Frontier Security and Global Energy Shifts: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is navigating a complex 'two-front' strategic environment where traditional territorial sovereignty (Shaksgam, CPEC) intersects with non-traditional threats like Chinese 'hydrological-aggression' and Arctic expansion. Simultaneously, New Delhi's 'Neighborhood First' policy is being militarized through niche-tech drills (UAVs/AI) to counter-balance the China-Pakistan nexus. Globally, India is doubling down on strategic autonomy, exemplified by skipping non-institutionalized BRICS drills while managing the economic volatility of high crude prices and global trade wars.

Cross-Theme Insight

The threads reveal that India's internal security in J&K is no longer just a tactical domestic issue but a coordinated legal and diplomatic offensive; the designation of TRF by the US and the conviction of separatists under UAPA (Thread 6, 15) mirror the external rejection of third-party mediation (Thread 4). This 'Legal-Kinetic' pincer movement aims to delegitimize the cross-border terror ecosystem while maintaining high-intensity counter-insurgency operations. Furthermore, the resumption of Pakistan-Bangladesh air links (Thread 10) suggests a changing regional connectivity landscape that India must monitor as part of its 'Neighborhood First' oversight.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

While standard texts like Majid Husain (Geography of India, p. 86) focus on India's opposition to CPEC based on 'sovereignty and territorial integrity,' current reality has expanded this to active rejection of third-party mediation (China/US) and specific claims on the Shaksgam Valley (2026-01-10). Additionally, while textbooks define OPEC purely as an economic cartel (Nitin Singhania, p. 548), the current geopolitical stress in Venezuela (Thread 5) and the US military's 'modern Monroe Doctrine' approach highlight that energy security is now inseparable from international law and state survival.

How This Theme Is Evolving

In 2025-2026, Indian military diplomacy has shifted from generic 'confidence-building' to 'technological interoperability' (AI/UAVs in Surya Kiran XIX). There is also a clear trajectory of 'Strategic Decoupling' from BRICS-led security initiatives that are perceived as being hijacked by a Chinese agenda, favoring bilateral autonomy instead.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Security operations in J&K are a recurring theme, with CDS 2024 (NID 13183) testing 'Operation Sarvashakti'. Bilateral exercises are frequently tested in CDS (2025, 2023) and NDA (2019), specifically naming exercises like Surya Kiran and IMBEX. GS-2 Mains often asks about India's neighborhood policy and the 'China-Pakistan' nexus, aligning with the current focus on CPEC and Shaksgam.

Probable Prelims Angles

• The 1963 China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement and its impact on Shaksgam Valley.
• OPEC+ vs OPEC membership: Identification of non-OPEC members like Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mexico.
• UAPA Provisions: Criteria for designating 'Foreign Terrorist Organizations' (FTO) and 'Specially Designated Global Terrorists' (SDGT).
• Hydrological Data Sharing: Status of treaties with China regarding the Brahmaputra (Yarlung Tsangpo).
• Economic Indicators: Composition of the HSBC Flash India Composite Output Index (PMI).

Mains Answer Framework

• India's foreign policy is increasingly defined by 'issue-based alignments' where strategic autonomy is preserved amidst a hardening China-Pakistan axis and volatile global energy markets.
• Militarization of Diplomacy: Using exercises like Surya Kiran (Nepal) and Ekuverin (Maldives) to build a 'Neighborhood First' security net.. Sovereignty as a Red Line: Rejection of third-party mediation on J&K and the legal challenge to the Shaksgam Valley cession.. Economic Vulnerability: Analyzing how OPEC+ production cuts and US-China trade wars directly impact India's PMI and current account deficit.
• India must balance its regional hard-power stance with resilient economic hedging and multi-vector diplomacy to secure its 'Polar Great Power' aspirations by 2030.

Essay Connections

• 'Sovereignty in the age of global interdependence': Use the Shaksgam Valley and CPEC rejection as case studies of prioritizing integrity over regional economic convenience.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Laxmikanth's Foreign Policy chapter to understand 'Strategic Autonomy'. Then, read Majid Husain on CPEC to ground the sovereignty debate. Finally, integrate the current news items on BRICS-Plus and Shaksgam to see how these principles are applied in 2026.

Textbook Roadmap

• Geography of India, Majid Husain, Chapter 16, p. 86. Thread 4 (CPEC and Shaksgam Valley). Detailed section on One Belt One Road (OBOR) and India's objections.
• Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania, Chapter 18, p. 548. Threads 3 & 5 (OPEC+ and Venezuela). OPEC membership history and objectives.
• Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth, Chapter 88, p. 608. Thread 1 & 11 (Strategic Autonomy). Foundational principles of India's Foreign Policy.

Revision Bullets

• Shaksgam Valley: Ceded by Pakistan to China in the 1963 Boundary Agreement.
• Exercise SURYAKIRAN XIX (2025): India-Nepal joint drill in Pithoragarh focusing on AI/UAVs.
• TRF (The Resistance Front): Designated as FTO/SDGT by the US; offshoot of LeT.
• Venezuela: Holds ~17% of world oil reserves, largest globally.
• OPEC+: Includes 10 non-OPEC members like Russia, Oman, and Kazakhstan.
• UAPA Conviction: Asiya Andrabi convicted for conspiracy to wage war against India (2026-01-15).
• PMI Index: Composite Output Index dropped to 59.9 in Nov 2025.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (16 themes, 64 news items)

Tactical Counter-Insurgency Operations in Jammu and Kashmir

Focus: Specific field operations, cordon-and-search activities, and direct encounters between security forces and militants across various districts of Jammu and Kashmir.

UPSC Value: Understanding the tactical execution of internal security operations and the geographical distribution of militant activity is crucial for analyzing India's counter-insurgency framework.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-24 [Defense & Security] — Top JeM terrorist killed in encounter in J&K
  Security forces in Jammu and Kashmir eliminated a top Pakistani terrorist linked to Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) in Kathua district on January 23, 2026. The operation took place in Billawar town, according to the Inspector General of Police, Jammu range, Bhim Sen Tuti.
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  UPSC Angle: Top JeM terrorist killed in encounter in J&K.

