Global Fragility and Climate Extremes (2025-26): UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The 2025-2026 period is characterized by a systemic failure of existing stabilization mechanisms, where chronic conflicts (Gaza, Manipur) and climate anomalies (Ocean heat, CO2 surges) have outpaced traditional institutional responses. We see a shift from 'managing' crises to 'transitional administration' (e.g., Gaza's Board of Peace) and 'snapback' legalities (Iran), reflecting a world operating in an emergency mode. The overarching tension lies between a fragmenting geopolitical order and the increasingly unified, empirical reality of a planet breaching climate tipping points.

Cross-Theme Insight

Together, these threads reveal that the 'Humanitarian-Climate-Security' nexus is no longer theoretical but operational. The Gaza crisis (Threads 3, 7, 8) is not just a military conflict but a total healthcare and environmental collapse that necessitates new multilateral frameworks like the Board of Peace (Resolution 2803). Simultaneously, the record-breaking 23 Zettajoule ocean heat surge (Thread 5) and the Southern Ocean carbon anomaly (Thread 6) suggest that the 'carbon sink' capacity of nature is becoming unpredictable, exactly as diplomatic efforts (COP30) struggle to move beyond symbolic recognition of statehood to actual systemic reform.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

While standard textbooks like NCERT 'Fundamentals of Physical Geography' (Chapter 11, p. 96) discuss sea-level rise and thermal expansion as future 'serious concerns,' the 2025 data shows an immediate, record-breaking absorption of 23 Zettajoules of heat, indicating that 'future' risks are now present-day metrics. Similarly, where 'History, Class XII (Tamil Nadu State Board)' (Chapter 15, p. 255) describes the UN as being 'out of the scene' in the Middle East post-1966, the adoption of Resolution 2803 in late 2025 marks a radical return to UN-led transitional administration via the Board of Peace.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'conflict resolution' to 'survival governance.' In 2025, the focus shifted toward establishing transitional administrative bodies (Gaza BoP) and using hard-coded legal triggers (Iran Snapback) because consensus-based diplomacy has stalled.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

International disputes and UN resolutions are frequently tested (CDS-II 2013, nid:13478). The 'two-state solution' was a direct prelims question in IAS 2018 (nid:5769). Recent shifts toward testing specific diplomatic initiatives (Arab Peace Initiative, IAS 2023, nid:6135) suggest that the 2025 'Board of Peace' and 'Resolution 2803' are high-probability targets for upcoming exams.

Probable Prelims Angles

• UN Security Council Resolution 2803: Purpose and the 'Board of Peace' (BoP) structure.
• Ocean Heat Content (2025): The specific metric of 23 Zettajoules and its comparison to historical norms.
• CO2 Concentration: The 423.9 ppm milestone and the 3.5 ppm record annual increase reported by WMO.
• Doha Political Declaration (2025): Its role in updating the 1995 Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development.
• Snapback Mechanism: The legal procedure under Resolution 2231 invoked against Iran in 2025.

Mains Answer Framework

• The year 2025 stands as a watershed moment where the convergence of record-breaking climate anomalies and the collapse of traditional conflict-management frameworks necessitated a 'new era of transitional multilateralism'.
• Institutional Innovation: The creation of the Board of Peace (BoP) in Gaza (Res 2803) as a shift from peacekeeping to transitional administration.. Ecological Uncertainty: The Southern Ocean carbon anomaly and the record 23 ZJ ocean heat absorption challenging existing climate models (IPCC/WMO data).. Economic Vulnerability: G20's focus on Debt Sustainability (Oct 2025) as a prerequisite for the Global South to manage the twin crises of displacement and climate adaptation.
• Sustainable global stability in 2026 and beyond depends not on returning to pre-crisis norms, but on scaling the adaptive governance models—like the Gaza BoP and Doha Social Framework—to match the pace of ecological and geopolitical shifts.

Essay Connections

• 'The Oceans are the Earth's Memory': Use the 2025 Ocean Heat Content record (23 ZJ) to argue that climate change is an accumulated debt, not just a future threat.
• 'Diplomacy in a Fragmented World': Use the recognition of Palestine by France/Canada vs. the US Veto and the Iran Snapback as a case study in the limitations of the current UNSC structure.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with the Shankar IAS 'Climate Change' chapter for a baseline on GHG warming potentials. Then, overlay the 2025 empirical data (423.9 ppm CO2, 23 ZJ heat) to understand the acceleration. For IR, use the Tamil Nadu History textbook to trace the Palestine dispute from 1947 before analyzing the 2025 Board of Peace (BoP) as a modern evolutionary step.

Textbook Roadmap

• INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4, p. 40. Section on Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming. Threads 5 & 6 (Ocean heat and CO2 records)
• History, Class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 15, p. 255. Arab-Israeli War and UN Role. Threads 1, 7, & 17 (Palestinian statehood and Res 2803)

Revision Bullets

• UN Resolution 2803 (Nov 17, 2025): Implements Gaza Peace Plan, creates Board of Peace (BoP) and ISF.
• Ocean Heat 2025: 23 Zettajoules (ZJ) absorbed, record since the 1960s.
• Global CO2 Level: 423.9 ppm (2024), up by 3.5 ppm; 152% of pre-industrial levels.
• Doha Political Declaration: Signed Nov 2025, updates 1995 Copenhagen social goals.
• Iran Snapback: Invoked Sept 27, 2025, by E3 (France, Germany, UK) under Res 2231.
• IOM Global Appeal 2026: Requesting $4.7 billion for 41 million people.
• COP30 Venue: Belém, Brazil (Nov 2025), marking the 10th year of the Paris Agreement.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (14 themes, 50 news items)

Humanitarian Collapse and Healthcare Destruction in Gaza

Focus: Reports specifically tracking the deterioration of life-sustaining systems in Gaza, focusing on famine confirmation, fuel shortages, and the systematic destruction of healthcare facilities.

