India's Digital Frontier: Infrastructure, AI, and Governance: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

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GS-2GS-314 sub-themes · 70 news items

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India's digital trajectory has transitioned from a service-oriented IT model to a 'Product Nation' paradigm anchored by Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). By 2025-26, the focus has shifted from mere internet penetration to building a sovereign AI stack and institutionalizing the 'India Stack' as a global diplomatic tool. The overarching challenge is the 'Trilemma of Digital Growth': balancing hyper-scale economic expansion (targeting 20% GDP contribution) with stringent data privacy (DPDP Act) and environmental sustainability (mitigating the energy/water footprint of 2GW+ data center capacity).

Cross-Theme Insight

The convergence of threads reveals that 'Digital' is no longer a standalone sector but the foundational layer for all governance. UPI's evolution into a global cross-border payment network, the internationalization of ABDM (Health), and the push for 'Green AI' indicate that India’s digital strategy is now its primary foreign policy and climate policy lever. The integration of AI into the startup ecosystem is pivoting from consumer apps to deep-tech 'Sovereign AI' solutions, supported by a shift toward domestic institutional funding over volatile global VC capital.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like Nitin Singhania (p. 463) cite the National Digital Communication Policy (2018) target of 8% GDP contribution for the digital sector. However, 2025 projections show the digital economy's contribution has already surged past 13%, with a goal of $1 trillion by 2030. Furthermore, while Shankar IAS (p. 303) focuses on traditional energy efficiency (PAT scheme), the current reality necessitates a new 'AI-Environmental Impact' framework to manage the specific cooling and 24/7 power requirements of AI-native data centers, which was not a significant factor in early 2020s literature.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved through three distinct phases: 1. Digital Adoption (2015-2020: BharatNet, UPI launch); 2. Regulatory Maturation (2021-2024: DPDP Act, G20 DPI consensus); 3. AI-Industrialization & Sovereignty (2025 onwards: 1GW data center campuses, DPI Protection Bill 2026, and Indigenous LLMs). The focus is now on the 'resilience' of the infrastructure rather than just 'access'.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Exam trends show a clear shift from 'What is UPI?' (IAS-2017/18) to 'How does DPI represent India's global leadership?' (IAS-2023). Questions on 'Public Key Infrastructure' (IAS-2020) have evolved into complex inquiries about data sovereignty and the G20's 'Digital Public Infrastructure' priority. CAPF and CDS are increasingly asking for specific startup milestones (Startup India Hub, 2018) and economic sector contributions.

Probable Prelims Angles

  • Definition of 'Gazal' (valuation $1B in 2 yrs) vs 'Cheetah' (valuation $1B in 4 yrs) in the startup hierarchy.
  • The 'DPI Protection Bill 2026'—specific provisions regarding the legal immunity of core digital platforms.
  • Compliance timeline for the DPDP Rules 2025 (Full enforcement by May 2027).
  • Key metrics of the 'Visakhapatnam 1GW Data Center Campus' as India's first AI-native hub.
  • The 'Gramin Tech-Saath' scheme targets for female-led rural digital literacy.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (14 themes, 70 news items)

Expansion and Regulation of India's UPI Ecosystem (2025)

Focus: A comprehensive collection of monthly transaction statistics, market share data, and government policy interventions (incentives, limits) regarding the Unified Payments Interface throughout 2025.

UPSC Value: Essential for tracking the trajectory of India's digital public infrastructure, understanding the impact of policy incentives (MDR support) on adoption, and analyzing the shift from cash to digital payments.

11 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-02 [Economy] — UPI Transactions Surge in December 2025
    UPI transaction volume increased by 29% year-on-year to 21.63 billion transactions in December 2025. The value of these transactions reached nearly ₹28 lakh crore.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • UPI transaction volume: 21.63 billion in December 2025
    • Year-on-year increase: 29%
    • Value of transactions: ₹28 lakh crore
  • 2025-11-10 [Economy] — Demonetisation and Cash Usage
    Despite efforts to build a “less-cash society,” India's cash usage remains high. Currency with the public has risen from ₹17.97 lakh crore in November 2016 to ₹37.29 lakh crore in October 2025, more than doubling since demonetisation. The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has revolutionised digital payments, processing 185.9 billion transactions in FY25 and growing at a 49% CAGR between FY23–FY25.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Cash usage in India remains high despite demonetization efforts.

    Key Facts:

    • Currency with the public has risen from ₹17.97 lakh crore in November 2016 to ₹37.29 lakh crore in October 2025.
    • UPI processed 185.9 billion transactions in FY25.
    • UPI grew at a 49% CAGR between FY23–FY25.
  • 2025-11-05 [Economy] — UPI Transactions During Diwali
    UPI transactions surged during Diwali, highlighting UPI's role as the backbone of India's digital payments ecosystem. In value terms, transactions rose 16% year-on-year (YoY) and 9.5% month-on-month (MoM) to reach ₹26.98 lakh crore.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • 16%: Year-on-year increase in UPI transactions
    • 9.5%: Month-on-month increase in UPI transactions
    • ₹26.98 lakh crore: Value of UPI transactions
  • 2025-09-18 [Economy] — Increase in UPI Daily P2M Limit
    UPI Increases Daily P2M Limit to ₹10 Lakh.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UPI Increases Daily P2M Limit to ₹10 Lakh.

    Key Facts:

    • UPI Increases Daily P2M Limit to ₹10 Lakh
  • 2025-09-18 [Economy] — UPI: India's Digital Revolution Goes Global
    UPI, launched in 2016 by NPCI, is recognized by the IMF as the world's largest real-time payment system. As of August 2025, UPI recorded over 20 billion transactions monthly, reaching a value of ₹24.85 lakh crore in a single month and accounting for 85% of India's digital transactions. Starting September 15, 2025, a ₹10 lakh per day limit was set for person-to-merchant transactions for select merchant categories.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UPI is the world's largest real-time payment system.

    Key Facts:

    • UPI launched in 2016 by NPCI.
    • Over 20 billion monthly transactions as of August 2025.
    • Transaction value: ₹24.85 lakh crore in a single month.
    • Accounts for 85% of India's digital transactions.
    • ₹10 lakh/day P2M limit from September 15, 2025, for select merchant categories.
  • 2025-08-18 [Economy] — PhonePe Leads UPI Transactions in July 2025
    PhonePe led the UPI ecosystem in July 2025 with 8.93 billion transactions worth ₹12.20 trillion, securing a 45.88% market share. Google Pay followed with 6.92 billion transactions, and Paytm processed 1.36 billion transactions.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • PhonePe
    • UPI transactions in July 2025: 8.93 billion
    • Value: ₹12.20 trillion
    • Market share: 45.88%
    • Google Pay: 6.92 billion transactions
    • Paytm: 1.36 billion transactions
  • 2025-07-21 [Economy] — India's Leadership in Fast Payments
    An IMF report indicates India is a global leader in fast payments, ranking first among 30 countries with a Fast Payments Adoption Score (FPAS) of 87.5%. UPI processes over 640 million transactions daily, serving 491 million individuals and 65 million merchants via 675 banks, delivering payments within 5 seconds at near-zero cost. UPI is operational in 7 countries, and India is advocating for UPI as a cross-border payment standard among BRICS+ nations.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India is a global leader in fast payments (UPI).