  Key Facts:

  • A top Pakistani terrorist linked to Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) was killed on January 23, 2026.
  • The encounter occurred in the Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • The operation took place in Billawar town.
  • Bhim Sen Tuti, Inspector General of Police, Jammu range, confirmed the killing.
• 2026-01-19 [Defense & Security] — Search operations resume to hunt down terrorists in Kishtwar
  Security forces resumed their search operation on Monday (January 19, 2026) to track down terrorists believed to be hiding in the upper reaches of Jammu and Kashmir's Kishtwar district. The operation was launched in Sonnar village near Mandral-Singhpora in the Chatroo belt on Sunday, leading to a gunfight that left eight soldiers injured.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Search operation resumed in Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir
  • Operation in Sonnar village near Mandral-Singhpora, Chatroo belt
  • Eight soldiers injured in gunfight on Sunday
• 2025-12-30 [Defense & Security] — Security forces launch search operations in Kishtwar, Poonch
  Security forces initiated cordon and search operations in the border areas and mountainous regions of Poonch and Kishtwar districts in Jammu and Kashmir as part of increased anti-terror measures after receiving information about the presence of two terrorist groups operating in the Doda-Kishtwar forest areas.
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  UPSC Angle: Security forces launch search operations in Kishtwar, Poonch.

  Key Facts:

  • Security forces launched operations in Poonch and Kishtwar districts of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Operations followed inputs about two terrorist groups in Doda-Kishtwar forests.
• 2025-07-28 [Defense & Security] — Operation Mahadev: Joint Forces Neutralize LeT Terrorists Near Srinagar
  Operation Mahadev, conducted on July 27-28, 2025, resulted in the Indian Army, CRPF, and J&K Police killing three Pakistani Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) terrorists in the Lidwas area near Harwan, on the outskirts of Srinagar. The operation involved a coordinated effort by multiple forces, including the 24 Rashtriya Rifles and 4 PARA (Special Forces), and utilized drone surveillance and multi-layered intelligence.
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  UPSC Angle: Operation Mahadev: Joint forces neutralize LeT terrorists near Srinagar.

  Key Facts:

  • Operation Mahadev launched after technical surveillance related to terrorist attacks on July 28, 2025
  • Location: Lidwas area near Dara and Harwan in Jammu and Kashmir
  • Forces Involved: Indian Army (24 RR & 4 PARA), CRPF, J&K Police
  • Outcome: 3 Pakistani LeT terrorists neutralized
  • One terrorist identified as Jibran, involved in the Sonamarg Tunnel Attack (October 2023)
• 2025-05-18 [Society & Culture] — Joint UN Global Road Safety Week
  The eighth UN Global Road Safety Week was observed from May 12-18, 2025, with the theme "#MakeWalkingSafe #MakeCyclingSafe". The Indian Army conducted an anti-terrorism operation named Operation Kellar in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • UN Global Road Safety Week: May 12-18, 2025
  • Theme: #MakeWalkingSafe #MakeCyclingSafe
  • Operation Kellar: Conducted by Indian Army in Shopian, J&K

Global Oil Supply Dynamics and Geopolitics

Focus: Analysis of major global oil power blocs (OPEC+, BRICS) and reserve holders (Venezuela), focusing on production policies and geopolitical risks.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the supply-side geopolitics of energy, the influence of non-Western alliances like BRICS/OPEC+, and the strategic significance of Venezuela's reserves.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-06 [Economy] — OPEC+ Maintains Oil Production to Stabilize Global Markets
  OPEC+ will maintain steady oil production through the first quarter of 2026 to support market stability. Steady OPEC+ output sustains high crude prices, keeping India's current account deficit near 1% of GDP. Restricted supply from OPEC+ and US tariffs erode the Russian oil discount arbitrage for Indian refiners.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Decision: OPEC+ will keep oil production steady through Q1 2026
  • Impact on India: Keeps India's current account deficit near 1% of GDP
  • Impact on India: Erodes Russian oil discount for Indian refiners
• 2026-01-05 [International Relations] — UN concerned about Venezuela instability
  The UN Secretary-General expressed deep concern over potential instability in Venezuela and the US military operation's lack of respect for international law. He urged inclusive dialogue among Venezuelan actors and called on the international community to act in solidarity to promote peaceful coexistence.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • UN Secretary-General remains deeply concerned about the possible intensification of instability in Venezuela
  • UN Secretary-General concerned that the US operation in Venezuela did not respect international law – and in particular the UN Charter
  • At the start of 2026, some 7.9 million people in Venezuela were found to need urgent support
• 2026-01-04 [Geography] — Venezuela's Oil Reserves
  Venezuela has the largest oil reserves, holding about 17% of the world's oil reserves.
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  UPSC Angle: Venezuela has the largest oil reserves.

  Key Facts:

  • Venezuela's share of world oil reserves: ~17%
• 2025-11-05 [International Relations] — BRICS Expansion and Global Impact
  BRICS now accounts for 45% of the world's population and 37.3% of global GDP, surpassing the EU's 14.5% and the G7's 29.3%. With Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE joining, BRICS accounts for around 44% of global crude oil production, positioning it as a key player in ensuring energy security and influencing oil prices and supply chains. Indonesia joined BRICS in 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: BRICS accounts for 37.3% of global GDP.

  Key Facts:

  • 45%: BRICS share of world population
  • 37.3%: BRICS share of global GDP
  • 44%: BRICS share of global crude oil production
  • Iran, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, and Ethiopia: Joined BRICS in 2024
  • Indonesia: Joined BRICS in 2025
  • New Development Bank (2014): Key initiatives of BRICS
  • Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Key initiatives of BRICS
  • BRICS Grain Exchange: Key initiatives of BRICS
  • BRICS Rapid Information Security Channel: Key initiatives of BRICS
  • STI Framework Programme (2015): Key initiatives of BRICS
• 2025-08-04 [Economy] — OPEC+ to increase oil production
  The OPEC+ alliance has announced it will increase oil production by 547,000 barrels per day (bpd) starting in September 2025. OPEC+ is an alliance of OPEC, having 22 members, made up of 10 major, non-OPEC oil producing countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Brunei, Bahrain, Mexico, Oman, South Sudan, Sudan and Malaysia), along with the 12 OPEC members. It was formed in 2016 after the adoption of the 'Algiers Accord' by OPEC countries and signing of the 'Vienna Agreement' between OPEC and other major oil exporting countries.
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  UPSC Angle: OPEC+ to increase oil production by 547,000 bpd.

  Key Facts:

  • OPEC+ will increase oil production by 547,000 barrels per day (bpd) starting in September 2025
  • Total output hike is around 2.5 million bpd
  • OPEC+ controls nearly 48% of global oil output
  • Formed in 2016 after the adoption of the 'Algiers Accord' and signing of the 'Vienna Agreement'
  • OPEC+ alliance will increase oil production by 547,000 barrels per day (bpd) starting in September, 2025.
  • OPEC+ has 22 members.
  • It includes 10 non-OPEC oil producing countries and the 12 OPEC members.
  • It was formed in 2016 after the adoption of the 'Algiers Accord' and signing of the 'Vienna Agreement'.