UPSC Value: Provides a detailed timeline of how infrastructure collapse exacerbates civilian casualties beyond direct military strikes.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-02 [International Relations] — UN agencies warn of danger to mothers and babies in Gaza
  UN agencies, including UNFPA and UNICEF, warned that many pregnant women in Gaza have nowhere to go to give birth, as healthcare has been destroyed across the wartorn enclave. Approximately 130 babies are born every day across Gaza, and more than a quarter are delivered by Caesarean section.
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  UPSC Angle: UN agencies warn of danger to mothers and babies in Gaza.

  Key Facts:

  • UNFPA
  • UNICEF
  • Gaza
  • 130 babies born every day
  • Quarter delivered by Caesarean section
• 2025-09-29 [International Relations] — UN News reports on global issues: Ukraine, Gaza, and AI
  UN News reported on renewed Russian strikes in Ukraine, Israeli attacks on healthcare in Gaza, and Nobel laureate Maria Ressa's warning against the threat of AI and big tech to truth and democracy. The report mentioned that Ukraine suffered massive Russian strikes, resulting in casualties and infrastructure damage. The UN human rights office (OHCHR) condemned Israeli attacks on healthcare in Gaza. Maria Ressa highlighted the insidious manipulation and erosion of accepted truths caused by AI and technology firms.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Renewed Russian strikes in Ukraine killed four, including a teenage girl
  • Israeli attacks on healthcare in Gaza condemned by UN human rights office (OHCHR)
  • Maria Ressa warned against the threat of AI and big tech to truth and democracy
  • Attack in Ukraine lasted around 12 hours and involved nearly 600 drones, 46 cruise missiles and five rockets
  • A UN report published in 2024 stated that 118 countries were not parties to any significant international AI governance initiatives
• 2025-09-25 [International Relations] — UN News reports on Gaza casualties, global shipping uncertainty, and food security
  UN aid teams reported escalating suffering in Gaza City due to intensified Israeli strikes, with displaced Gazans sleeping on rubble-strewn ground and several health facilities and community kitchens shut down. The UN also reported that global shipping is entering uncertain geopolitical waters, with growth forecast to slow to half a percent in 2025. The FAO stated that the world's food security goals are 'way off track'.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Israeli military assault on Gaza City continues to escalate, causing suffering for Gazans.
  • Conditions in southern Gaza are cramped, with displaced Gazans sleeping on rubble-strewn open ground.
  • Several health facilities and community kitchens have been forced to shut in Gaza City this month.
  • Global shipping moves more than 80% of the world's merchandise but is entering uncertain geopolitical waters.
  • Growth in global shipping is forecast to slow to only half a percent in 2025.
  • Higher transport costs, delays, and greenhouse gas emissions are impacting shipping networks.
  • New tariffs and port fees announced by the United States and others for certain foreign-built or operated vessels are negatively impacting shipping.
• 2025-09-08 [International Relations] — UN Addresses Global Issues: Violence, Famine, and Attacks
  UN News reported on September 8, 2025, regarding several global crises, including the UN rights chief condemning the 'glorification of violence', concerns about famine spreading in Gaza, and the aftermath of deadly Russian strikes in Ukraine. The Secretary-General strongly condemned the terror attack on a bus in Jerusalem.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • UN rights chief Volker Türk condemned the 'glorification of violence' worldwide.
  • Famine was confirmed in Gaza City on August 22.
  • Latest UN data indicates more civilians were killed and injured in July in Ukraine than in any month since May 2022.
  • The Secretary-General condemned the terror attack on a bus in Jerusalem.
• 2025-07-28 [International Relations] — UN Secretary-General calls for peace amidst rising global hunger
  UN Secretary-General António Guterres cautioned that conflict-driven hunger is escalating globally, affecting regions from Gaza to Sudan, and warned against using hunger as a weapon of war. He stressed the need for peace to foster investment and enable farmers to plan for the future, during the UN Food Systems Summit Stocktake in Addis Ababa. The UN agency for Palestinian refugees, UNRWA, reported increased child deaths due to hunger in Gaza, with thousands of trucks carrying essential supplies blocked by Israel.
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  UPSC Angle: UN Secretary-General calls for peace amidst rising global hunger.

  Key Facts:

  • António Guterres: UN Secretary-General
  • Gaza, Sudan: Regions affected by conflict-driven hunger
  • UN Food Systems Summit Stocktake: Event held in Addis Ababa
  • UNRWA: UN agency for Palestinian refugees
• 2025-07-21 [International Relations] — UN News: Gaza crisis, Syria aid, DR Congo peace agreement
  The UN reports a dire situation in Gaza with widespread malnutrition and violence, while aid reaches displaced people in Sweida, Syria for the first time in over a week. DR Congo is moving closer to peace with a signed agreement, though thousands have been killed and displaced in the Kivu provinces due to rebel offensives.
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  UPSC Angle: UN reports on Gaza crisis, Syria aid, DR Congo peace agreement.

