends restoring original 2016 ESZ around Bannerghatta National Park
  • Undoing the reduced 2020 notification
  • Park is a protected wildlife reserve and biodiversity hotspot
  • ESZ around BNP should be restored to its original 2016 extent
  • Located in the hills of the Anekal range, near Bangalore, Karnataka
  • Declared a National Park in 1974
  • India's first butterfly enclosure was inaugurated in 2006
  • Suvarnamukhi stream runs through the centre of the park
• 2025-05-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Amendment of ESZ around Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary
  The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, ESZ Division, announced an amendment to the Environmental Sensitive Zone (ESZ) around Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary.
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  UPSC Angle: Amendment to ESZ around Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
  • ESZ Division
  • Amendment of ESZ around Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary
• 2025-03-04 [Environment & Ecology] — National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
  The NBWL is the highest advisory body on wildlife conservation in India. It was established under Section 5A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The NBWL was reconstituted in 2022, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife (1952).
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  UPSC Angle: NBWL is the highest advisory body on wildlife conservation in India.

  Key Facts:

  • NBWL is the highest advisory body on wildlife conservation in India
  • Established under Section 5A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
  • Reconstituted in 2022, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife (1952)
• 2025-03-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary
  The High Court issued notices regarding a PIL challenging land acquisition proceedings at Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) Wildlife Sanctuary in Goa. The sanctuary, originally Mollem Game Sanctuary, was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1969 and includes Mollem National Park, covering 240 sq. km.
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  UPSC Angle: Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary in Goa faces land acquisition challenges.

  Key Facts:

  • Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary located in Goa
  • Originally known as Mollem Game Sanctuary
  • Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1969
  • Includes Mollem National Park
  • Covers an area of 240 sq. km

Land Acquisition & Infrastructure Clearance Ecosystem

Focus: Items connecting the demand for infrastructure projects with the legal and environmental processes of acquiring land.

UPSC Value: Connects the macro-economic bottleneck (Seed) with specific legal mechanisms (Item 2), environmental trade-offs (Item 5), and future project pipelines (Item 7).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-08 [Economy] — Centre Creates Three-year PPP Project Pipeline
  The Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) has unveiled a three-year Public Private Partnership (PPP) project pipeline aimed at streamlining infrastructure development across India. The pipeline includes 852 projects across Central Infrastructure Ministries, States, and Union Territories, representing a total estimated cost exceeding ₹17 lakh crore.
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  UPSC Angle: DEA unveils three-year PPP project pipeline for infrastructure development.

  Key Facts:

  • Includes 852 projects across Central Infrastructure Ministries, States, and Union Territories.
  • Represents a total estimated cost exceeding ₹17 lakh crore.
  • Spans sectors such as transport, energy, water management, urban development, and social infrastructure.
  • Department of Economic Affairs (DEA)
  • Three-year Public Private Partnership (PPP) project pipeline
  • 852 projects
  • ₹17 lakh crore estimated cost
  • Sectors: transport, energy, water management, urban development, and social infrastructure
• 2026-01-03 [Economy] — Land Acquisition: Biggest Bottleneck in Infrastructure Development
  Land acquisition has emerged as the single largest bottleneck in infrastructure development, accounting for 35% of project delays, according to the Cabinet Secretary. This was highlighted after the 50th PRAGATI meeting, which is a centralized, ICT-enabled governance platform for grievance redressal, program implementation, and project monitoring. The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act) governs land acquisition in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Land acquisition is biggest bottleneck in infrastructure development.

  Key Facts:

  • Land acquisition accounts for 35% of infrastructure project delays.
  • The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act) governs land acquisition in India.
  • Key features of LARR Act include mandatory Social Impact Assessment (SIA), consent requirements, enhanced compensation, and rehabilitation provisions.
  • PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation) is a monitoring platform for infrastructure projects.
  • Land acquisition accounts for 35% of project delays
  • PRAGATI is a centralized, ICT-enabled governance platform
  • The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act) governs land acquisition
• 2025-07-04 [Polity & Governance] — Extraordinary Gazette of India Published
  The Ministry of Railways, Construction Organization / Central Railway published an E-gazette notification on July 4, 2025, regarding land acquisition under Section 20E. The acquisition is for the Wardha Ballarshah 3rd line project and involves land in Burkoni Ladki, Hinganghat, and Pimpalgaon villages in Wardha district.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Date: 2025-07-04
  • Ministry: Ministry of Railways
  • Department: Construction Organization / Central Railway
  • Subject: Land acquisition under Section 20E
  • Villages: Burkoni Ladki, Hinganghat, and Pimpalgaon
  • District: Wardha
  • Project: Wardha Ballarshah 3rd line
  • Gazette ID: CG-MH-E-09072025-264480
• 2025-03-25 [Environment & Ecology] — Report on Forest Diversion
  From 2014-15 to 2023-24, 1,73,396.87 hectares of forest land were diverted for non-forestry activities, including infrastructure development. During the last three financial years (2021-22 to 2023-24), 59,882.07 hectares were diverted. Madhya Pradesh saw the largest diversion during 2021-24 with 14,157.02 hectares.
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  UPSC Angle: 1,73,396.87 hectares of forest land diverted (2014-2024).

  Key Facts:

  • Total Forest Land Diversion (2014-15 to 2023-24): 1,73,396.87 hectares.
  • Forest Land Diversion (2021-22 to 2023-24): 59,882.07 hectares.
  • Largest State-wise Diversion (2021-24): Madhya Pradesh with 14,157.02 hectares.

Judicial and Administrative Actions on Sanctuary Boundaries

Focus: Official legal mandates, government proposals, and notifications regarding the notification, boundary revision, or Eco-Sensitive Zones of specific wildlife sanctuaries in Q4 2025.

UPSC Value: Highlights the governance mechanisms (SC orders, WPA 1972 notifications) used to define and protect wildlife habitats.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary Notified as Eco-Sensitive Zone
  The central government has notified an area varying from 1 to 2 km from the boundary of Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal as Eco-Sensitive Zone.
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  UPSC Angle: Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary notified as Eco-Sensitive Zone.

  Key Facts:

  • Area: varying from 1 kilometer to 2 km
  • Location: South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal
  • Notification: GSR 5642E dated 5th December 2025, published on 12th December 2025
• 2025-11-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Supreme Court mandates notification of Saranda Forest as Wildlife Sanctuary
  The Supreme Court of India mandated the State of Jharkhand to notify 31,468.25 hectares of Saranda Forest as a Wildlife Sanctuary under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The Court's order, delivered on November 13, 2025, emphasized the constitutional duty to protect the environment and rejected the state's attempt to reduce the area.
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  UPSC Angle: SC mandates notification of Saranda Forest as Wildlife Sanctuary.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court mandated notification of Saranda Forest as Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Area: 31,468.25 hectares
  • State: Jharkhand
  • Act: Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
  • Judgment Date: November 13, 2025
  • Bench: Chief Justice B.R. Gavai, K. Vinod Chandran
  • Citation: 2025 INSC 1311
  • Article 48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution
  • Wildlife Institute of India's 2025 report
• 2025-10-30 [Environment & Ecology] — Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary Expansion
  The Central Government has received a proposal to revise and expand the boundaries of the Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh to enhance wildlife protection and improve ecological conservation in the region. It's situated in Ladakh, near the border with Jammu & Kashmir, north of Hemis National Park and east of Deosai National Park (Pakistan), and is part of the Karakoram mountain range.
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  UPSC Angle: Proposal to expand Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh for wildlife protection.

  Key Facts:

  • Proposal to revise and expand the boundaries of the Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Located in Ladakh
  • Near the border with Jammu & Kashmir
  • North of Hemis National Park
  • East of Deosai National Park (Pakistan)
• 2025-10-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Saranda Forest Sanctuary
  The Supreme Court directed the Jharkhand government to give an undertaking to notify roughly 314.68 sq km (31,468.25 ha) as a wildlife sanctuary in the Saranda forest (West Singhbhum).
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court directs notification of Saranda forest sanctuary.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court directed the Jharkhand government to notify Saranda forest as a wildlife sanctuary
  • Area: roughly 314.68 sq km (31,468.25 ha)
  • Location: West Singhbhum