Global Energy Security & Geopolitics

Focus: The interplay of oil reserves, strategic chokepoints, and sanctions involving major producers like Iran and Venezuela.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding how regional conflicts and US interventionism impact global energy supply chains and prices.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-05 [International Relations] — US Military Action in Venezuela: Implications for International Law
  The U.S. military intervention in Venezuela, including the capture of President Nicolás Maduro, has raised concerns about violations of international law and national sovereignty, with critics viewing it as a resurgence of U.S. imperialism under a modern interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. justified its actions by citing instability in Venezuela, the presence of rival global powers, and the need to control Venezuela's oil sector, which holds the world's largest proven crude oil reserves. China has urged the U.S. to reverse its actions.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • U.S. forces captured Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro in January 2026.
  • President Trump described the operation as a modern update of the Monroe Doctrine.
  • Venezuela holds the world's largest proven oil reserves, estimated at over 300 billion barrels.
  • Venezuela produces only around 1 million barrels per day, about 0.8% of global output.
  • China has urged the U.S. to reverse its actions.
• 2025-07-04 [Economy] — India Explores Oil and Gas Reserves Near Andaman Islands
  India is actively exploring vast offshore areas near the Andaman Islands, with early indicators showing potential for large-scale oil and gas reserves. ONGC and Oil India Ltd are leading exploration under the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP).
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  UPSC Angle: India explores oil and gas reserves near Andaman Islands.

  Key Facts:

  • Andaman Islands
  • Oil and gas reserves
  • ONGC
  • Oil India Ltd
  • Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP)
• 2025-06-20 [Economy] — Increase in Oil Prices Amidst Iran-Israel Tensions
  Tensions between Iran and Israel in mid-June 2025 led to a spike in global oil prices. The Brent crude futures surged by nearly 9% on June 13 to $75.65 per barrel, peaking at $78.50, a near five-month high.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Brent crude futures surged nearly 9% on June 13
  • Price reached $75.65 per barrel, peaking at $78.50
  • Near five-month high
• 2025-06-18 [International Relations] — Strait of Hormuz: Geopolitical Significance
  Amidst ongoing conflict, Iran has threatened potential closure of the Strait of Hormuz, a critical waterway between Iran and Oman. It connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Approximately 20% of the world's oil supply passes through it, with nearly 83% destined for Asian markets, including much of India's oil and LNG imports.
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  UPSC Angle: Strait of Hormuz's geopolitical significance amid Iran-related tensions.

  Key Facts:

  • Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
  • 20% of the world's oil supply passes through it.
  • 83% of the oil passing through the strait is destined for Asian markets.
• 2025-04-12 [International Relations] — US sanctions UAE-based Indian for supplying Iranian oil
  The United States has imposed sanctions on an Indian individual based in the UAE and his four companies for allegedly supplying Iranian oil. This action underscores the US's efforts to enforce sanctions against Iran and disrupt its oil trade networks, with implications for individuals and entities involved.
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  UPSC Angle: US sanctions UAE-based Indian for supplying Iranian oil.

  Key Facts:

  • Countries: US, UAE, Iran
  • Entity sanctioned: UAE-based Indian individual and 4 companies

Impact of Global Geopolitical & Macroeconomic Stressors

Focus: Market downturns and economic indicators driven specifically by external global factors (China trade wars, Middle East conflict, global demand) rather than domestic policy.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the vulnerability of Indian markets and economic metrics (like PMI and EM rankings) to external global shocks.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-27 [Economy] — India drops to sixth among emerging markets in December 2025
  India slipped to the sixth position on Mint's emerging market tracker in December 2025. Weakness across multiple external indicators dragged its composite score lower despite continued strength in broader economic growth and manufacturing activity.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • India slipped to the sixth position on Mint's emerging market tracker in December 2025.
• 2025-11-21 [Economy] — India's Flash PMI Falls to 6-Month Low
  The HSBC Flash India Composite Output Index fell to a six-month low of 59.9 in November 2025, down from 60.4 in October, indicating a cooling demand momentum in the manufacturing and services sectors. Rates of increase for new orders and business activity retreated to their slowest since May. Input costs rose at the weakest rate in nearly five-and-a-half years, while output charge inflation eased to an eight-month low.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • HSBC Flash India Composite Output Index
  • Fell to 59.9 in November
  • From 60.4 in October
  • Manufacturing activity fell to a nine-month low of 57.4
  • Services rose to 59.5
  • HSBC Flash India Composite Output Index: 59.9 in November 2025 (down from 60.4 in October)
  • Input costs: rose at the weakest rate in nearly five-and-a-half years
  • Output charge inflation: eased to an eight-month low
• 2025-06-13 [Economy] — Market decline amid geopolitical tensions
  Indian equity benchmarks experienced downward pressure due to weak global cues and foreign institutional outflows, triggered by heightened geopolitical tensions following Israel's military strike on Iran. The Sensex closed 573 points lower, and the Nifty50 ended below 24,750.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Sensex settled 573 pts lower
  • Nifty below 24,750
  • Israel's military strike on Iran increased risk aversion
  • Rupee plummets 61 paise to 86.15 against US dollar
  • Gold futures smash through Rs 1 lakh mark to hit new all-time high
  • India VIX spikes over 10% to a low of 14.02
• 2025-04-17 [Economy] — Stock Market Update: Nifty 50 and Bank Nifty
  On Wednesday, the Nifty 50 index closed at 23,437.20, up by 0.47%, while the Bank Nifty index closed 1.47% higher at 53,117.75. Shrikant Chouhan of Kotak Securities noted Nifty 50 could maintain positive momentum until 23,500. Globally, markets are consolidating due to tariff tensions, with the US increasing tariffs to 245% on Chinese goods.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Nifty 50: 23,437.20 (+0.47%)
  • Bank Nifty: 53,117.75 (+1.47%)
  • US increasing tariffs to 245% on Chinese goods
• 2025-04-07 [Economy] — Indian Stock Market Plummets Amid Global Economic Tensions
  On April 7, 2025, the Indian stock market experienced a dramatic collapse due to escalating trade wars led by the United States, with the Sensex crashing nearly 4,000 points and the Nifty 50 dropping below 21,750. Investor wealth erosion amounted to ₹19 lakh crore, and the India VIX jumped 52%, indicating extreme investor fear. The decline is mainly attributed to fears of a possible U.S. recession, compounded by recent tariff actions and China's retaliation.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Sensex crashed nearly 4,000 points
  • Nifty 50 dropped below 21,750
  • BSE Midcap & Smallcap fell as much as 10%
  • India VIX jumped 52%, reaching a value of 21
  • Investor wealth erosion: Market capitalization of BSE-listed firms fell by ₹19 lakh crore, from ₹403 lakh crore to ₹384 lakh crore
  • US imposed a 54% tariff on Chinese goods, Beijing responded with 34% tariff on US imports
  • Nifty IT index fell around 7.5% to 31,002.05
  • Coforge fell by 9.50% to ₹5,980
  • HCL Technologies fell 7.04% to ₹1,321.95
  • Infosys fell 5.28%
  • L&T Technology Services fell 6.24%
  • LTIMindtree fell 4.30%
  • JPMorgan predicts tariffs could shrink U.S. GDP by 0.3% this year and increase unemployment