  Key Facts:

  • In Gaza, dozens of Palestinians were reportedly killed over the weekend seeking food.
  • UN aid teams described “mayhem” and starvation in Gaza, as the Israeli military pushed into Deir Al-Balah for the first time.
  • The UN World Food Programme (WFP) delivered around 40 trucks' worth of relief supplies to Sweida, Syria.
  • The convoy carried enough ready-to-eat rations for 15,000 people and 30 tonnes of wheat flour.
  • Earlier in 2025, Rwanda-backed M23 rebels launched an offensive in DR Congo's Kivu provinces, capturing cities and villages.
• 2025-06-16 [International Relations] — UN Addresses Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza
  The UN reports a dire humanitarian situation in Gaza, exacerbated by recent violence and funding cuts. The Gaza health system is near collapse due to fuel shortages, and aid delivery faces restrictions despite available assistance. The UN Secretary-General is committed to a negotiated two-state solution and calls for an immediate ceasefire, hostage release, and humanitarian aid.
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  UPSC Angle: UN addresses humanitarian crisis in Gaza.

  Key Facts:

  • Over 638,000 people in Gaza have been displaced since March 18.
  • Fuel supplies have been completely cut off for over 100 days.
  • 17 hospitals, 7 field hospitals, and 43 primary health centers are barely functioning.
  • The UN faces restrictions bringing aid into Gaza.
  • The High-Level International Conference for the Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine and the Implementation of the Two-State Solution has been postponed.
  • The UN launched a $29 billion “hyper-prioritised” appeal to meet the most urgent global needs.

Multilateral Focus on Debt Sustainability for Developing Economies

Focus: International institutional efforts by the G20 and UNCTAD specifically targeting debt sustainability and capital cost reduction for developing nations during the 2025 policy cycle.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding Global Financial Architecture reforms and the role of the G20 and UN in addressing the economic challenges of the Global South (GS Paper II).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — US to Host G20 Finance Meeting in North Carolina
  The US will host a G20 finance ministers and central bank governors meeting in Asheville, North Carolina, from late August to September 1, 2026. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent stated that the US will prioritize pro-growth economic policies, modernizing financial regulation, enhancing debt transparency, and endorsing a vibrant digital assets ecosystem. President Trump will host the G20 leaders' summit on December 14-15 in Miami, Florida.
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  UPSC Angle: US to host G20 Finance Meeting in North Carolina.

  Key Facts:

  • The US will host G20 finance ministers and central bank governors in Asheville, North Carolina from late August to Sept. 1, 2026.
  • Trump will host the G20 leaders' summit on Dec. 14-15 at the Trump National Doral in Miami, Florida.
• 2025-10-17 [Economy] — G20 Finance Ministers Issue Declaration on Debt Sustainability
  On October 17, 2025, the G20 issued a Ministerial Declaration on Debt Sustainability during the Annual Meetings of the IMF and World Bank. The meeting of the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors took place on 15 and 16 October 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: G20 issued a declaration on debt sustainability during IMF/World Bank meetings.

  Key Facts:

  • Declaration: Ministerial Declaration on Debt Sustainability
  • Issued by: G20 Finance Ministers
  • Date: October 17, 2025
  • Location: Washington, D.C. (IMF and World Bank Annual Meetings)
• 2025-09-25 [International Relations] — Second G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting held at UN Headquarters
  The Second G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting took place at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, with discussions focusing on strengthening stability, promoting dialogue and diplomacy, combating terrorism, and enhancing energy and economic security. South Africa, holding the G20 presidency, advocated for actions supporting low-income and developing economies through debt sustainability and reduced capital costs.
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  UPSC Angle: Second G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting focused on stability and diplomacy.

  Key Facts:

  • The meeting was held on September 25, 2025, at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
  • The meeting was the second G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting under South Africa's presidency.
  • South Africa advocated for actions to support low-income and developing economies through debt sustainability and reducing the cost of capital.
  • An African panel of experts was appointed to work on recommendations addressing impediments to growth and development in Africa, including the cost of capital.
• 2025-03-15 [International Relations] — UNCTAD's Role in Assisting Developing Nations
  The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) assists developing nations in integrating into the global economy by providing policy advice, technical assistance, and research on trade and development issues. UNCTAD publishes key reports such as the Trade and Development Report, World Investment Report, Technology and Innovation Report, and Digital Economy Report. It focuses on trade policies, investment flows, economic inequality, digital economy, and debt sustainability.
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  UPSC Angle: UNCTAD provides policy advice and technical assistance to developing nations.

  Key Facts:

  • Organization: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
  • Assistance to: Developing nations
  • Key reports: Trade and Development Report, World Investment Report, Technology and Innovation Report, Digital Economy Report
  • Focus areas: Trade policies, investment flows, economic inequality, digital economy, debt sustainability

2026 Global Humanitarian Crisis and Appeals

Focus: UN agencies reporting on record displacement figures and issuing funding appeals for the 2026 fiscal year.