    Key Facts:

    • IMF's July 2025 report
    • India is the world's foremost country in fast digital payments
    • India accounts for nearly 50 percent of global real-time payment transactions
    • UPI has overtaken global giants like Visa in daily transaction volume
    • UPI: 640+ million transactions per day
    • Visa: 639 million transactions per day
    • UPI in Figures (June 2025)
    • Total Transactions: 18.39 billion (32 percent YoY growth)
    • Transaction Value: ₹24.03 lakh crore
    • Share in India's digital transactions: 85 percent
    • Share in global real-time digital transactions: nearly 50 percent
    • Number of users: 491 million individuals
    • Number of merchants onboarded: 65 million
    • Number of integrated banks: 675
    • India's Fast Payments Adoption Score (FPAS): 87.5%.
    • UPI processes over 640 million transactions daily.
    • Serves 491 million individuals and 65 million merchants via 675 banks.
    • UPI is operational in 7 countries.
  • 2025-07-16 [Economy] — UPI Market Share - June 2025
    PhonePe led the UPI market in June 2025 with a 46.46% share, processing over 8.54 billion transactions. Google Pay was second with 35.56% share and 6.54 billion transactions, while Paytm ranked third with 6.90% share and 1.26 billion transactions.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • PhonePe: 46.46% market share, 8.54 billion transactions
    • Google Pay: 35.56% share, 6.54 billion transactions
    • Paytm: 6.90% share, 1.26 billion transactions
    • Total UPI transactions in June 2025: 18.39 billion
    • Maharashtra recorded the highest share of UPI transactions at 8.8%
  • 2025-07-11 [Economy] — India's Digital Payments Growth
    India's digital payments, led by UPI, have crossed 20 billion transactions annually, although the impact on real GDP growth is still unclear.
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    UPSC Angle: India's digital payments cross 20 billion transactions annually.

    Key Facts:

    • UPI
    • 20 billion digital transactions annually
  • 2025-04-19 [Economy] — Finance Ministry Clarifies GST on UPI Transactions
    The Finance Ministry has dismissed reports about imposing GST on UPI transactions above ₹2,000, clarifying that no such proposal exists. Since Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) on person-to-merchant (P2M) UPI transactions was abolished in January 2020, GST is not applicable.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Finance Ministry clarifies no GST on UPI transactions above ₹2,000.

    Key Facts:

    • Clarification: No GST on UPI transactions
    • Reason: MDR abolished in January 2020
    • UPI Incentive Scheme: Government promotes digital payments through UPI Incentive Scheme, with payouts of ₹2,210 crore in FY23 and ₹3,631 crore in FY24
  • 2025-03-19 [Economy] — Cabinet Approves Incentives for Low-Value UPI Transactions
    The Union Cabinet approved an incentive scheme with an outlay of ₹1,500 crore to promote low-value BHIM-UPI transactions (Person to Merchant) for the financial year 2024-25. The government will bear the Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) for transactions under ₹2,000.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves incentives for low-value UPI transactions.

    Key Facts:

    • The Union Cabinet approved an incentive scheme worth approximately ₹1,500 crore.
    • The scheme aims to promote UPI transactions below ₹2,000 for 2024-25.
    • Approved incentive scheme: ₹1,500 crore
    • Purpose: Promote UPI transactions below ₹2,000
    • Financial Year: 2024-25
    • Government will bear MDR (Merchant Discount Rate) for payments less than ₹2,000 from person to merchant (P2M)
    • Implementation period: April 1, 2024 to March 31, 2025
    • The Union Cabinet approved an incentives scheme worth approximately ₹1,500 crore to promote UPI transactions below ₹2,000 for 2024-25.
    • The incentive scheme will be implemented from April 1, 2024, to March 31, 2025.
    • The Union Cabinet approved an incentive scheme for low-value BHIM-UPI transactions.
    • The scheme has an estimated outlay of ₹1,500 crore.
    • The scheme is for the financial year 2024-25.
    • The government will bear the MDR for transactions under ₹2,000.

India's Digital Ecosystem: Infrastructure, Safety, and Governance

Focus: A comprehensive set of Indian initiatives, laws, and diplomatic efforts aimed at strengthening digital public infrastructure (DPI), data protection, and digital safety.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's multi-pronged approach to digital governance, covering rural access, legal frameworks (DPDP, DPI Bill), emerging tech (AI, Blockchain), and international diplomacy.

8 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-29 [Polity & Governance] — Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Protection Bill, 2026
    The “Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Protection Bill, 2026,” aims to create a legal framework for the security and integrity of India's foundational digital public infrastructures like Aadhaar and UPI.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Protection Bill, 2026 aims to secure digital infrastructure.

    Key Facts:

    • Introduced in Lok Sabha on January 27, 2026
    • Aims to safeguard core digital public infrastructure like Aadhaar and UPI
  • 2026-01-17 [International Relations] — India's Digital Public Infrastructure
    Prime Minister Modi has expressed India's willingness to share its digital public infrastructure with Commonwealth nations, viewing technology as a global public good to strengthen democracy. These infrastructures are secure, interoperable digital systems built on open standards to provide equitable access to public and private services at scale, guided by rules that promote development, inclusion, innovation, trust, competition, and respect for human rights.
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    UPSC Angle: India offers digital public infrastructure to Commonwealth nations as a global good.

    Key Facts:

    • India to share its digital public infrastructure with Commonwealth nations
    • India is ready to share its digital public infrastructure with Commonwealth nations.
    • Technology viewed as a global public good.
    • Digital systems built on open standards for equitable access to services.
  • 2026-01-11 [Schemes & Programs] — Launch of 'Gramin Tech-Saath' Scheme
    The Indian government unveiled the 'Gramin Tech-Saath' scheme on January 11, 2026, to bridge the digital divide in rural India by enhancing digital literacy and promoting technological access among rural populations. The scheme focuses on providing training in basic computer skills, internet usage, and digital financial services, alongside establishing community technology hubs equipped with internet access.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: 'Gramin Tech-Saath' scheme launched to bridge digital divide in rural India.

    Key Facts:

    • Launched on January 11, 2026
    • Objective: bridge the digital divide in rural India
    • Focuses on digital literacy and technological access
    • Includes training in basic computer skills, internet usage, and digital financial services
    • Establishes community technology hubs
  • 2025-11-25 [Society & Culture] — UN Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women: India's initiatives
    Observed globally on November 25th, the UN's 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence (Nov 25–Dec 10) focuses on digital violence in 2025. India showcases Mission Shakti initiatives, strengthened digital safety tools, NCW helplines, and online-offence tracking systems, highlighting its commitment to combating violence against women in both physical and digital spaces.
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    UPSC Angle: UN Day for Elimination of Violence Against Women: India's initiatives.

    Key Facts:

    • Observed globally on 25 November
    • Marks the start of the UN 16 Days of Activism (Nov 25–Dec 10)
    • 2025 theme highlights digital violence: online harassment, deepfakes, cyberstalking, doxxing, algorithmic bias, coordinated misogynistic attacks
    • India showcased its year-long initiatives under Mission Shakti
    • Strengthened digital safety tools
    • FTSC performance
    • NCW helplines
    • SHe-Box reforms
    • Online-offence tracking systems
    • Launch of updated NCW digital helplines
    • New data on FTSC disposal rates
    • Expanded Women Help Desks
    • Enhanced implementation of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023
    • UNGA Resolution 54/134 (2000) designated Nov 25 as the day
    • Aimed at eliminating physical, sexual, emotional, economic and digital violence
    • Linked with CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action, SDG 5 (Gender Equality)
    • Violence against women seen as structural, tied to gender discrimination, patriarchy, unequal access to digital spaces, and weak justice mechanisms
  • 2025-11-19 [Polity & Governance] — Digital Personal Data Protection Rules 2025
    The final Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules 2025 were notified on November 14, 2025, following the recognition of privacy as a fundamental right in 2017. The rules establish a phased compliance timeline, extending full operational compliance to May 2027, with Data Protection Board provisions effective immediately and Consent Manager provisions by November 2026. Concerns include delayed protections, RTI dilution, regulator independence, and weak accountability.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Digital Personal Data Protection Rules 2025 notified, phased compliance.