Civil Aviation and Airspace in Pakistan's Regional Geopolitics

Focus: The use of civil air connectivity and airspace access as tools for either diplomatic rapprochement or tactical maneuvering in regional conflicts.

UPSC Value: Examines the intersection of civil infrastructure and national security, highlighting how aviation serves as a barometer for diplomatic relations in South Asia.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-30 [International Relations] — Bangladesh and Pakistan resume direct air connectivity after 14 years
  Bangladesh and Pakistan have officially resumed direct air connectivity after a 14-year hiatus, marking a major thaw in their relationship, with the first flight landing in Karachi on January 30, 2026. Bangladesh's national carrier will operate non-stop flights twice a week, on Thursdays and Saturdays, under a provisional license valid until March 30. This rapprochement follows a change in government in Bangladesh in August 2024.
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  UPSC Angle: Bangladesh and Pakistan resume direct air connectivity after 14 years.

  Key Facts:

  • Direct air connectivity resumed between Bangladesh and Pakistan after 14 years
  • First flight landed in Karachi on January 30, 2026
  • Biman Bangladesh Airlines will operate non-stop flights twice a week (Thursdays and Saturdays)
  • Provisional license valid until March 30
  • Rapprochement follows the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government in August 2024
• 2025-08-23 [International Relations] — Airspace Closure for Pakistan Extended
  India has extended the closure of its airspace for Pakistan-registered aircraft and aircraft operated/owned or leased by Pakistan airlines/operators, including military flights, until September 24, 2025. Pakistan has also extended the closure of its airspace for Indian aircraft until the same date.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Airspace closure extended to: September 24, 2025
  • Applicable to: Pakistan-registered and operated aircraft
• 2025-05-23 [International Relations] — India Extends Airspace Closure for Pakistan Airlines
  India has extended the closure of its airspace for flights operated by Pakistan airlines until June 23, 2025, following the Palgam terror attack. This ban, initially imposed on April 30, continues as part of measures against Pakistan. Pakistan has reciprocated by extending its airspace closure for Indian-registered aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: India extends airspace closure for Pakistan airlines.

  Key Facts:

  • India extended the airspace closure for Pakistan airlines until June 23, 2025.
  • The ban was initially imposed on April 30.
  • The decision was made in response to the Palgam terror attack.
• 2025-05-09 [International Relations] — MEA Briefing: Pakistan Using Civil Airliners as Shield
  During a MEA briefing on May 9, 2025, Colonel Vyomika Singh stated that Pakistan was using civil airliners as a shield during its attacks, knowing that India would respond. Despite launching an unprovoked attack on May 7, Pakistan did not close its civil airspace, endangering unsuspecting civil airliners.
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  UPSC Angle: MEA alleges Pakistan using civil airliners as shield.

  Key Facts:

  • Pakistan launched an unprovoked drone and missile attack on May 7, 2025, at 2030 hours.
  • Pakistan did not close its civil airspace during the attacks.
  • Colonel Vyomika Singh highlighted the use of civil airliners as shields.

Chinese Military Expansionism and Regional Strategic Counter-Posturing

Focus: Military exercises and strategic deployments by China, along with the direct policy and defense responses from regional powers like Japan.

UPSC Value: Understanding the security dynamics of the Indo-Pacific and the strategic challenges posed by China's multi-directional military posturing.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [International Relations] — China's Military Exercise Around Taiwan
  China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) conducted a large-scale military exercise around Taiwan named 'Justice Mission-2025'. This exercise demonstrates China's resolve to defend its sovereignty and national unity, serving as a warning to Taiwanese separatist forces and foreign interference, particularly the USA.
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  UPSC Angle: China's military exercise around Taiwan.

  Key Facts:

  • The military exercise was named 'Justice Mission-2025'.
• 2025-11-06 [International Relations] — Japan's Response to Potential Chinese Action Against Taiwan
  Prime Minister Takaichi of Japan stated on November 6, 2025, that if China uses force against Taiwan, Japan might consider it a threat to its survival and could deploy its Self-Defense Forces (SDF) with U.S. forces in response. This stance is based on the 2015 security legislation passed under Abe, which allows Japan to use its SDF with other national militaries if Japan's survival is threatened.
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  UPSC Angle: Japan's response to potential Chinese action against Taiwan.

  Key Facts:

  • Statement by Prime Minister Takaichi on November 6, 2025
  • Response to potential Chinese use of force against Taiwan
  • Based on 2015 security legislation passed under Abe
  • Japan could consider deploying SDF with U.S. forces
• 2025-08-04 [International Relations] — China and Russia Conduct "Joint Sea-2025" Drills
  China and Russia began “Joint Sea-2025” naval drills in the Sea of Japan near Vladivostok. The three-day exercises involve operations like submarine rescue and anti-submarine warfare.
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  UPSC Angle: China and Russia conduct "Joint Sea-2025" naval drills.

  Key Facts:

  • “Joint Sea-2025” naval drills in the Sea of Japan
  • Three-day exercises near Vladivostok
  • Involve submarine rescue and anti-submarine warfare
• 2025-03-14 [Defense & Security] — China Enhances Surveillance with Radar Deployment Near India
  China's deployment of a Large Phased Array Radar (LPAR) in Yunnan, near Myanmar, significantly boosts its surveillance capabilities with a range exceeding 5,000km. This radar aims to monitor the Indian Ocean and Indian Territory, including missile testing sites, posing a threat to India's national security.
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  UPSC Angle: China enhances surveillance with radar deployment near India.