UPSC Value: Highlights the escalating global displacement crisis and the financial challenges faced by international organizations.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [International Relations] — IOM Global Appeal 2026 Report
  The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has requested USD 4.7 billion to assist 41 million people worldwide in 2026. The Global Appeal 2026 aligns IOM's operations with the Strategic Plan 2024–2028 and addresses record internal displacement, climate change acceleration, and increasing migrant deaths. Only USD 1.3 billion has been secured out of the USD 4.7 billion required, leaving a USD 3.4 billion gap.
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  UPSC Angle: IOM requests USD 4.7 billion to assist 41 million people.

  Key Facts:

  • IOM requested funding: USD 4.7 billion
  • People targeted for assistance: 41 million
  • Record internal displacement (end of 2024): 83.4 million
  • Disaster-related displacement (2024): 9.8 million
  • Migrant deaths (2024): 9,197
  • International remittances (2024): USD 905 billion
  • Funding gap: USD 3.4 billion
  • Migrant workers worldwide: 168 million
• 2025-12-22 [International Relations] — UN Daily Press Briefing on Global Issues
  The UN Security Council held an open briefing on Sudan, expressing deep concern over escalating violence and displacement. In Ukraine, humanitarian efforts continue, but funding gaps persist, leaving millions without safe water. The UN also highlighted the ongoing drought in Somalia, impacting millions and causing displacement.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Security Council held an open briefing on Sudan.
  • Assistant Secretary-General Khaled Khiari briefed on Sudan.
  • OCHA Director Edem Wosornu briefed on the humanitarian situation in Sudan.
  • More than 4.6 million people in Somalia are impacted by drought.
  • At least 120,000 people were displaced in Somalia between September and December.
  • This year’s $2.6 billion humanitarian appeal for Ukraine is only half funded.
• 2025-12-10 [Polity & Governance] — UNICEF Warns of Deepening Global Crisis for Children
  UNICEF issued an urgent warning on December 9, 2025, about a deepening global crisis for children trapped in emergencies, facing unprecedented dangers due to funding shortfalls. UNICEF has appealed for more than $7 billion to support 73 million vulnerable children in 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • UNICEF warning issued December 9, 2025
  • Appeal for over $7 billion to support 73 million children in 2026
  • Rising attacks on schools and hospitals, record levels of child displacement
• 2025-05-15 [Society & Culture] — Report on Internally Displaced People (IDPs) Worldwide
  The number of internally displaced people (IDPs) worldwide reached a record high of 83.4 million by the end of 2024. In India, the total number of displacements reached 5.4 million in 2024, the highest figure in 12 years.
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  UPSC Angle: India's internally displaced people reached 5.4 million in 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • Global IDPs: 83.4 million by end of 2024
  • India's displacements: 5.4 million in 2024
  • Floods responsible for 66% of displacements in India
  • 2.5 million displacements in Assam due to floods

2025 Reports on Rising Global and Ocean Temperatures

Focus: A collection of scientific reports and observations from 2025/2026 quantifying record-breaking heat in the Earth's oceans and specific regional warming trends.

UPSC Value: These items collectively illustrate the accelerating pace of global warming through specific metrics (ocean heat content, regional temperature rise) released in the 2025-2026 period.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Earth's Oceans Warming
  A study, 'Ocean Heat Content Sets Another Record in 2025', found that the oceans absorbed more heat in 2025 than in any year since modern measurements began in the 1960s. The Earth's oceans absorbed 23 Zettajoules (ZJ) of additional heat in 2025, surpassing all previous records since the 1960s. This marks a 44% increase compared to 2024, when oceans absorbed 16 ZJ.
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  UPSC Angle: Oceans absorbed record heat in 2025, indicating climate change.

  Key Facts:

  • Oceans absorbed 23 Zettajoules (ZJ) of additional heat in 2025
  • 44% increase compared to 2024 (16 ZJ)
  • Study titled 'Ocean Heat Content Sets Another Record in 2025'
• 2025-10-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Early Warning Systems Key to Disaster Management
  October 24 is observed as the International Day Against Climate Change, highlighting the need to address global warming. Warmer oceans and atmospheres fuel storm intensification, with 2025 tracking as one of the warmest years. Adaptation investments yield benefits even without disasters.
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  UPSC Angle: Early Warning Systems are key to disaster management.

  Key Facts:

  • October 24 is the International Day Against Climate Change.
  • Warmer oceans and atmospheres intensify storms.
  • Adaptation investments have benefits even without disasters.
• 2025-05-23 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate Physical Risks (CPRs) for India
  Reports indicate India's climate crisis is worsening, with Climate Physical Risks (CPRs) like rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, and severe disasters threatening over 80% of its population and economy. India's average temperature increased by approximately 0.7˚C between 1901 and 2018, while the tropical Indian Ocean's sea-surface temperature rose by about 1˚C from 1951 to 2015.
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  UPSC Angle: Climate Physical Risks threaten India's population and economy.

  Key Facts:

  • Climate Physical Risks (CPRs)
  • Rising temperatures
  • Erratic monsoons
  • Severe disasters
  • India's average temperature increased by approximately 0.7˚C between 1901 and 2018
  • Tropical Indian Ocean's sea-surface temperature rose by about 1˚C from 1951 to 2015
• 2025-04-21 [Environment & Ecology] — Europe Warming Faster Than Global Average
  Europe has warmed about twice as much as the world as a whole, as highlighted by the 2024 European State of the Climate Report. The planet as a whole has seen its annual average temperature rise by about 1.3 degree Celsius from the pre-industrial baseline.
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  UPSC Angle: Europe warming faster than global average (2x).