    Key Facts:

    • Includes a separate section for disabled persons
    • DPDP Rules 2025 notified on November 14, 2025
    • Full operational compliance deadline: May 2027
    • Data Protection Board provisions effective immediately
    • Consent Manager provisions effective November 2026
    • Compliance Timeline: The phased schedule extends the deadline for full operational compliance under the DPDP Act to May 2027 (18 months post-notification).
    • RTI Dilution: Rules enable broader denial of personal information under RTI, shrinking transparency gains achieved since 2005.
    • Regulator Independence: DPBI was placed under MeitY, creating a potential conflict of interest between the promotion of the digital economy and regulatory oversight.
    • Weak Accountability: No strong provisions for independent audits, impact assessments, or proactive disclosure, reducing enforceability.
  • 2025-10-25 [Science & Technology] — National Blockchain Framework (NBF) Launched
    India is accelerating its adoption of blockchain technology to transform governance, enhance transparency, and strengthen digital trust through the National Blockchain Framework (NBF). The NBF was launched in September 2024 with a budget of ₹64.76 crores by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and aims to promote trust, transparency, and interoperability across digital systems via a permissioned blockchain network.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: National Blockchain Framework (NBF) launched.

    Key Facts:

    • Launched: September 2024
    • Budget: ₹64.76 crores
    • Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
    • Vishvasya Blockchain Stack: modular platform with distributed infrastructure and open APIs for e-Governance integration
    • NBFLite: testing environment for blockchain prototypes
    • Praamaanik: mobile app verification system
    • National Blockchain Portal: digital interface for promoting blockchain adoption
    • Certificate & Document Chain: secures government-issued documents
    • Property Chain: ensures transparent recording of land transactions
    • Judiciary Chain: maintains immutable judicial records
    • Inter-Operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS): Links police, prosecution, and judiciary databases
    • Logistics Chain (Aushada): Tracks pharmaceutical supply chains
  • 2025-06-01 [Miscellaneous] — India's AI, Trade, and Gender Inclusion Milestones
    On June 1st, 2025, India achieved milestones in technology, trade, and gender inclusion, which are the inauguration of a national AI compute facility in Bengaluru under the IndiaAI Mission, raising concerns at the WTO over rising trade protectionism, and the graduation of the first batch of women cadets from the National Defence Academy. India filed a notice at the WTO, signaling potential formal dispute resolution processes against trade barriers perceived to be in violation of WTO rules.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's AI, trade, and gender inclusion milestones on June 1st, 2025.

    Key Facts:

    • National AI compute facility inaugurated in Bengaluru under the IndiaAI Mission on June 1st, 2025.
    • India raised concerns at the WTO regarding rising trade protectionism.
    • First batch of women cadets graduated from the National Defence Academy (NDA) in Khadakwasla, Pune on June 1st, 2025.
  • 2025-05-24 [International Relations] — India Hosts BRICS Digital Transformation Session
    India hosted a Virtual Capacity Building Session on Digital Transformation in BRICS, recognizing digital technologies as essential tools to promote inclusive growth and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). BRICS prioritizes the integrated implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, focusing on economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
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    UPSC Angle: India hosts BRICS digital transformation session.

    Key Facts:

    • India hosted a Virtual Capacity Building Session on Digital Transformation in BRICS.
    • BRICS has prioritized the integrated implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
    • India hosted Virtual Capacity Building Session on Digital Transformation in BRICS.
    • BRICS prioritizes integrated implementation of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
    • Digital technologies seen as essential for inclusive growth and achieving SDGs.

Ecological Footprint and Energy Demands of AI Infrastructure

Focus: Reports and initiatives specifically addressing the surging energy consumption, carbon emissions, and cooling requirements of the global AI and data center sectors.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the environmental trade-offs of the Digital India mission and the infrastructure challenges (energy, water) posed by the global AI boom.

7 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-22 [Science & Technology] — Storing Data Inside Glass
    Microsoft researchers developed a method to store data inside a 2-mm-thick glass plate using short laser pulses to create 3D pixels, potentially holding 4.8 TB on a 120 mm x 120 mm plate, with borosilicate glass versions projected to be stable for 10 millennia.
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    UPSC Angle: Microsoft develops method to store data inside glass.

    Key Facts:

    • Microsoft researchers: developed method to store data inside glass
    • Glass thickness: 2 mm
    • Data storage method: short laser pulses to create 3D pixels
    • Storage capacity: 4.8 TB on a 120 mm x 120 mm plate
    • Material: borosilicate glass version projected to be stable for 10 millennia
  • 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — District Cooling Systems
    District cooling is a centralised system that supplies air-conditioning to multiple buildings through a network of insulated underground pipes and is emerging as a climate-responsive and urban planning solution aligned with India's sustainability goals. A central plant produces chilled water (around 6–7°C), which circulates to connected buildings. The water absorbs heat (returning at 12–14°C) and is re-cooled at the plant in a closed-loop system.
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    UPSC Angle: District cooling systems as climate-responsive urban planning.

    Key Facts:

    • Central plant produces chilled water (around 6–7°C)
    • Water absorbs heat (returning at 12–14°C) and is re-cooled at the plant in a closed-loop system
  • 2026-01-14 [Science & Technology] — Environmental Impact of AI: Key Data & Facts
    Global ICT contributes up to 3.9% of global greenhouse gas emissions. India's data center capacity is projected to reach 2,073 MW by 2027, an 85% increase from 2025. Training a large AI model can emit over 626,000 pounds of CO2, and a ChatGPT query consumes 10 times more electricity than a standard Google search.
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    UPSC Angle: AI's environmental impact: ICT greenhouse gas emissions and data center growth.

    Key Facts:

    • Global ICT
    • 3.9%
    • greenhouse gas emissions
    • India data centre capacity
    • 2,073 MW by 2027
    • 85% increase from 2025
    • 626,000 pounds of CO2
    • ChatGPT query
    • 10 times electricity
  • 2025-11-01 [Science & Technology] — Rising Energy Demand and SMRs
    India is exploring the use of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) to meet the surging electricity demand from AI-driven and data-intensive data centres, driven by the Digital India push, data-localisation policies, expanding internet users and the 5G rollout. Global electricity supplied to data centres is projected to rise from ~460 TWh in 2024 to over 1,000 TWh by 2030 and to about 1,300 TWh by 2035.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India exploring Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for energy demand.

    Key Facts:

    • Global electricity supplied to data centres is projected to rise from ~460 TWh in 2024 to over 1,000 TWh by 2030 and to about 1,300 TWh by 2035.
  • 2025-09-26 [Science & Technology] — Energy and AI Interconnections
    A 2024 IEA report highlights growing interconnections between energy and AI. Data center electricity demand is projected to more than double by 2030 to 945 TWh. Data centers currently consume 1–2% of total power, expected to rise to 3–4% by 2030.
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    UPSC Angle: IEA report: Data center electricity demand doubling by 2030.