In-Situ Wildlife Protection and Monitoring Initiatives

Focus: Updates regarding legal scheduling, threat assessment, and monitoring infrastructure for wild species in their natural habitats.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking species-specific conservation status (IUCN, WPA Schedules) and field management techniques.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Threats to Indian Sea Cows
  Dugongs (Dugong dugon), also known as sea cows, are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. A recent IUCN report has highlighted that India's dugong populations face severe risks due to human-induced pressures. They are found primarily in the Gulf of Mannar–Palk Bay, the Gulf of Kutch, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
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  UPSC Angle: Dugongs (sea cows) are vulnerable, protected under Wildlife Protection Act.

  Key Facts:

  • Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List
  • Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
  • Found primarily in the Gulf of Mannar–Palk Bay, the Gulf of Kutch, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands
• 2025-11-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Rhesus Macaque to be Protected under Wildlife Act
  The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has proposed the re-inclusion of Rhesus Macaque monkeys under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. This aims to provide statutory protection, enforcement against illegal capture, and regulation for scientific management.
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  UPSC Angle: Rhesus Macaque to be protected under Schedule II of Wildlife Act, 1972.

  Key Facts:

  • Rhesus Macaque reinstated under Schedule II of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
  • Strengthens legal safeguards against hunting, trade, and mistreatment
  • Rhesus Macaque to be re-included under Schedule II of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
  • Headed by: Union Environment Minister
  • Requires Chief Wildlife Wardens to prepare conservation/management plans
  • Recommendations sent to: Central Zoo Authority and National Tiger Conservation Authority
• 2025-10-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Wildlife Rescue Report
  In October 2025, the Animal Protector Program supported and rescued 37 wild animals, including reptiles, birds, small mammals, and an Indian One-Horned Rhino. The rescues were conducted during flood-related emergencies in North Bengal and human–wildlife conflict in expanding settlements.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Animal Protector Program
  • 37 wild animals rescued
  • Indian One-Horned Rhino rescued
  • Rescues during flood-related emergencies in North Bengal
  • Date: 10 October 2025
  • Location: Pundibari, Coochbehar
• 2025-04-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary Installs Camera Traps
  Delhi’s forest and wildlife department is set to install 45 motion-based camera traps across the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary in the coming weeks to collect data on wildlife. The sanctuary is located in the South Delhi Ridge of the Aravalli hill range on the Delhi-Haryana border and has biodiversity significance as it merges with the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
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  UPSC Angle: Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary installs camera traps.

  Key Facts:

  • 45 motion-based camera traps will be installed in Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary.

Mining Regulations and Ecological Conflicts

Focus: Legal, administrative, and social conflicts arising from resource extraction (mining) in ecologically sensitive areas.

UPSC Value: Useful for GS-3 (Environment/EIA) to understand the trade-offs between economic activities like mining and ecological/tribal welfare.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Environmental destruction impacting Oraon Adivasi Tribe in Jharkhand
  Mining and industrial projects in Jharkhand have devastated local ecosystems, impacting the Oraon Adivasi Tribe's livelihoods, food security, and health. Major causes include mining, industrial pollution, commercial logging and dams.
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  UPSC Angle: Environmental destruction impacting Oraon Adivasi Tribe in Jharkhand.

  Key Facts:

  • Environmental destruction impacting Oraon Adivasi Tribe of Jharkhand
  • Major causes: Mining and quarrying, industrial pollution, commercial logging, dams and infrastructure projects
• 2025-12-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Discussion on ecology of Aravalli hills
  The Union Environment Ministry stated that the ecology of the Aravalli hills remains under robust protection, with mining permissible on only 0.19% of the total area of 1.44 lakh square kilometers. A new definition identifies landforms rising at least 100 meters from the local profile as Aravalli Hills, excluding areas less than 100 meters.
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  UPSC Angle: Ecology of Aravalli hills remains under robust protection.