  Key Facts:

  • Europe has warmed about twice as much as the world as a whole.

International Diplomatic Shifts on Palestinian Statehood (2025)

Focus: A collection of diplomatic moves by various nations and the UN regarding Palestinian recognition and Gaza governance prior to the 2026 West Bank crisis.

UPSC Value: Highlights the evolving international consensus and fragmentation regarding the two-state solution and Gaza's administration.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-17 [International Relations] — UN Security Council Adopts Resolution 2803 on Gaza Peace Plan
  The UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2803 on November 17, 2025, to implement the Gaza peace plan agreed by Israel and Hamas in October 2025. The resolution establishes a Board of Peace (BoP) as a transitional administration and authorizes an International Stabilization Force (ISF) in Gaza.
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  UPSC Angle: UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2803 on Gaza peace plan.

  Key Facts:

  • Resolution: 2803
  • Date Adopted: November 17, 2025
  • Parties: Israel and Hamas
  • Board of Peace (BoP): transitional administration to coordinate funding and redevelopment of Gaza
  • International Stabilization Force (ISF): temporary force authorized to deploy in Gaza under unified command
• 2025-09-23 [International Relations] — France Recognizes Palestine as a State
  France and several other Western nations, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Portugal, have formally declared their recognition of a Palestinian state at the United Nations. This largely symbolic move lacks the support of the United States, which possesses veto power. In response, the Israeli Prime Minister has restated that there would be no Palestinian state and has pledged to accelerate settlement construction.
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  UPSC Angle: France recognizes Palestine as a state.

  Key Facts:

  • France recognized Palestine as a state at the UN
  • Other nations: United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Portugal
  • Move is largely symbolic
  • No US support
  • Israeli PM vowed to accelerate new settlements
• 2025-06-14 [International Relations] — Pakistan's Defence Minister calls for Muslim unity
  Pakistan's Defence Minister Khawaja Asif called on Muslim nations to launch a united initiative against Israel in the national assembly on June 14. He also urged Muslim countries that have diplomatic relations with Israel to sever those ties immediately and called for the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to convene and develop a joint strategy in response.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Pakistan's Defence Minister Khawaja Asif called on Muslim nations to launch a united initiative against Israel
  • He urged Muslim countries to sever diplomatic ties with Israel
• 2025-04-05 [International Relations] — India Abstains from UN Human Rights Council Vote on Gaza Ceasefire
  India abstained from a UN Human Rights Council resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and an arms embargo on Israel. The resolution, titled 'Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,' was adopted with 28 votes in favor, 6 against, and 13 abstentions.
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  UPSC Angle: India abstains from UNHRC vote on Gaza ceasefire.

  Key Facts:

  • India abstained from a UN Human Rights Council resolution.
  • The resolution called for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and an arms embargo on Israel.
  • The resolution was adopted with 28 votes in favor, 6 against, and 13 abstentions.
  • The resolution is titled 'Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the obligation to ensure accountability and justice'.

Global Climate Indicators and Carbon Cycle Monitoring

Focus: Empirical data and reports tracking global climate anomalies, including record greenhouse gas concentrations, oceanic carbon sink behavior, and surface temperature extremes.

UPSC Value: Crucial for analyzing the current state of global warming, the reliability of climate models, and the complex feedback loops within the global carbon cycle.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [Geography] — January 2026 fifth warmest on record
  January 2026 was the fifth warmest on record despite a cold snap in Europe and North America.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • January 2026: Fifth warmest on record
• 2025-12-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Southern Ocean Carbon Anomaly
  The Southern Ocean carbon anomaly refers to the observed strengthening of the Southern Ocean as a carbon sink, even though climate models predicted it would weaken and start releasing carbon dioxide under global warming. Instead of emitting more CO₂ due to stronger winds and upwelling, the ocean has continued to absorb an increasing share of human-emitted carbon.
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  UPSC Angle: Southern Ocean carbon anomaly: strengthening as a carbon sink.

  Key Facts:

  • Southern Ocean
  • carbon sink
• 2025-10-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Record Surge in CO₂ Concentrations
  The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported that the global CO₂ concentration reached 423.9 ppm in 2024, a record annual increase of 3.5 ppm since measurements began in 1957. This level is 152% higher than pre-industrial levels, with the rate of increase tripling from 0.8 ppm per year in the 1960s to 2.4 ppm between 2011–2020.
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  UPSC Angle: Record surge in CO₂ concentrations reported by WMO.