    Key Facts:

    • Data centre electricity demand projected to more than double by 2030 to 945 TWh
    • AI-optimised data centres demand to quadruple by 2030
    • Data centres currently consume 1–2% of total power
    • Expected to rise to 3–4% by 2030
  • 2025-06-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Technology Industry Adopting Climate-Smart Practices
    A study by Microsoft and WSP Global shows advanced cooling technologies can significantly reduce emissions, energy, and water use in data centers. The tech industry is adopting climate-smart practices to reduce its carbon footprint, especially from data centers and supply chains. Challenges remain, including lifecycle trade-offs, high capital costs, regulatory bottlenecks, dependence on grid power, and deployment lags.
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    UPSC Angle: Tech industry adopting climate-smart practices to reduce emissions.

    Key Facts:

    • Climate Goals: Cut greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by 2030 (from 2015 levels)
    • Achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century
    • Shift to 100% renewable energy in operations (e.g., Google by 2030)
    • Goal to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by 2030 (from 2015 levels)
    • Goal to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century
    • Goal to shift to 100% renewable energy in operations (e.g., Google by 2030)
  • 2025-06-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Advanced Cooling Methods for Data Centers
    The ICT industry needs to cut emissions by 42% from 2015 levels by 2030 to meet global climate goals. Advanced cooling methods like cold plates and immersion cooling can significantly reduce emissions, energy consumption, and water use compared to traditional air-based cooling. Microchips generate intense heat, and effective cooling ensures performance and longer lifespan.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Advanced cooling methods can reduce data center emissions.

    Key Facts:

    • ICT sector must cut emissions by 42% from 2015 levels by 2030.

Growth Metrics of India's Digital Economy and Infrastructure

Focus: Statistical data and progress reports on India's digital ecosystem, covering UPI, 5G rollout, and digital economy GDP contribution.

UPSC Value: Provides concrete data points for answers on Digital India, financial inclusion, and infrastructure development (GS-3).

6 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-10 [Economy] — India's Digital Economy Growth
    India's digital economy contributed 13.42% to the national income in 2024–25 and is projected to reach nearly one-fifth of the GDP by 2030, with over 97% of Indian villages covered by mobile connectivity as of 2025. India leads in real-time payments, with UPI processing ₹24.03 lakh crore in June 2025 alone, and has generated 142 crore Aadhaar IDs as of April 2025.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's digital economy growth and projections.

    Key Facts:

    • Digital economy contributed 13.42% to India's national income in 2024–25
    • Digital economy projected to reach nearly one-fifth of the GDP by 2030
    • Over 97% of Indian villages covered by mobile connectivity as of 2025
    • 4.74 lakh 5G towers installed across 99.6% of districts
    • 142 crore Aadhaar IDs generated as of April 2025
    • UPI processed ₹24.03 lakh crore via 18.39 billion transactions in June 2025
  • 2025-08-17 [Economy] — India's Telecom & IT Revolution
    Sansad TV explored the transformation of India's telecom and IT sectors, noting the increase in teledensity from 3.5% in 2001 to 85.7% in 2024, a decrease in call costs, and India's strong commitment to cyber security practices. The sector contributes significantly to India's GDP and connects over a billion people.
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    UPSC Angle: India's telecom revolution: Teledensity increase and commitment to digital inclusion.

    Key Facts:

    • India's teledensity increased from 3.5% in 2001 to 85.7% in 2024.
    • India is in the tier one in Global Cyber Security Index 2024 published by International Telecommunication Union with a score of 98.49 out of 100.
    • Broadband subscription was 294.8 million in FY17, which has risen to 964.1 million in FY24.
    • By December 2024, Department of Telecommunications anticipates to have 50 lakh km of optic fiber deployed throughout India, 70% of towers fiberized, average broadband speeds of 50 Mbps, and 100% of villages connected to the internet.
  • 2025-07-09 [Schemes & Programs] — Digital Employment & Welfare Ecosystem in India: 2015-2025
    India has developed a digital ecosystem for employment services and social security, emphasizing interlinked platforms like NCS, e-Shram, and EPFO. Coverage of social protection has increased significantly, with India ranking second globally in beneficiary count.
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    UPSC Angle: Digital employment & welfare ecosystem in India: interlinked platforms.

    Key Facts:

    • NCS (National Career Service)
    • e-Shram portal
    • EPFO (Employees' Provident Fund Organisation)
    • ILO Social Protection Data: Coverage jumped from 19% (2015) to 64.3% (2025)
    • India ranks 2nd globally in beneficiary count: 94.13 crore
    • Recognised in WSPR 2026 as first country to report comprehensive central + state scheme data
  • 2025-07-03 [Polity & Governance] — Digital India Progress and Expansion
    Digital India initiative has significantly grown over the past decade, enhancing governance, service delivery, and citizen empowerment across India by bridging the digital gap between rural and urban areas. Key progress includes a substantial increase in internet connections, the installation of numerous 5G towers, and the connection of many Gram Panchayats through BharatNet.
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    UPSC Angle: Digital India initiative enhances governance and citizen empowerment.

    Key Facts:

    • Internet Connections: Increased from 25.15 Cr in 2014 to 96.96 Cr in 2024 (~285% increase)
    • 5G Towers: 4.74 lakh towers installed, covering 99.6% of districts
    • BharatNet: Connected 2.18 lakh Gram Panchayats, laying 6.92 lakh km of fiber
    • Tele-density: Rose from 75.23% in 2014 to 84.49% in 2024
    • Digital economy's GDP share: 11.74% (2022–23) to 13.42% (2024–25)
    • Data cost: Decreased from ₹308/GB (2014) to ₹9.34/GB (2022)
    • UPI: 1867.7 Cr transactions worth ₹24.77 lakh Cr in April 2025, used in 7+ countries
    • DigiLocker: 53.92 Cr users, started with 9.98 lakh in 2015
    • UMANG App: 8.34 Cr users, 2300+ services in 23 languages
    • DBT savings: ₹3.48 lakh Cr saved; ₹44 lakh Cr transferred
    • GeM (Govt e-Marketplace): ₹4.09 lakh Cr GMV in FY25 (first 10 months)
    • ONDC: Over 7.64 lakh sellers, operating in 616+ cities
    • Karmayogi Bharat: 1.21 Cr officials trained; 3.24 Cr certificates issued
    • IndiaAI Mission: ₹10,371 Cr
    • India Semiconductor Mission: ₹76,000 Cr
    • 6 projects worth ₹1.55 lakh Cr approved
  • 2025-06-02 [Economy] — RBI Annual Report 2024-25
    The RBI's Annual Report 2024-25 emphasizes balancing economic growth with financial stability amid global uncertainties. It highlights digital payments growth, with digital payments volume growing by 34.8% and value by 17.9% in 2024-25. The Financial Inclusion Index rose from 60.1 in 2023 to 64.2 in 2024, reflecting deeper usage of financial services.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: RBI Annual Report 2024-25 emphasizes balancing growth with financial stability.