  Key Facts:

  • Deployment of Large Phased Array Radar (LPAR) in Yunnan
  • Range: Exceeding 5,000km
  • Objective: Monitoring the Indian Ocean & Indian Territory
  • Threat to India's missile development program

Crackdown on Kashmiri Separatist Groups

Focus: Administrative, legal, and international actions (bans, convictions, property attachments) specifically targeting separatist factions and terror outfits operating in Jammu & Kashmir.

UPSC Value: Highlights the multi-pronged approach (financial, legal, and diplomatic) used to dismantle terror ecosystems in J&K.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Defense & Security] — Kashmiri Separatist Convicted Under UAPA
  A Delhi court convicted Kashmiri separatist Asiya Andrabi and two associates under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) for conspiracy to wage war against the government and leading a terrorist organization. This conviction underscores India's efforts to combat terrorism and maintain national security in the region.
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  UPSC Angle: UAPA conviction for conspiracy against the government.

  Key Facts:

  • Asiya Andrabi
  • Kashmiri separatist
  • Convicted under UAPA
  • Conspiracy to wage war
  • Leading a terrorist organization
• 2025-10-04 [Defense & Security] — J&K Police Attach TRF Commander's Property Under UAPA
  The Jammu and Kashmir Police attached a three-storey house belonging to Sajad Gul, a senior 'commander' of The Resistance Front (TRF), under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). The property is located in the HMT area of Srinagar and is built on approximately 4083.75 square feet of land.
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  UPSC Angle: J&K Police attach TRF commander's property under UAPA.

  Key Facts:

  • Jammu and Kashmir Police
  • Sajad Gul
  • The Resistance Front (TRF)
  • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)
  • Srinagar
  • HMT area
  • 15 marlas
  • 4083.75 square feet
• 2025-07-19 [International Relations] — US Designates The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Terrorist Organization
  The United States designated The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT). TRF, an offshoot of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), claimed responsibility for the April 22 Pahalgam attack in South Kashmir, which resulted in 26 deaths. The designation aims to isolate the group globally by freezing its assets and restricting international operations.
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  UPSC Angle: US designates The Resistance Front (TRF) as terrorist organization.

  Key Facts:

  • The Resistance Front (TRF) designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) by the U.S.
  • TRF is an offshoot of Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)
  • TRF claimed responsibility for the April 22 Pahalgam attack in South Kashmir, killing 26 people
  • TRF formed shortly after the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019
  • TRF announced its existence via Telegram on October 12, 2019
  • Current TRF chief is Sheikh Sajjad Gul
  • TRF relies on LeT's operational, logistical, and financial support
  • India banned TRF in January 2023 under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), 1967
  • The Resistance Front (TRF) is now on the US terror list.
• 2025-03-15 [Polity & Governance] — Ministry Designates Group in J&K as Illegal Association
  The Ministry of Home Affairs has designated a group located in J&K as an illegal association under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967, placing a 5-year restriction on its operations. The UAPA Act aims to prohibit unlawful activities and confront acts of terrorism.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: MHA designates group in J&K as illegal under UAPA 1967.

  Key Facts:

  • Act: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967
  • Restriction period: 5 years
  • Region: J&K

Chinese Multi-Vector Strategic Pressure on India

Focus: China's use of diverse domains—including military deployment, neighborhood diplomacy, hydrological control, and Arctic environmental impact—to challenge Indian security and resource stability.

UPSC Value: Crucial for analyzing the comprehensive nature of the China-India rivalry, highlighting how non-traditional security threats like climate and water data are integrated into geopolitical competition.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [International Relations] — China's Growing Influence in the Arctic Region
  China's growing activities in the Arctic region are impacting global geopolitics, economics, and the environment. China aims to become a 'Polar Great Power' by 2030, with increasing strategic and military cooperation with Russia. The melting of Arctic ice is linked to India's monsoon cycle, and China's industrial activities could negatively impact Indian agriculture.
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  UPSC Angle: China's growing influence in the Arctic region.

  Key Facts:

  • Goal: Become a 'Polar Great Power' by 2030
  • Partnership: Growing with Russia
  • Impact on India: Affects monsoon cycle and agriculture
  • Arctic Resources: Eyes oil, gas, and rare earth metals
• 2025-06-28 [International Relations] — India's New Challenge: China-led Trilateral Nexus
  China is making a strategic push to consolidate its influence in South Asia through trilateral dialogues with Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, aiming to expand BRI projects and use Pakistan to complicate India's neighborhood strategy. These emerging trilaterals are strategic mechanisms for Beijing to expand its geopolitical leverage, with China driving the agenda.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: China-led trilateral nexus challenges India in South Asia.

  Key Facts:

  • China hosted the first China-Pakistan-Bangladesh trilateral dialogue in Kunming.
  • China also held a China-Pakistan-Afghanistan meeting.
  • Pakistan gains strategic relevance and economic aid from China.
  • Bangladesh & Afghanistan seek Chinese infrastructure investments and political assurances.
• 2025-06-08 [International Relations] — India's Strategy on Brahmaputra River
  India is focusing on strengthening scientific assessment and monitoring, enhancing diplomatic engagement, and establishing robust data-sharing mechanisms to address the Brahmaputra issue. Continuous diplomatic efforts are needed to secure hydrological and project-specific data from China for informed downstream impact assessments. India should push for formal data-sharing protocols with China to ensure early warnings, improve disaster preparedness, and reduce flood-related risks.
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  UPSC Angle: India's strategy on Brahmaputra River: assessment, diplomacy, data.

  Key Facts:

  • India must invest in detailed, multi-disciplinary studies to evaluate the impact of upstream interventions and develop adaptive, evidence-based strategies.
  • Continuous diplomatic efforts are needed to secure hydrological and project-specific data from China for informed downstream impact assessments.
  • India should push for formal data-sharing protocols with China to ensure early warnings, improve disaster preparedness, and reduce flood-related risks.
  • India needs to invest in multi-disciplinary studies to evaluate the impact of upstream interventions.
  • Continuous diplomatic efforts are needed to secure hydrological and project-specific data from China.
  • India should push for formal data-sharing protocols with China.
• 2025-04-10 [International Relations] — Understanding India's China conundrum
  The article discusses China's growing military capabilities and influence in India's neighborhood, which raises concerns for India's national security and foreign policy. China's increased defense budget by 7.2% in March, almost three times more than India's, and the deployment of over one lakh troops with heavy weapons in the Himalayan region are key points of concern.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Analysis of China's military growth and its impact on India.