  Key Facts:

  • Mining would be permissible in only 0.19% of Aravalli’s total expanse of 1.44 lakh square kilometers.
  • New definition identifies all landforms rising at least 100 meters from the local profile as Aravalli Hills
  • If two hills are less than 500 meters apart, the intervening stretch will also be counted as part of the range.
• 2025-12-09 [Polity & Governance] — Tamil Nadu accuses ED of concealing facts in river sand mining case
  The Tamil Nadu government has accused the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) of misrepresenting and concealing vital facts, and deliberately attempting to suppress the sequence of events in a writ petition filed in the Madras High Court, seeking a direction to the State police to register FIRs on the basis of information shared by it regarding river sand mining offences.
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  UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu accuses ED of concealing facts in river sand mining case.

  Key Facts:

  • Tamil Nadu government
  • Directorate of Enforcement (ED)
  • Madras High Court
  • First Information Reports (FIRs)
  • river sand mining offences

Regulatory and Fiscal Framework for SEZs and Electricity

Focus: Legal and policy developments concerning the operational rules of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and the constitutional classification and taxation of electricity.

UPSC Value: Connects industrial policy (SEZ rules) with constitutional interpretation of essential resources (electricity) and fiscal federalism.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-06 [Economy] — Supreme Court on Customs Duty on SEZ Electricity
  The Supreme Court has held that customs duty cannot be levied on electricity supplied from a Special Economic Zone (SEZ).
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court: No customs duty on SEZ electricity.

  Key Facts:

  • Customs duty cannot be levied on electricity supplied from a Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
• 2025-08-10 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Says Electricity is a Public Good and Material Resource
  The Supreme Court has declared electricity as a public good and material resource.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court says electricity is a public good and material resource.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court
  • electricity
  • public good
  • material resource
• 2025-06-16 [Economy] — Relaxed SEZ Rules to Boost Semiconductor Manufacturing
  The Indian government has relaxed key provisions of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Rules, 2006, to encourage domestic manufacturing of semiconductors and electronics. The amended rules, notified by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in June 2025, aim to reduce import dependence and enhance technological self-reliance. SEZs no longer need to have “encumbrance-free” land if the land is mortgaged or leased to Central/State governments or their agencies.
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  UPSC Angle: Relaxed SEZ rules to boost semiconductor manufacturing.

  Key Facts:

  • Relaxed provisions of SEZ Rules, 2006
  • Objective: Encourage semiconductor and electronics manufacturing
  • SEZ Act passed in 2005
  • SEZ Rules passed in 2006
  • Amendments announced on June 9, 2025, by Ministry of Commerce
  • Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
  • Ministry of Commerce and Industry
  • June 2025
  • Rule 7 Amendment
  • Easing of Encumbrance Norms
  • semiconductor
  • electronics

Great Indian Bustard: Legal and Infrastructure Conflict

Focus: A specific cluster focusing on the conflict between renewable energy infrastructure and the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard, highlighting judicial intervention.

UPSC Value: Highlights the tension between development (renewable energy goals) and conservation, and the Supreme Court's evolving jurisprudence on environmental duties (CSR).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-20 [Environment & Ecology] — Supreme Court Emphasizes Environmental Protection in CSR
  The Supreme Court of India ruled that corporates have a fundamental duty to protect the ecosystem, emphasizing that Corporate Social Responsibility must include environmental responsibility, especially for protecting endangered species such as the Great Indian Bustard. This ruling arose from petitions concerning threats to the Great Indian Bustard due to infrastructure and power projects. Corporates must bear costs under polluter pays principle.
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  UPSC Angle: SC emphasizes environmental protection in CSR, including ecosystem responsibility.

  Key Facts:

  • Mandatory spending: Minimum 2% of average net profits
  • CSR Committee: Board-level committee to plan and monitor CSR policy
  • Schedule VII activities: CSR spending must align with approved areas such as education, health, environment, rural development, etc
  • Disclosure norms: Details of CSR policy, spending, and unspent amounts must be disclosed in the Board's Report
  • Environmental inclusion: Protection of ecology, biodiversity, and wildlife is an intrinsic CSR duty, not optional
  • Great Indian Bustard IUCN status: Critically Endangered
  • Major States: Rajasthan (largest population), Gujarat, small numbers in Maharashtra, Karnataka
  • Threats: Power transmission lines, habitat loss, renewable and non-renewable energy projects, mining
  • Protected under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
• 2025-11-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Supreme Court emphasizes need to save Great Indian Bustard
  The Great Indian Bustard (GIB) returned to spotlight after Supreme Court Justice P.S. Narasimha observed that Western-origin environmental doctrines like “inter-generational equity” are inadequate to save critically endangered species. The Great Indian Bustard is one of the heaviest flying birds in the world, endemic to the Indian subcontinent.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court emphasizes need to save Great Indian Bustard.