    Key Facts:

    • Digital payments volume grew by 34.8%, value by 17.9% in 2024-25.
    • UPI accounted for 48.5% of global real-time payments by volume.
    • RBI’s Financial Inclusion Index rose from 60.1 in 2023 to 64.2 in 2024.
  • 2025-03-05 [Economy] — Rising Digital Economy and Fintech Expansion
    India's digital economy has emerged as a significant contributor to its economic growth, accounting for 11.74% of the GDP in 2022-23. UPI transactions hit a record high in January 2025, with over 16.99 billion transactions and ₹23.48 lakh crore value.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Digital economy accounted for 11.74% of GDP in 2022-23.

    Key Facts:

    • Digital economy contribution: 11.74% of GDP
    • 2022-23
    • UPI transactions: 16.99 billion
    • UPI transaction value: ₹23.48 lakh crore
    • January 2025

Macro-Statistical Indicators of AI Ecosystem Growth

Focus: Statistical reports detailing workforce size, GDP contribution, and infrastructure metrics (data centers) of the Indian AI ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Provides the quantitative data needed to assess the scale, maturity, and economic impact of the sector beyond specific policy announcements.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-17 [Science & Technology] — India's AI Sector Transformation and Agricultural Integration
    India's AI sector is rapidly advancing, securing a position among the top three globally in Stanford's Global AI Vibrancy Index. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a 20-year tax holiday through 2047 for global AI workloads, aiming to establish India as the world's "AI back office". The government launched Bharat-VISTAAR, a multilingual AI tool, to provide advisory support to farmers by integrating AgriStack data with practices from the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR).
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India among top 3 in Global AI Vibrancy Index.

    Key Facts:

    • India ranks among the top three in Stanford's Global AI Vibrancy Index
    • 20-year tax holiday through 2047 for global AI workloads
    • Bharat-VISTAAR launched as a multilingual AI tool for farmers
    • Finance Minister: Nirmala Sitharaman
  • 2026-01-24 [Economy] — India's Digital Transformation and Economic Growth
    Technology is central to India's growth, with over 6 million people employed in tech and AI-led sectors and AI expected to contribute USD 1.7 trillion to the economy by 2035 under the India AI Mission. The datacenter tax holiday announced in the 2026 Budget is accelerating digital infrastructure expansion.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: AI expected to contribute USD 1.7 trillion to India's economy by 2035.

    Key Facts:

    • Over 6 million people are employed in tech and AI-led sectors in India.
    • AI is expected to contribute nearly USD 1.7 trillion to the Indian economy by 2035.
    • The 2026 Budget announced a datacenter tax holiday.
  • 2026-01-04 [Science & Technology] — India's Data Center Capacity Doubles in 2025
    India's data center capacity more than doubled in 2025, with 387 MW added, compared to 192 MW in 2024. This growth highlights India's increasing activity in IT, space, and computers.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's data center capacity more than doubled in 2025.

    Key Facts:

    • Data center capacity addition in 2025: 387 MW
    • Data center capacity addition in 2024: 192 MW
    • Growth rate: Almost 100%
  • 2026-01-03 [Economy] — India's AI Ecosystem: Development and Implementation
    India is entering a new AI-driven development phase impacting various sectors, focusing on inclusive, affordable, and accessible AI aligned with Viksit Bharat 2047. India's tech sector revenue is over USD 280 billion, employing over 6 million people in tech and AI, with 1,800+ Global Capability Centers and 500+ AI-focused startups. Around 89% of 8 lakh startups in India are using AI, and the country ranks among the top 4 globally in AI skills and policies.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's AI ecosystem development and implementation.

    Key Facts:

    • India's tech sector revenue is USD 280+ billion.
    • Employment in tech and AI is 6+ million.
    • There are 1,800+ Global Capability Centres, 500+ AI-focused companies.
    • India has 8 lakh startups, with around 89% using AI.
    • AI workforce projected to reach 12.5 lakh by 2027.
    • Tech sector revenue: USD 280+ billion
    • Employment: 6+ million in tech and AI
    • 1,800+ Global Capability Centres, 500+ AI-focused
    • 8 lakh startups, with around 89% using AI
    • India scores 2.45/4 on NASSCOM AI Adoption Index
    • India ranks among top 4 globally in AI skills and policies
    • India is the second-largest contributor to AI projects on GitHub
  • 2025-07-19 [Economy] — AI's Role in India's Economic Transformation
    AI is emerging as a core enabler of India's economic and developmental ambitions, with the domestic AI market projected to reach $17 billion by 2027. India holds 16% of global AI talent, with over 600,000 AI professionals currently employed. AI enables predictive grid management, renewable forecasting, and efficient energy use, supporting India's net-zero 2070 target.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's AI market projected to reach $17 billion by 2027.

    Key Facts:

    • Domestic AI market projected to reach $17 billion by 2027
    • India holds 16% of global AI talent
    • Over 600,000 AI professionals currently employed in India
    • AI supports India's net-zero 2070 target

RBI's Stewardship of India's Digital Financial Ecosystem

Focus: Developments involving the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the digital financial landscape, covering regulatory licensing, security guidelines, public awareness, and infrastructure adoption.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the evolution of India's fintech regulatory framework, financial inclusion strategies, and the central bank's role in modernizing the digital economy (GS-III).

6 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-02-17 [Economy] — Union Home Minister Launches CBDC Based PDS in Gujarat
    Union Minister Amit Shah launched India's first Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) based public distribution system (PDS) in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Digital coupons generated through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will be credited directly to beneficiaries as programmable digital currency (e₹).
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's first CBDC-based PDS launched in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.

    Key Facts:

    • First Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) based public distribution system (PDS) launched in Gandhinagar, Gujarat
    • Digital coupons generated through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
    • Credited directly to beneficiaries as programmable digital currency (e₹)
  • 2026-01-24 [Economy] — Razorpay POS Receives RBI Licence
    Razorpay POS received the Payment Aggregator – Physical (PA-P) licence from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Razorpay now holds all three RBI PA licences.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Razorpay POS receives Payment Aggregator – Physical (PA-P) licence from RBI.

    Key Facts:

    • Razorpay POS
    • Payment Aggregator – Physical (PA-P) licence
    • Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
  • 2025-09-07 [Economy] — Account Aggregator Network
    As of September 5, 2025, 11 crore users had linked financial information via the Account Aggregator network, enabling secure, consent-based data sharing across institutions.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Account Aggregator network enables secure data sharing.

    Key Facts:

    • 11 crore users have linked financial information.
    • Data is shared on a consent basis.
  • 2025-07-01 [Economy] — RBI Finalizes Guidelines on AePS Due Diligence
    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued final guidelines for due diligence of Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AePS) Touchpoint Operators (ATOs). The guidelines streamline onboarding and enhance fraud risk management. They come into force from January 1, 2026.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: RBI issues guidelines for due diligence of Aadhaar Enabled Payment System.

    Key Facts:

    • Guidelines effective from January 01, 2026
  • 2025-03-17 [Economy] — RBI Receives Digital Transformation Award 2025
    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was awarded the Digital Transformation Award 2025 by Central Banking in London for its digital initiatives, Pravaah and Sarthi, developed by its in-house team. These initiatives have reduced paper-based submissions and transformed RBI's internal and external processes.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: RBI receives Digital Transformation Award 2025 for Pravaah and Sarthi.