  Key Facts:

  • China's defence budget increased by 7.2% in March 2025
  • Over one lakh troops deployed in the Himalayan region
  • China increasing presence in countries close to India, like Bangladesh

Sovereignty and the China-Pakistan Nexus

Focus: India's systematic rejection of third-party mediation (US/China) and opposition to the China-Pakistan strategic and territorial collusion.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's 'red lines' on sovereignty, adherence to the Shimla Agreement's bilateralism, and the diplomatic management of the two-front threat.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-10 [International Relations] — India Reiterates Shaksgam Valley Claim
  India has reiterated that Shaksgam Valley is part of its sovereign territory and rejected the 1963 China–Pakistan Boundary Agreement, also reaffirming its opposition to the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as it passes through Indian territory under illegal occupation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India reiterates Shaksgam Valley claim.

  Key Facts:

  • Shaksgam Valley is part of India's sovereign territory
  • Rejection of 1963 China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement
  • Agreement called illegal and invalid
  • Opposition to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
  • CPEC passes through Indian territory under illegal occupation
  • Rejection of 1963 China–Pakistan Boundary Agreement
• 2026-01-01 [International Relations] — India rejects third-party mediation on Kashmir
  India has rejected any third-party mediation, including China's, on issues between India and Pakistan, particularly concerning Kashmir. India maintains that any understanding or ceasefire with Pakistan was agreed upon bilaterally.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's consistent stance against third-party mediation on Kashmir.

  Key Facts:

  • Shimla agreement was signed between India and Pakistan after the 1971 war.
  • China claimed to have mediated the end to conflict between India and Pakistan, which India rebuffed.
• 2025-07-05 [International Relations] — China aided Pakistan in conflict with India
  According to Reuters, China provided Pakistan with 'live inputs' during a conflict with India. This highlights the ongoing security challenges and tensions in the region involving India, Pakistan, and China.
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  UPSC Angle: China aided Pakistan in conflict with India, impacting regional security.

  Key Facts:

  • China helped Pakistan with 'live inputs' in conflict with India
  • Source: Sakshi Dayal, Reuters
  • Date: July 4, 2025
• 2025-06-19 [International Relations] — India will never accept a mediation: PM to Trump
  PM Modi told President Trump that India does not and will never accept mediation. There is complete political consensus in India across party lines on rejecting external mediation. Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri conveyed this message through an official statement from PM's aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: India will never accept mediation: PM to Trump.

Neighborhood First: Counter-Terrorism and Army Drills

Focus: Bilateral land and special forces exercises with immediate neighbors and Central Asian partners focusing on counter-insurgency.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the 'Neighborhood First' policy in action through military-to-military cooperation on shared security threats.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-18 [International Relations] — Exercise Ekatha 2025 Between India and Maldives
  The eighth edition of Exercise Ekatha 2025 between India and Maldives, aims to improve operational synergy in maritime and littoral environments by addressing shared regional maritime security challenges. It aligns with India's vision of Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth for All in the Region (MAHASAGAR) and the Neighbourhood First Policy. The activities included technical and combat diving, boarding operations, firing drills, demolition and explosive handling, asymmetric warfare tactics, and special heli-borne operation drills.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise Ekatha 2025 between India and Maldives improves maritime synergy.

  Key Facts:

  • It was the eighth edition of the Exercise.
  • The exercise was first instituted in 2017 with the objective of strengthening maritime cooperation between India and Maldives.
• 2025-12-01 [Defense & Security] — India, Maldives to Conduct Joint Military Exercise
  The 14th edition of the annual bilateral Exercise EKUVERIN between the Indian Army and the Maldives National Defence Forces will be conducted from 02 to 15 December 2025 in Kerala. The exercise aims to enhance interoperability in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in various terrains.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Exercise EKUVERIN 2025 (India-Maldives) focuses on joint military training.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise EKUVERIN 2025 will be held from December 2-15, 2025.
  • Location: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
  • Participants: Indian Army and Maldives National Defence Forces.
• 2025-11-26 [Defense & Security] — India & Nepal Conduct Hi-Tech Joint Military Exercise
  The Indian and Nepalese armies commenced the 19th joint military exercise, "Exercise SURYAKIRAN XIX - 2025," in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, from November 25 to December 8, 2025. This 14-day exercise will incorporate niche technologies like Unmanned Aerial Systems, AI, and unmanned vehicles for counter-terrorism training.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India & Nepal conduct joint military exercise SURYAKIRAN XIX - 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Edition: 19th
  • Location: Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand
  • Participating nations: India & Nepal
  • Dates: From 25 November to 8 December 2025
  • Exercise SURYAKIRAN XIX - 2025
  • Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand
  • November 25 to December 8, 2025
  • 14-day exercise
  • 19th edition
  • Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
  • AI-enabled decision support tools
  • Unmanned logistic vehicles
  • Armoured protection platforms
• 2025-03-23 [Defense & Security] — Exercise DUSTLIK-6 Concludes
  The joint military exercise between India and Uzbekistan, Exercise DUSTLIK-6, concludes on March 23, 2025, in Kyrgyzstan.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise DUSTLIK-6 between India and Uzbekistan concludes.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise DUSTLIK-6
  • India
  • Uzbekistan
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • 10th Mar – 23rd Mar 2025

Scrutiny of Pakistan's Financial and Terrorist Nexus

Focus: Items focusing on the intersection of international aid, financial accountability, and state-sponsored terrorism in Pakistan.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India-Pakistan relations and the role of international watchdogs like FATF in addressing cross-border terror financing.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-15 [Defense & Security] — LeT Diverting Flood-Aid Funds
  The Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is reportedly diverting funds meant for flood relief to rebuild its Muridke headquarters, which was damaged in airstrikes. This diversion of funds raises concerns about terror financing and the misuse of humanitarian aid.
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  UPSC Angle: LeT diverting flood-aid funds raises concerns about terrorism financing.

  Key Facts:

  • LeT diverting flood aid to rebuild Muridke HQ
• 2025-05-30 [International Relations] — Rajnath Singh: Hand over Saeed, Azhar if serious about talks
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh stated on May 30, 2025, that if Pakistan is serious about holding talks with India, it should first hand over Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) chief Hafiz Saeed and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) founder Masood Azhar.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Demand: Handover of Hafiz Saeed (LeT chief) and Masood Azhar (JeM founder)
  • Statement by: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
  • Context: India-Pakistan talks
• 2025-05-29 [International Relations] — Editorial Discusses Global Financial Aid to Pakistan
  An Indian Express editorial questions whether global financial aid to Pakistan encourages reform or dependency, noting that institutions like the IMF and World Bank continue lending despite poor reforms. The editorial critiques the impact of loans on social development, suggesting aid often funds elites or defense rather than the poor.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • IMF
  • World Bank
• 2025-05-24 [International Relations] — India submits dossier to FATF to re-list Pakistan
  India is submitting a dossier to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), urging the re-listing of Pakistan in the grey list due to non-compliance with previous commitments on terror financing and money laundering. The FATF is an intergovernmental watchdog established to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction.
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  UPSC Angle: India's efforts to re-list Pakistan in FATF grey list.