  Key Facts:

  • The Great Indian Bustard (GIB) is one of the heaviest flying birds in the world
  • Endemic to the Indian subcontinent
  • Survives mainly in the Thar Desert (Rajasthan) and parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka
• 2025-08-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Wind energy expansion in India raises concerns over bird deaths
  India's addition of 3.5 GW of wind power in early 2025, marking an 82% annual growth, is tempered by concerns raised in a Wildlife Institute of India (WII) study about increasing bird deaths near wind turbines in Rajasthan's Thar Desert. The study highlights the ecological impact of renewable energy development, particularly on endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard.
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  UPSC Angle: Wind energy expansion raises concerns over bird deaths.

  Key Facts:

  • Estimated 4,464 bird deaths per 1,000 sq. km per year in Rajasthan's Thar Desert
  • Study conducted over a 3,000 sq. km area in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
  • 124 bird carcasses found near 90 wind turbines
  • India added 3.5 GW of wind power in early 2025, an 82% annual growth.
  • A WII study in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, studied 90 wind turbines across a 3,000 sq. km area.
  • The WII study found 124 bird carcasses and estimated 4,464 bird deaths per 1,000 sq. km per year.
  • No bird deaths were recorded in control sites without turbines.
  • Critically endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard are at risk.

Protected Area Governance & Controversies

Focus: Conflicts involving the denotification or degradation of wildlife sanctuaries and protected areas for infrastructure projects.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the tension between development projects and the legal framework (Wildlife Protection Act) meant to conserve sensitive ecosystems.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-02 [Environment & Ecology] — NGT Addresses Sahibi River Transformation and Tree Protection
  The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is seeking answers regarding the transformation of the Sahibi River into the Najafgarh Drain and is reviewing the CPCB's report on tree protection, seeking responses from states.
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  UPSC Angle: NGT addresses Sahibi River transformation and tree protection.

  Key Facts:

  • NGT demands answers on Sahibi River's transformation into Najafgarh Drain.
  • Case number 627 of 2022, Praash Yadav versus State of Hana.
  • NGT reviews CPCB's report on tree protection.
  • NGT seeks responses from states.
• 2025-07-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Controversy Surrounds Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary
  The Karnataka state government is facing environmental controversy for allegedly violating the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, by approving a proposal to denotify nearly 300 sq. km of the Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary. The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is criticized for not ensuring compensatory protected land. The denotification could fragment animal corridors, threaten keystone species, and reduce climate resilience.
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  UPSC Angle: Controversy Surrounds Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary denotification.

  Key Facts:

  • Karnataka state government approved a proposal to denotify nearly 300 sq. km of Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Violates Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  • National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) failed to ensure compensatory protected land.
• 2025-03-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Mega Infrastructure Project on Great Nicobar Island
  A proposed ₹80,000 crore mega infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island (GNI), spearheaded by NITI Aayog, raises environmental concerns. The project includes a transshipment terminal in Galathea Bay, an airport, a township, and a tourism project with a gas-powered plant, which will destroy 130 sq km of primary tropical rainforest, leading to biodiversity loss. The Galathea Bay Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), designated for marine turtle conservation in 1997, was denotified in 2021 for the port.
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  UPSC Angle: Great Nicobar Island project includes transshipment terminal, raises environmental concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • Project cost: ₹80,000 crore
  • Location: Great Nicobar Island (GNI)
  • Spearheaded by: NITI Aayog
  • Primary tropical rainforest destruction: 130 sq km
  • Galathea Bay Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) denotified: 2021
  • Rs 80,000 crore
  • Great Nicobar Island
  • NITI Aayog
  • 130 sq km
  • Galathea Bay Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Marine Turtle Action Plan (2021)
  • Galathea Bay WLS denotified in 2021