    Key Facts:

    • Award: Digital Transformation Award 2025
    • Awarded by: Central Banking, London
    • Initiatives: Pravaah and Sarthi
    • RBI
    • Digital Transformation Award 2025
    • Awarded by Central Banking at London in UK
  • 2025-03-10 [Economy] — RBI's Digital Payments Awareness Week (DPAW) 2025 Inaugurated
    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor inaugurated the 5th Digital Payments Awareness Week (DPAW) from March 10 to 16, 2025, to promote the adoption and secure usage of digital payments across India with the mission 'Har Payment Digital' and the theme for 2025 being 'India Pays Digitally'. The objectives include educating the public about secure digital transactions, promoting a cashless economy, and addressing challenges like digital literacy and payment security.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: RBI's Digital Payments Awareness Week (DPAW) 2025 inaugurated.

    Key Facts:

    • RBI: Reserve Bank of India
    • DPAW: Digital Payments Awareness Week
    • Dates: March 10 to 16, 2025
    • Mission: Har Payment Digital
    • Theme for 2025: India Pays Digitally

Scaling and Institutionalization of India's Startup Ecosystem

Focus: The multi-dimensional growth of the Indian startup landscape through policy frameworks (Startup India), adoption of AI, and a significant shift toward domestic institutional funding.

UPSC Value: Crucial for analyzing the 'Startup India' mission's long-term impact, the transition to a deep-tech economy, and the diversification of capital sources in the Indian market.

5 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-17 [Economy] — India's Startup Ecosystem
    India's startup ecosystem has seen record growth, with nearly 44,000 startups registered in 2025, making India the 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally. The Prime Minister addressed the startup ecosystem on the 10th anniversary of the Startup India scheme on January 16, 2025, highlighting the changing attitudes towards risk-taking and India's ambition for global leadership in deep tech and indigenous AI. The government has invested ₹25,000 crore via the Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS), and approved Fund of Funds 2.0 (₹10,000 crore) in April 2025 to focus on deep tech sectors.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's startup ecosystem has seen record growth.

    Key Facts:

    • Startup India scheme launched on January 16, 2016
    • India has more than 2 lakh startups as of December 2025
    • More than 45% of recognized startups have at least one woman Director or Partner as of December 2025
    • Nearly 44,000 startups registered in 2025
    • ₹25,000 crore invested via Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS)
    • Fund of Funds 2.0 (₹10,000 crore) approved in April 2025 to focus on deep tech sectors
    • Cities such as Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Delhi-NCR have emerged as major innovation centres
    • Nearly 44,000 startups registered in 2025.
    • India is the 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally.
    • ₹25,000 crore invested via Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS).
    • Fund of Funds 2.0 (₹10,000 crore) approved in April 2025.
    • Over 45% recognised startups have at least one woman director/partner.
    • 44,000 startups registered in 2025.
    • India is now the 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally.
    • Over 2 lakh DPIIT-recognized startups and about 125 active unicorns in 2025.
    • Government e-Marketplace (GeM) has onboarded nearly 35,000 startups and small businesses.
    • Startups on GeM have received over 5 lakh orders worth over Rs 50,000 crore.
  • 2025-12-31 [Economy] — Mutual Funds investment in new age startups
    Domestic mutual funds have significantly increased their exposure to new age internet and technology companies, reaching ₹1,77,000 Crore by the end of 2025, nearly twice the level of ₹95,000 Crore a year earlier. Mutual funds increased stakes in firms such as Eternal, Swiggy, Nykaa and PB Fintech, as well as newcomers Lenskart, Groww, Meesho and PhysicsWallah that listed in 2025.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Mutual fund investment in new age companies (end of 2025): ₹1,77,000 Crore
    • Previous year investment: ₹95,000 Crore
    • Companies with increased stakes: Eternal, Swiggy, Nykaa, PB Fintech, Lenskart, Groww, Meesho, PhysicsWallah
  • 2025-09-18 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Vishwakarma Yojana
    The Startup India initiative has been instrumental in transforming India's innovation ecosystem, fostering the growth of numerous startups and PM Vishwakarma Yojana.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Startup India initiative and PM Vishwakarma Yojana.

    Key Facts:

    • Startup India initiative
    • instrumental in transforming India's innovation ecosystem
    • PM Vishwakarma Yojana
  • 2025-06-28 [Economy] — Meta Report: India's Startup Ecosystem Growth
    According to a report released by Meta, India's start-up ecosystem has witnessed exponential growth over the last decade, with over 70% of startups integrating artificial intelligence into their business operations. Key levers of growth include AI adoption, cross-border expansion, omnichannel presence, Tier 2/3 market expansion, category diversification, and creator-led brand building.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Over 70% of startups are integrating AI into their business operations.
    • Healthcare, edtech, and beauty sectors are leading in AI maturity.
    • Tier 2 and 3 markets are emerging as new growth areas.
  • 2025-03-22 [Economy] — Decline in Funding for Women-Led Startups
    Global investment in women-led tech startups witnessed a downturn in 2024, with funding dropping to $29.6 billion, marking an 11% decline from 2023. However, India emerged as the second-largest nation for cumulative funding in women-led tech startups, following the United States.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Global funding for women-led tech startups dropped to $29.6 billion in 2024
    • India is the second-largest nation for cumulative funding in women-led tech startups
    • India ranked second globally in funding for women-led tech startups.
    • Women-led startups accounted for 11.7% of total global funding.
    • 45 funding rounds exceeded $100 million.

Digital Finance & Banking Ecosystem

Focus: Developments in India's digital payment infrastructure (UPI, UMI) and banking regulations (ATM fees, RRB mergers).

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the stability (outages) and evolution (asset tokenization, fee structures) of India's financial architecture.

4 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-10-09 [Economy] — RBI Introduces Unified Markets Interface (UMI)
    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is advancing asset tokenization with its new Unified Markets Interface (UMI). It converts real-world assets into digital tokens on blockchain, creating fractional ownership and global trading opportunities. It offers new possibilities for the financial markets in expanding access, improving transparency and enhancing settlement efficiency through smart contracts.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: RBI introduces Unified Markets Interface (UMI) for asset tokenization.

    Key Facts:

    • RBI introduces Unified Markets Interface (UMI)
    • Converts real-world assets into digital tokens on blockchain
    • Creates fractional ownership and global trading opportunities
    • Uses blockchain and smart contracts for secure, automated transactions
  • 2025-05-01 [Economy] — Financial and Policy Changes Effective
    Starting May 1, 2025, key financial and policy updates impact Indian consumers, including increased ATM interchange fees, new rules for railway ticket booking, simplified tax filing for FY 2025-26, and bank mergers under the 'One State-One RRB' policy. The interchange fee increased from Rs 21 to Rs 23 per transaction beyond the free limit. Passengers with waiting list tickets can no longer travel in AC/Sleeper coaches and must board general coaches if their ticket remains waitlisted.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • ATM Interchange Fee: Increased from Rs 21 to Rs 23 per transaction (beyond free limit)
    • Free ATM Transactions (Own Bank): 5 free transactions (financial + non-financial)
    • Free ATM Transactions (Other Banks - Metro): 3 free transactions
    • Free ATM Transactions (Other Banks - Non-Metro): 5 free transactions
    • Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) Mergers: 15 RRBs across 11 states to be merged
    • Total RRBs after Merger: Reduce from 43 to 28
    • Railway Ticket Booking: Waiting list tickets no longer valid in AC/Sleeper coaches
    • Tax Filing: New ITR forms notified on April 30
    • ITR-1: Can be used by taxpayers with LTCG up to Rs 1.25 lakh
    • Financial Transactions Fee (NPCI/RBI): Rs 19
    • Non-Financial Transactions Fee (NPCI/RBI): Rs 7
  • 2025-04-27 [Economy] — UPI Downtime Issues
    In March and April 2025, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) system experienced three significant outages, disrupting payment services. These outages were primarily due to individual banks overwhelming the National Payments Corporation of India's (NPCI) systems with excessive transaction status check requests.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: UPI system experienced outages due to individual banks overwhelming systems.