  Key Facts:

  • FATF: Financial Action Task Force
  • Pakistan was on the grey list between 2018 and 2022.
  • India will point to the non-compliance of certain provisions that Pakistan had promised to adhere to when it was taken off the FATF grey list in 2022.

India's Strategic and Diplomatic Pushback against Chinese Assertiveness

Focus: Official Indian responses to Chinese territorial claims, nomenclature changes, and interference in Tibetan spiritual matters.

UPSC Value: Highlights the multi-dimensional nature of the India-China conflict, spanning territorial sovereignty, diplomatic rebuttals, and cultural-religious domains.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-21 [International Relations] — MEA addresses Nepal's Lipulekh claim
  India has dismissed allegations by Bangladesh that Awami League-linked offices in Kolkata and New Delhi were involved in anti-Bangladesh activities, the Ministry of External Affairs called Dhaka's charge misplaced, stressing that no such activities permitted from Indian soil. MEA rejected Nepal's objection to resumption of India-China border trade through the Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand, stating that Kathmandu’s arguments are not based on “historical facts”.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • MEA rejects Nepal's claims over Lipulekh after India, China restart trade through border points
  • MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said, “As regards territorial claims, our position remains that such claims are neither justified nor based on historical facts and evidence. Any unilateral artificial enlargement of territorial claims is untenable,”
• 2025-07-04 [International Relations] — Centre rebuts China on Dalai Lama's reincarnation
  The central government has issued a strong rebuttal to China, asserting that the Dalai Lama's reincarnation is his decision.
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  UPSC Angle: India's rebuttal to China on Dalai Lama's reincarnation reflects diplomatic stance.

  Key Facts:

  • Centre's rebuttal to China on Dalai Lama
• 2025-06-03 [International Relations] — Trust-building with China on, but LAC vigilance essential, says Army Chief
  Even as trust-building measures with China continue, vigilance along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) remains essential, according to the Army Chief.
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  UPSC Angle: Vigilance along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) remains essential.

  Key Facts:

  • Trust-building with China is ongoing
  • Vigilance on LAC is essential
• 2025-05-15 [International Relations] — India protests China renaming places in Arunachal Pradesh
  India has lodged a protest against China for renaming places in Arunachal Pradesh, a move seen as a continuation of the ongoing border dispute between the two nations. This action reflects the strained relationship and differing perspectives on territorial claims.
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  UPSC Angle: India protests China renaming places in Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Issue: China renaming places in Arunachal Pradesh
  • Context: India-China Boundary dispute
  • Related: Strategic relevance of Tawang

Strategic Signaling and Bloc-Building through Military Exercises

Focus: Large-scale military drills conducted by Russia and Iran, either independently or within the BRICS+ framework, to project power and demonstrate deterrence against Western-aligned interests.

UPSC Value: Understanding the emergence of a non-Western security architecture and the challenges it poses to India's policy of strategic autonomy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Defense & Security] — India Skips BRICS Plus Naval Exercise
  India decided to skip the BRICS Plus naval exercise “Will for Peace 2026” hosted by South Africa. New Delhi clarified that such drills are not institutionalised BRICS activities and reflected a considered political choice amid evolving geopolitics, maintaining strategic autonomy.
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  UPSC Angle: India skipped BRICS Plus naval exercise “Will for Peace 2026”.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Name: Will for Peace 2026
  • Host: South Africa
  • Participants: Selected BRICS members and invited partner countries
  • The exercise features active naval participation from Russia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and South Africa
  • India skipped the BRICS Plus naval exercise “Will for Peace 2026”.
  • The exercise was hosted by South Africa.
  • The exercise was led by China.
  • Participants included Russia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and South Africa.
• 2025-09-15 [International Relations] — Russia Conducts Zapad Military Drills
  Russia has conducted "Zapad" joint military drills with Belarus, featuring a Zircon hypersonic cruise missile launch in the Barents Sea. The exercises are described as defensive and aim to enhance coordination.
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  UPSC Angle: Russia conducts Zapad military drills; implications for regional security.

  Key Facts:

  • Russia
  • Zapad
  • military drills
  • Belarus
  • Zircon
  • hypersonic cruise missile
  • Barents Sea
• 2025-08-22 [Defense & Security] — Iran Conducts "Sustainable Power 1404" Exercise
  Iran conducted its first large-scale military drill since the 12-day war with Israel in June 2025, named "Sustainable Power 1404". The two-day missile drill follows Iran's recent joint exercise named Casarex 2025 with Russia and comes in response to Israeli drills simulating strikes on Iranian nuclear sites. Precision-strike cruise missiles such as Nasir and Qadir were deployed to enhance combat readiness and deterrence.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • The exercise is named "Sustainable Power 1404".
  • It is Iran's first large-scale military drill since the 12-day war with Israel in June 2025.
  • The exercise is a response to Israeli drills simulating strikes on Iranian nuclear sites.

Strategic Fluidity and Bloc Politics in Eurasia

Focus: Examination of the formation, structural limitations, and regional impacts of non-Western strategic alignments (RIC, Axis of Upheaval) involving Russia, China, and their neighbors.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the shift toward multipolarity and the complexities India faces in balancing relations within overlapping Eurasian power structures (GS Paper II).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-23 [International Relations] — India's Foreign Policy Toward Pakistan
  Pakistan remains one of India's most persistent strategic challenges due to its geopolitical location, military power, and network of alliances, which allow it to remain relevant to major powers and sustain its disruptive capacity in regional politics. Understanding these structural sources of Pakistan's leverage is crucial for shaping India's long-term foreign policy.
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  UPSC Angle: India's strategic challenges with Pakistan due to geopolitics and military power.