  Key Facts:

  • CO₂ concentration in 2024: 423.9 ppm
  • Annual increase: 3.5 ppm (highest since 1957)
  • Increase from pre-industrial levels: 152%
  • Pre-industrial CO₂ level: 278.3 ppm
  • Rate of increase in the 1960s: 0.8 ppm per year
  • Rate of increase between 2011-2020: 2.4 ppm

2025 Multilateral Frameworks for Global Social Development

Focus: Formal intergovernmental declarations and summit participations focused on updating global social development goals, labor standards, and inclusive governance.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of international organizations (UN, BRICS, SAARC) in shaping the global social agenda and addressing 21st-century challenges like AI and digital transformation.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-30 [International Relations] — Doha Political Declaration on Social Development
  Signed in November 2025, the Doha Political Declaration is a commitment by governments to advance equality, eliminate poverty, create decent jobs, and protect human rights. It updates the 1995 Copenhagen Declaration and addresses modern challenges, including digital transformation, emphasizing social development as key to peace and sustainable growth.
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  UPSC Angle: Doha Political Declaration on Social Development signed in November 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Doha Political Declaration
  • Signed November 2025
  • Second World Social Summit for Social Development
  • Advances equality
  • Eliminates poverty
  • Creates decent jobs
  • Protects human rights
• 2025-10-17 [International Relations] — SAARC Secretary General at the Second World Summit for Social Development
  Ambassador Md. Golam Sarwar, the Secretary-General of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), attended the Second World Summit for Social Development in Doha, Qatar from November 4–6, 2025. He delivered an address at the Plenary Meeting, focusing on topics related to youth, ageing, persons with disabilities, and the family.
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  UPSC Angle: SAARC Secretary-General attended the Second World Summit for Social Development.

  Key Facts:

  • Secretary General of SAARC: Ambassador Md. Golam Sarwar
  • Event: Second World Summit for Social Development
  • Dates: November 4–6, 2025
  • Location: Doha, Qatar
  • Theme: “Questions Relating to the World Social Situation and to Youth, Ageing, Persons with Disabilities and the Family”
• 2025-04-29 [International Relations] — 11th BRICS Labour & Employment Ministers' Meeting
  The 11th BRICS Labour & Employment Ministers' Meeting in 2025, held under the Brazilian Presidency, adopted a declaration focusing on "Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Future of Work" and "The Impacts of Climate Change on the World of Work and a Just Transition". The meeting's slogan was “Strengthening the Cooperation of the Global South for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance”. The declaration commits BRICS nations to promote inclusive AI policies, advance social dialogue for climate transitions, and strengthen South-South cooperation on labor governance.
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  UPSC Angle: BRICS Labour meeting focuses on AI, future of work, and inclusion.

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting theme: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Future of Work, Impacts of Climate Change on the World of Work and a Just Transition
  • Slogan: Strengthening the Cooperation of the Global South for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance
  • Under Brazilian Presidency

2025 UNFCCC Climate Diplomacy and Emissions Monitoring

Focus: The collection of international climate negotiations and global emissions reporting occurring in 2025 as part of the Paris Agreement's decadal review and implementation cycle.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the institutional framework of the UNFCCC (from preparatory meetings like Bonn to summits like COP30) and how empirical emissions data informs the revision of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-10 [Environment & Ecology] — COP30 Climate Change Conference
  COP30, the 30th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, is being held in Belém, Brazil, from 10th to 21st November 2025. It marks the 10th anniversary of the Paris Agreement (2015–2025) and focuses on implementing commitments made under it. The agenda is to review progress on Paris goals, push for updated and ambitious NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions), and ensure greater financing and technology transfer for climate adaptation and mitigation.
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  UPSC Angle: COP30 marks the 10th anniversary of the Paris Agreement.

  Key Facts:

  • COP30 will be held in Belém, Brazil, from 10th to 21st November 2025.
  • Marks the 10th anniversary of the Paris Agreement (2015–2025).
  • Focuses on implementing commitments made under the Paris Agreement.
• 2025-10-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Fall in Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  Global carbon dioxide emissions experienced a substantial increase between 2023 and 2024.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Carbon Dioxide
  • 2023
  • 2024
• 2025-06-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Bonn Climate Change Conference begins
  The annual Bonn Climate Change Conference has commenced with over 5,000 government delegates and stakeholders gathering in Bonn, Germany. Discussions will cover a wide range of issues, including mobilizing finances to tackle climate change.
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  UPSC Angle: Bonn Climate Change Conference discusses climate finance and mitigation.

  Key Facts:

  • Bonn Climate Change Conference began
  • More than 5,000 government delegates and stakeholders gathered
  • Conference to wrap up on June 26th

Diplomatic and Operational Lifecycle of the 2025 Gaza Ceasefire

Focus: Items tracking the progression of the 2025 ceasefire from initial international advocacy to its post-agreement humanitarian implementation and subsequent diplomatic strains.

UPSC Value: Understanding the transition from diplomatic pressure to operational reality in conflict mediation, specifically the friction between humanitarian access and political/military conditions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-05 [International Relations] — Hamas Ceasefire and Return of Bodies
  The ongoing Israel-Hamas ceasefire is under strain as Hamas has not yet returned the remaining bodies of Israeli captives. Reports suggest around 13 bodies are still in Gaza, delaying the next phase of Hamas's disarmament.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • 13: Approximate number of bodies unreturned
• 2025-10-24 [International Relations] — WHO Calls for Opening of All Crossings in Gaza
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has urged the opening of all crossings to facilitate the flow of diverse aid, including food and shelter, into Gaza following the ceasefire. WHO is also seeking more medical evacuations and better access for essential medicines and supplies to address the devastation of Gaza's health system.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO urges opening of all crossings to facilitate aid into Gaza.