    Key Facts:

    • The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) system experienced three significant outages in March and April 2025.
    • Outages disrupted payment services on applications like GPay and PhonePe.
    • The primary reason was individual banks overwhelming NPCI's systems.
  • 2025-03-27 [Economy] — UPI outage impacts digital transactions
    Digital transactions in India were impacted on March 26, 2025, due to a widespread UPI outage. Many users reported problems with the instant payment interface, leading to a surge in complaints on Downdetector. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) stabilized the system after a temporary issue lasting about an hour.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • Date of outage: March 26, 2025
    • Impact: Disrupted digital transactions
    • Cause: Widespread UPI outage
    • Resolution: NPCI stabilized the system after about an hour

General Startup Ecosystem: Metrics, Taxation, and Recognition

Focus: Items focusing on the general administration of the startup sector (tax norms, growth statistics, and standard definitions) rather than deep-tech specifics.

UPSC Value: Provides the baseline regulatory and statistical context for the Indian startup sector as a whole.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-16 [Economy] — National Startup Day and government focus on startups
    January 16th is National Startup Day in India. The government classifies startups based on their valuation, with those expected to reach $1 billion USD valuation in 2 years called 'Gazal' and those in 4 years called 'Cheetah'.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: National Startup Day and government focus on startups.

    Key Facts:

    • January 16th is National Startup Day
    • Startups expected to reach $1 billion USD valuation in 2 years called 'Gazal'
    • Startups expected to reach $1 billion USD valuation in 4 years called 'Cheetah'
  • 2025-09-18 [Economy] — Startup India Initiative
    The Startup India initiative, launched in 2016, has transformed India's innovation ecosystem, with the number of DPIIT-recognized startups surging from 500 in 2016 to 1.59 lakh in 2025. India has emerged as the third-largest startup ecosystem globally, generating over 16.6 lakh direct jobs as of October 31, 2024.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Startup India initiative transformed India's innovation ecosystem.

    Key Facts:

    • Launched: 2016
    • Startups: 1.59 lakh DPIIT-recognized startups in 2025
    • Global Rank: Third-largest startup ecosystem
    • Jobs Created: Over 16.6 lakh direct jobs by October 31, 2024
  • 2025-04-18 [Economy] — Income Tax Department clarifies tax exemptions for recognized startups
    The Income Tax Department has clarified that startups recognized by DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade) that meet specific conditions are eligible for various tax exemptions and deductions under the Income Tax Act, 1961. Investments in these companies are also eligible for benefits and not subject to scrutiny, provided they meet the necessary conditions outlined in a notification dated February 19, 2019, and file a declaration in Form-2.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Income Tax Dept clarifies tax exemptions for recognized startups.

    Key Facts:

    • DPIIT recognized startups are eligible for various tax exemptions and deductions under the Income tax Act, 1961 if they fulfil conditions in a notification dated February 19, 2019 and file declaration in Form-2
    • Investments made in such companies are eligible for benefits and are not subject to scrutiny

Expansion of the Ayushman Bharat Ecosystem

Focus: Updates on the infrastructure, digital backbone, and quality standards of the Ayushman Bharat healthcare scheme.

UPSC Value: Essential for tracking the implementation and capacity building of India's flagship universal health coverage scheme (GS-2).

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2026-01-08 [Schemes & Programs] — India Crosses 50,000 NQAS Certifications
    India has crossed a historic milestone of 50,000 NQAS (National Quality Assurance Standards) certifications. The framework includes 48,663 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs and 1,710 secondary care facilities.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India crosses 50,000 NQAS certifications for healthcare facilities.

    Key Facts:

    • Includes 48,663 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (SHC, PHC, UPHC).
    • Includes 1,710 secondary care facilities (CHC, SDH, DH).
  • 2025-06-03 [Schemes & Programs] — ABDM Progress Update
    As of June 3, 2025, over 78 crore digital health IDs (Ayushman Bharat Health Account - ABHA) have been generated under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM). eSanjeevani had completed about 37.2 crore teleconsultations. Over 55 crore health records of patients were linked to these IDs.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Over 78 crore digital health IDs generated under ABDM.

    Key Facts:

    • Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY provides free hospital cover of up to Rs. 5 lakh per family.
    • PM-JAY covers about 12.37 crore poor and lower-income families.
  • 2025-05-23 [Schemes & Programs] — Delhi to get 1,139 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs
    Delhi will get 1,139 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, 968 new sites identified: CM.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Delhi to get 1,139 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs.

    Key Facts:

    • Delhi
    • 1,139 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs
    • 968 new sites identified
    • CM
    • May 23, 2025

India's Multi-Dimensional AI Ecosystem Expansion

Focus: These items represent the three critical pillars of India's AI transition: physical infrastructure (data centers), human capital (IT upskilling), and economic strategic forecasting.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the holistic shift in India's digital economy from a service-based model to an AI-integrated infrastructure and talent hub.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-28 [Science & Technology] — AI-Native Data Center Campus in Visakhapatnam
    Digital Connexion, a joint venture involving Brookfield, Reliance Industries, and Digital Realty, plans to invest $11 billion to establish a 1 GW AI-native data center campus in Visakhapatnam by 2030.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: AI-Native Data Center Campus in Visakhapatnam.

    Key Facts:

    • Digital Connexion
    • Brookfield
    • Reliance Industries
    • Digital Realty
    • $11 billion
    • 1 GW
    • AI-native data center campus
    • Visakhapatnam
    • 2030
  • 2025-08-26 [Economy] — Nasscom report: AI to unlock $300-500B for India's tech services
    A report by Nasscom and McKinsey & Company indicates that AI, specifically Agentic AI, could unlock $300–500 billion in opportunities for India's technology services industry. The report highlights the shift from pandemic-driven digital acceleration to AI disruption and changing geopolitics, with AI becoming a critical differentiator for companies.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: AI could unlock $300-500B for India's tech services.

    Key Facts:

    • Nasscom
    • McKinsey & Company
    • Agentic AI
    • $300–500 billion opportunity
    • Rajesh Nambiar (President of Nasscom)
    • Legacy service lines may shrink, but demand for data and AI is likely to grow at 12–15 per cent over the next five years
  • 2025-06-30 [Economy] — IT Firms Shift Focus to AI Integration
    Indian IT majors like TCS, Infosys, Wipro, and Tech Mahindra are shifting from general digital transformation to AI integration, focusing on high-margin applications and investing in upskilling employees. TCS reports over 1 lakh employees with higher AI skills, while Infosys has over 2.70 lakh 'AI-Aware' employees.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

    Key Facts:

    • IT firms shifting focus to AI integration
    • TCS: Over 1 lakh employees with higher AI/ML and GenAI skills
    • Infosys: Over 2.70 lakh employees are now “AI-Aware”
    • TCS establishing AI Centres of Excellence and AI Labs
    • Infosys building its AI foundry

Digital Health Ecosystem Expansion

Focus: The development, scaling, and internationalization of India's digital health infrastructure, focusing on interoperability and tele-medicine platforms.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of technology (ABDM, eSanjeevani) in bridging healthcare access gaps and India's leadership in global digital health diplomacy.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-21 [International Relations] — Second Regional Open Digital Health Summit 2025
    India is hosting the second Regional Open Digital Health Summit (RODHS) 2025 in New Delhi, bringing together WHO-SEARO nations to advance interoperable digital health systems. The summit is a three-day multilateral platform convened by India, WHO-SEARO, UNICEF, and partner governments to accelerate standards-based digital health transformation in South-East Asia.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Regional Open Digital Health Summit advances interoperable digital health systems.