  Key Facts:

  • Pakistan borders Afghanistan, Iran, China, and India
• 2025-06-26 [International Relations] — NATO's Role in Eurasian Geopolitics
  An editorial discusses global power alliances, highlighting that the so-called 'Axis of Upheaval' made up of Iran, Russia, and China is really just a loose group without any formal military treaties like NATO. The recent U.S.-Israel attack on Iran's nuclear sites and the weak ceasefire that followed have shown that today's global alliances are not very strong or united.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Axis of Upheaval: Iran, Russia, and China – loose group without formal military treaties like NATO
  • Global Alliances: Not as strong or united as they appear
  • Triggering Event: U.S.-Israel attack on Iran's nuclear sites and weak ceasefire
• 2025-05-31 [International Relations] — Russia Pushes for Revival of Russia-India-China (RIC) Trilateral Format
  Russia is actively pushing for the revival of the Russia-India-China (RIC) trilateral format, a strategic dialogue dormant for nearly five years. Initiated in the late 1990s by Yevgeny Primakov, the RIC format was conceived as a counterweight to Western dominance. The format lost momentum after the 2020 Galwan Valley incident.
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  UPSC Angle: Russia pushes for revival of Russia-India-China (RIC) trilateral format.

  Key Facts:

  • RIC format initiated in the late 1990s by Yevgeny Primakov.
  • Over 20 ministerial-level meetings were facilitated.
  • The format lost momentum following the 2020 Galwan Valley incident.

State Self-Defense and International Accountability

Focus: These items examine the diplomatic and legal friction between states asserting a right to military self-defense and international or bilateral condemnations based on sovereignty and humanitarian law.

UPSC Value: Studying these together helps in understanding the complexities of International Humanitarian Law and the evolving nature of India's diplomatic responses to global security crises.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-19 [International Relations] — India Condemns Israeli Bombing in Doha
  India has condemned Israel's bombing in Doha, Qatar, where Hamas leaders were reportedly meeting, marking a shift from its previous muted stances on Israeli operations. India reiterated its condemnation of the violation of Qatar's sovereignty.
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  UPSC Angle: India condemns Israeli bombing in Doha, Qatar.

  Key Facts:

  • India condemned Israel's bombing in Doha, Qatar.
  • Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) bombed a home in Doha, Qatar.
  • Israel PM Netanyahu claimed the strike was “justified,” accusing Qatar of “harbouring and funding” Hamas operatives.
  • India condemned the violation of the sovereignty of Qatar.
• 2025-09-18 [International Relations] — UN Report Accuses Israel of Genocide in Gaza
  A UN commission has concluded that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, accusing leaders, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, of incitement; the panel, led by Navi Pillay, found Israeli forces guilty of four of the five genocidal acts under the 1948 Genocide Convention. Israel rejected the findings as “distorted and false,” demanding the commission's abolition, while the Israeli military launched a new ground offensive in Gaza City. The 1948 Genocide Convention is the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948.
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  UPSC Angle: UN commission accuses Israel of genocide in Gaza.

  Key Facts:

  • UN Commission of Inquiry
  • Israel
  • Gaza
  • genocide
  • Benjamin Netanyahu
  • Navi Pillay
  • 1948 Genocide Convention
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG)
  • killing
  • causing serious harm
  • creating destructive living conditions
  • preventing births
  • December 9, 1948
• 2025-05-23 [International Relations] — India Slams Pakistan at UNSC over Terrorism
  India has criticized Pakistan at the UN Security Council, citing decades of Pakistani-sponsored terrorist attacks, including the 26/11 Mumbai attacks and the recent mass murder in Pelgam. India's representative to the UN, Ambassador Parvatani Harish, accused the Pakistani army of deliberately shelling border villages, targeting places of worship, and causing civilian casualties. Germany supported India and condemned the Behelgam terror attack, affirming India's right to defend itself.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's stance on Pakistan-sponsored terrorism at the UNSC.

  Key Facts:

  • India's permanent representative to the UN, Ambassador Parvatani Harish, made the comments at the UN Security Council open debate.
  • India accused Pakistan of deliberately shelling border villages, resulting in more than 20 civilian deaths and over 80 injuries.
  • Pakistan intentionally targeted places of worship.

Counter-Militancy and Victim Redressal in Jammu & Kashmir

Focus: Security and administrative measures specifically addressing terrorist attacks on civilians and the subsequent legal and investigative processes for militancy victims.

UPSC Value: Examines the multi-dimensional approach to internal security in J&K, focusing on tactical security audits, investigation of terrorist motives, and the legal framework for victim accountability.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-03 [Defense & Security] — J&K Police to Reopen Militancy Victim Cases
  The Jammu & Kashmir Police have initiated a process to reopen cases of militancy victims in the Union Territory and identify perpetrators working in government departments. Grievance-cum-helpline cells are being established in multiple districts in both the Kashmir and Jammu regions to facilitate this process.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: J&K Police to reopen militancy victim cases.

  Key Facts:

  • J&K Police circulating special phone numbers to reopen cases of victims of militancy.
  • Dedicated grievance-cum-helpline cells set up in Anantnag, Awantipora, Budgam, Baramulla and Sopore in Kashmir division.
  • Similar helplines being set up in Jammu region, with Doda district already establishing one.
• 2025-04-27 [Defense & Security] — Terrorist Attack on Tourists in Jammu and Kashmir
  Terrorists, allegedly belonging to The Resistance Front (an offshoot of Lashkar-e-Taiba), opened fire on tourists in a remote meadow in Jammu and Kashmir. The Resistance Front claimed responsibility, linking the attack to alleged "demographic changes" in J&K through the issuance of 85,000 domicile certificates to non-locals. The group issued threats to anyone attempting to “settle illegally.”
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Terrorist attack on tourists in Jammu and Kashmir.

  Key Facts:

  • Terrorists belonged to The Resistance Front (allegedly an offshoot of Lashkar-e-Taiba)
  • Attack occurred in a non-motorable, remote meadow
  • The Resistance Front claimed responsibility
  • Cited issuance of 85,000 domicile certificates to non-locals as motive
  • Threatened anyone attempting to “settle illegally”
• 2025-04-26 [Defense & Security] — Army to Conduct Security Audit of Tourist Spots After Attack
  Following an attack in Anantnag's Besaran Valley that killed 26 civilians, the Indian Army will conduct a security audit of tourist spots. The attack, considered the worst since 26/11, targeted unarmed civilians, prompting increased security measures.
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  UPSC Angle: Army to conduct security audit of tourist spots after attack.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Jammu and Kashmir
  • Reason: Attack in Besaran Valley, Pahalgam (26 civilian deaths)
  • Action: Security audit of tourist and religious spots
  • Implementing agency: Indian Army
  • Indian Army security audit of tourist spots
  • Attack in Anantnag's Besaran Valley
  • 26 civilians killed