  Key Facts:

  • World Health Organization (WHO)
  • Gaza ceasefire
  • 170,000 people injured
  • Medical evacuation of 41 patients and 145 companions
• 2025-08-21 [International Relations] — UN Chief Calls for Ceasefire in Gaza
  UN Secretary-General António Guterres renewed his call for a ceasefire in Gaza as Israeli activity intensified in and around Gaza City.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • UN Secretary-General called for a ceasefire in Gaza.

UN-led Humanitarian and Health Crisis Response in Gaza

Focus: A series of reports detailing the UN's multi-pronged efforts to address health infrastructure, food security, and disease prevention in Gaza during the 2025 crisis.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the role of international organizations in managing complex humanitarian emergencies, specifically focusing on the intersection of health services, nutrition, and immunization in conflict zones.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-05 [International Relations] — Routine Vaccination Campaign in Gaza
  A large-scale campaign for routine vaccinations, led by UN agencies UNICEF, WHO, and UNRWA, will be carried out among communities in Gaza. The goal is to reach 44,000 at-risk children, many of whom have never received a vaccination or missed them due to the war.
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  UPSC Angle: Routine vaccination campaign in Gaza led by UN agencies.

  Key Facts:

  • Vaccination campaign in Gaza led by UNICEF, WHO, and UNRWA
  • Targeting 44,000 at-risk children
• 2025-08-23 [International Relations] — Famine Declared in Gaza by UN
  The United Nations officially declared a famine in Gaza, marking the first such declaration in West Asia. The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) criteria for famine include at least 20% of households facing an extreme lack of food, at least 30% of children under five being acutely malnourished, and at least 2 in every 10,000 people dying daily from starvation, malnutrition, or related disease.
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  UPSC Angle: UN declares famine in Gaza; first such declaration in West Asia.

  Key Facts:

  • Famine declared in Gaza by the United Nations
  • First such declaration in West Asia
  • IPC criteria for famine: at least 20% of households face extreme lack of food
  • IPC criteria for famine: at least 30% of children under five are acutely malnourished
  • IPC criteria for famine: at least 2 in every 10,000 people die daily from starvation, malnutrition, or related disease
• 2025-04-08 [International Relations] — UNRWA aid to Palestine refugees
  UNRWA continues to provide health, sanitation, and displacement camp services to Palestine refugees. Eight health centers and 39 medical points are operational, conducting 12,000 medical consultations daily. The agency supports nearly 100,000 displaced people in 115 shelters, but medical services are critically under-resourced, with over 63% of essential supplies projected to run out in under two months.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Eight UNRWA health centres are still operational
  • 39 medical points run by the UN agency
  • 12,000 medical consultations take place in UNRWA centres every day
  • Agency supports services for nearly 100,000 displaced people in 115 shelters
  • More than 63% of essential supplies are projected to run out in under two months

Escalating International Pressure and Legal Responses Regarding Iran

Focus: A series of events in 2025 involving military, economic, and legal actions centered on Iran's nuclear program and international security compliance.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the multi-pronged approach of international diplomacy, including military deterrence, the use of 'snapback' sanction mechanisms, and legislative compliance with global anti-terror norms.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-24 [International Relations] — Iran Ratifies UN Convention Against Terror Financing
  Iran ratified a law joining a United Nations convention against terror financing. The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1999 and entered into force in 2002.
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  UPSC Angle: Iran ratified UN convention against terror financing.

  Key Facts:

  • Iran ratified a law joining a United Nations convention against terror financing
  • International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism
  • Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1999
  • Entered into force in 2002
  • Purpose: To criminalize the financing of terrorism
• 2025-09-27 [International Relations] — Iran Nuclear Sanctions Reimposed
  On September 27, 2025, UN sanctions on Iran's nuclear program were reimposed after France, Germany, and the United Kingdom invoked the snapback mechanism of Resolution 2231. This action reverses sanctions relief granted under the JCPOA and extends Security Council consideration of Iran's nuclear program indefinitely.
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  UPSC Angle: UN sanctions reimposed on Iran's nuclear program.

  Key Facts:

  • Sanctions reimposed on September 27, 2025.
  • France, Germany, and the UK invoked the snapback mechanism.
  • Resolution 2231 consideration of Iran's nuclear program extended indefinitely.
• 2025-06-14 [International Relations] — SCO Statement on Military Strikes on Iran
  The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) expressed serious concern and condemned the military strikes by Israel on Iran on June 13, 2025, citing it as a violation of international law and the UN Charter. The SCO advocated for resolving the situation surrounding Iran's nuclear program through peaceful means and reaffirmed commitment to international peace and security.
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  UPSC Angle: SCO expressed concern over military strikes on Iran.

  Key Facts:

  • SCO condemned Israel's military strikes on Iran on June 13, 2025.
  • SCO considers the strikes a violation of international law and the UN Charter.
  • SCO advocates for peaceful resolution of Iran's nuclear program.
  • SCO reaffirmed commitment to strengthening international peace and security.

2025 Global Sustainability and SDG Implementation Frameworks

Focus: International summits and designated awareness days in 2025 that utilize multi-stakeholder platforms (leadership, youth, and public policy) to advance the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Environment), illustrating how different global forums—from G20 engagement groups to independent summits—converge on the 2030 Agenda.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-29 [Society & Culture] — International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste
  The International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste (IDAFLW), observed on September 29, highlights the silent crisis of food loss and waste that threatens both food security and climate stability. SDG 12 seeks to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
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  UPSC Angle: International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste observed on Sept 29.