    Key Facts:

    • Second Regional Open Digital Health Summit (RODHS) 2025 being hosted by India in New Delhi.
    • Involves WHO-SEARO nations.
    • Aims to advance interoperable digital health systems.
    • Convened by India, WHO-SEARO, UNICEF, and partner governments.
  • 2025-07-09 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Healthcare Transformation: 2014-2025
    India has undergone a large-scale health transformation from 2014 to 2025, focusing on preventive care and leveraging digital tools. Key achievements include improved maternal and child health outcomes, control of communicable diseases, and increased access to primary care through Ayushman Arogya Mandirs.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: India's healthcare transformation: preventive care and digital tools leveraged.

    Key Facts:

    • National Health Mission (NHM)
    • Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AB-HWCs): 1.77 lakh operationalised
    • 427.57 crore visits to AB-HWCs
    • 36.64 crore teleconsultations
    • 5.5 crore wellness sessions
    • MMR: 167 (2014) to 22 (est. 2025)
    • IMR: ~11 (est. 2025)
    • OOPE: 62.6% (2014) to 39.4% (2025)
    • GHE as % of GDP: 1.13% (2014) to 1.84% (2025)
    • NCD Screening: ~<2 crore (2014) to 80+ crore (2025)
    • eConsultations: Negligible (2014) to 36.64 crore (2025)
    • Hypertension screenings: 28 crore (May 2025)
    • Diabetes screenings: 27 crore (May 2025)
    • Oral cancer screenings: 27 crore (May 2025)
  • 2025-04-07 [Schemes & Programs] — Digital Health Expansion in India
    India is making progress in digital health through programs like the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission and eSanjeevani, enabling over 10 crore teleconsultations. However, only 37% of rural households have internet access, and many lack digital skills.
    More details

    UPSC Angle: Digital health expansion via Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission and eSanjeevani.

    Key Facts:

    • Teleconsultations enabled by Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission and eSanjeevani: over 10 crore
    • Rural households with internet access: 37%

Modernization of India's Digital Payment Infrastructure

Focus: Developments in the institutional, technological, and international expansion of India's digital payment systems, including NPCI's innovation hub, cross-border UPI linkages, and advanced tolling.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic evolution of India's fintech landscape and its role in enhancing domestic efficiency and global financial connectivity.

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-11-12 [Economy] — NPCI Partners with BENEFIT for Cross-Border Remittances
    NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) has partnered with BENEFIT, Bahrain's leading fintech and electronic financial transactions company, to enable real-time cross-border remittances between India and Bahrain. The partnership connects India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with Bahrain's Fawri+ electronic fund transfer system, allowing users to send and receive money instantly and securely.
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    UPSC Angle: NPCI partners with BENEFIT for real-time cross-border remittances.

    Key Facts:

    • Partnership between NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) and BENEFIT
    • Connects India's UPI with Bahrain's Fawri+ electronic fund transfer system
    • Aims to advance cross-border payment connectivity and promote digital financial inclusion
  • 2025-10-09 [Economy] — NPCI Launches New Subsidiary NTSL
    The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) launched its new tech subsidiary 'NPCI Tech Solutions Limited (NTSL)', aimed at promoting experimentation and breakthrough innovations in the financial technology (fintech) sector. NTSL commenced operations with an authorized capital of Rs. 1.00 million and a paid-up capital of Rs. 0.50 million. Key Directors: Ajay Kumar Choudhary, Dilip Asbe Pratap, Krishnamurthy Viswanath, and Nitin Mishra.
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    UPSC Angle: NPCI launched NTSL to promote financial innovation.

    Key Facts:

    • NPCI launched new tech subsidiary 'NPCI Tech Solutions Limited (NTSL)'
    • Aimed at promoting experimentation and breakthrough innovations in the fintech sector
    • Authorized capital: Rs. 1.00 million
    • Paid-up capital: Rs. 0.50 million
    • Key Directors: Ajay Kumar Choudhary, Dilip Asbe Pratap, Krishnamurthy Viswanath, and Nitin Mishra
  • 2025-09-02 [Economy] — Multi-Lane Free Flow Tolling System Implementation
    Indian Highways Management Company Limited (IHMCL) has signed an agreement with ICICI Bank to implement the country's first comprehensive Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) tolling system at Choryasi Fee Plaza in Gujarat on NH-48. This system enables seamless toll collection without stopping vehicles, reducing congestion and travel time, and improving fuel efficiency.
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    UPSC Angle: Multi-Lane Free Flow tolling system implementation.

    Key Facts:

    • First MLFF tolling system location: Choryasi Fee Plaza, Gujarat on NH-48
    • Implemented by: IHMCL and ICICI Bank
    • Indian Highways Management Company Limited (IHMCL)
    • ICICI Bank
    • Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) tolling system
    • Choryasi Fee Plaza, Gujarat
    • NH-48

India-EU Connectivity Partnership: Infrastructure and Resilience

Focus: The strategic development, expansion, and security of digital and physical infrastructure links between India and Europe under the bilateral Connectivity Partnership framework.

UPSC Value: Analyzes the importance of the India-EU Connectivity Partnership in securing digital commons and creating resilient infrastructure corridors (GS-2/GS-3).

3 news items in this theme:

  • 2025-09-10 [International Relations] — Red Sea Cable Cuts Impact Indian Networks to Europe
    Cuts in Red Sea cables are taking a toll on Indian networks' connectivity to Europe. This disruption is related to bilateral, regional, and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests.
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    UPSC Angle: Red Sea cable cuts impact Indian networks' connectivity to Europe.

    Key Facts:

    • Red Sea
    • cable cuts
    • Indian networks
    • Europe
  • 2025-08-20 [Science & Technology] — Subsea Cables Expansion
    Subsea cables are growing, expanding, and being reconfigured to meet demand, serving as the backbone of information flows. India has 18 systems connecting it today, with 4 more proposed. Meta's Project Waterworth will connect Australia, Brazil, India, South Africa, and the US.
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    UPSC Angle: India has 18 subsea cable systems, with 4 more proposed.

    Key Facts:

    • India has 18 systems connecting it today, with 4 more proposed
    • IAX provides about 240 Tbps
    • IEX 210 Tbps
    • Google-part-owned Raman offers 400 Tbps toward the Middle East and Europe
    • Meta's Project Waterworth will connect Australia, Brazil, India, South Africa, and the US
  • 2025-06-01 [International Relations] — India-EU Connectivity Conference Begins in Meghalaya
    The India-EU Connectivity Conference commenced in Meghalaya to enhance connectivity investments in India's North Eastern States and neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh.
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    UPSC Angle: India-EU Connectivity Conference in Meghalaya to enhance regional connectivity.

    Key Facts:

    • India-EU Connectivity Conference
    • Meghalaya
    • Nepal
    • Bhutan
    • Bangladesh

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