  Key Facts:

  • International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste (IDAFLW): September 29
  • Goal: SDG 12 (sustainable consumption and production patterns)
• 2025-04-12 [International Relations] — G20 Youth Engagement Summit Begins
  The G20 Youth Engagement Summit commenced in New Delhi, focusing on sustainable development and global cooperation. This is relevant for GS Paper II and international relations in the UPSC exam.
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  UPSC Angle: G20 Youth Engagement Summit focuses on sustainable development.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: G20 Youth Engagement Summit
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Focus: Sustainable development and global cooperation
• 2025-03-08 [Environment & Ecology] — World Sustainable Development Summit
  The World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) includes the Sustainable Development Leadership Award (SDLA) since 2005, Ministerial and High-Level Sessions, Thematic Tracks, and a CEO Forum.
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  UPSC Angle: World Sustainable Development Summit includes Sustainable Development Leadership Award.

  Key Facts:

  • Sustainable Development Leadership Award (SDLA): Since 2005
  • Ministerial and High-Level Sessions
  • Thematic Tracks
  • CEO Forum

Manipur: Multi-dimensional Crisis at the Two-Year Mark

Focus: These items document different facets of the ongoing Manipur conflict—judicial intervention, civil society protests, and the humanitarian crisis of displacement—specifically as the conflict reaches and exceeds the two-year milestone.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the intersection of internal security, judicial oversight, and the long-term socio-economic impact of ethnic violence on displaced populations is critical for GS Paper II and III.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-15 [Society & Culture] — Manipur Rehabilitation Challenges
  More than 280 relief camps in Manipur shelter approximately 57,000 displaced people, many displaced for over two years. Buffer zones set up during the conflict restrict movement, and border concerns with Myanmar persist.
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  UPSC Angle: Manipur rehabilitation challenges highlight the socio-economic impact of conflict.

  Key Facts:

  • Manipur
  • 280+
  • relief camps
  • 57,000
  • displaced people
  • buffer zones
  • Myanmar
  • porous border
• 2025-05-03 [Society & Culture] — Manipur Shutdown Marks Two Years of Ethnic Strife
  A shutdown called by various groups to mark two years of ethnic strife in Manipur affected normal life in the Imphal Valley and Kuki-dominated hill districts. The Meitei group Coordinating Committee on Manipur Integrity (COCOMI) called a shutdown in the valley districts, while the Zomi Students Federation (ZSF) and the Kuki Students Organisation (KSO) imposed the shutdown in the hill districts. Security has been heightened in Manipur amid calls for the shutdown.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Shutdown called to mark two years of ethnic strife in Manipur.
  • Coordinating Committee on Manipur Integrity (COCOMI) called shutdown in Imphal Valley.
  • Zomi Students Federation (ZSF) and Kuki Students Organisation (KSO) imposed shutdown in hill districts.
• 2025-03-23 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Judges visit relief camps in Manipur
  A five-member team of Supreme Court judges visited relief camp inmates in Manipur and expressed hope for the return of peace to the state, which has experienced ethnic violence between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities for almost two years. The judges attended legal services and health camps in Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts and distributed relief.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Conflict: Ethnic violence between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities
  • Districts visited: Churachandpur, Bishnupur

UN Assessments of Global Development and Inequality (2025)

Focus: Major United Nations reports released in 2025 that evaluate progress on SDGs, technology gaps, and social equity.

UPSC Value: Provides critical data points and global institutional perspectives on the widening gaps in development, technology, and economic security.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-14 [International Relations] — UN Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025
  The UN Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025 assesses global progress toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The report indicates that while progress has been made in areas such as education, health, and renewable energy, the current pace is insufficient to achieve all goals by 2030, with millions still facing poverty, hunger, and inequality. The report calls for action in food systems, energy access, digital transformation, education, jobs, social protection, and increased international cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: UN Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025 assesses progress towards 2030 Agenda.

  Key Facts:

  • The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025 marks the tenth annual stocktaking of global progress toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
  • Only 17% of the SDG targets are on track to be met by 2030
  • Identifies priority areas: food systems, energy access, digital transformation, education, jobs and social protection, and climate and biodiversity
  • Highlights national and local success stories, such as universal electricity access in 45 countries and the elimination of neglected tropical diseases in 54 countries
• 2025-04-26 [International Relations] — United Nations Releases World Social Report 2025
  The United Nations released the World Social Report 2025, emphasizing the necessity for a new global policy consensus focusing on equity, economic security, and solidarity amid rising insecurity, inequality, and declining trust. The report indicates that 60% of the global population experiences economic insecurity, with over 690 million people in extreme poverty, and income inequality has widened in two-thirds of countries.
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  UPSC Angle: United Nations releases World Social Report 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • World Social Report 2025
  • 60% of global population experiences economic insecurity
  • Over 690 million people in extreme poverty
• 2025-04-07 [Economy] — UNCTAD's Technology and Innovation Report 2025
  The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) released the Technology and Innovation Report 2025, titled 'Inclusive artificial intelligence for development', providing guidance for policymakers on science, technology, and innovation policies that foster inclusive and equitable technological progress.
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  UPSC Angle: UNCTAD report on inclusive AI for development provides policy guidance.

  Key Facts:

  • Report title: Inclusive artificial intelligence for development
  • Report by: UNCTAD