India's Green Transition & Bio-Urban Resilience: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is pivoting from a resource-intensive development model to a 'Bio-Urban' paradigm, where economic growth is decoupled from environmental degradation through high-performance biomanufacturing and circular urban planning. This is institutionalized by the BioE3 Policy (Economy, Environment, and Employment) and the transition of the bioeconomy toward a $300 billion target by 2030. Centrally, the strategy redefines 'resilience' not just as disaster-proofing, but as a proactive integration of bio-based materials (like rice-straw-derived bio-bitumen) into the core of urban infrastructure.

Cross-Theme Insight

The synthesis of these threads reveals a 'Green Strategic Autonomy' objective. By linking the Indo-Pacific Green Corridor (Thread 5) with domestic Biomanufacturing Hubs (Thread 8), India is positioning itself as a provider of climate solutions rather than just a recipient of climate aid. The convergence of 'Right to Repair' with the 'Circular Economy of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)' demonstrates that environmental governance is moving from the factory gate to the consumer's hand, effectively turning the 'waste' of urbanization into the 'wealth' of the bioeconomy.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

While NCERT (Class XII, p. 100) describes rural-to-urban migration as a push-pull dynamic causing mega-city congestion, current policy (Thread 2) focuses on 'Strategic Urbanization' of Tier-2 and 3 cities to act as bio-manufacturing nodes. Standard textbooks focus on the 2016 Solid Waste Management Rules, but the current paradigm has shifted to complex market instruments like the 'Climate Finance Taxonomy' and 'Green Credit Programme' (Thread 4), which incentivize eco-restoration beyond simple waste collection.

How This Theme Is Evolving

Environmental policy has shifted from 'End-of-Pipe' treatment (mitigating pollution after it happens) to 'Cradle-to-Cradle' circularity (designing waste out of the system). The trajectory is: 2016 (Basic Waste Rules) → 2021 (EPR for Plastics) → 2024-25 (BioE3 & Carbon Capture integration). The focus is moving from 'generic' sustainability to 'Precision Sustainability'—targeting specific sectors like Biopharma (SHAKTI) and Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Analysis of IAS 2019 (nid: 6425) and IAS 2020 (nid: 5855) shows a high frequency of questions on 'Regulatory Mechanisms' (EPR) and 'Bio-material sources' (Biofuels). Recent trends suggest a move toward testing 'Implementation Frameworks' (like the 3-tier Panchayati Raj setup in environmental management) and 'Global-Local linkages' (IPEF vs. domestic climate action).

Probable Prelims Angles

• BioE3 Policy: The six thematic areas (Biopharma, Bio-based chemicals, Carbon capture, etc.).
• Bio-Bitumen: Technical aspects of rice straw conversion and its role in road decarbonization.
• IPEF Clean Economy Pillar: India's specific commitments versus the 'Fair Economy' pillar.
• NIRANTAR Platform: Its application in monitoring glacial lake outbursts (GLOFs) and Himalayan ecology.
• Municipal Bond Framework: SEBI guidelines for 'Green Bonds' issued by Urban Local Bodies.

Mains Answer Framework

• India's green transition represents a 'structural metamorphosis'—shifting the focus from carbon-heavy industrialization to a 'Bio-Circular Economy' that leverages its $165 billion (and growing) bio-ecosystem.
• Urban-Bio Linkage: How Tier-2 cities serve as the labs for biomanufacturing while adopting circular infrastructure (SASCI, Bio-bitumen).. Regulatory Evolution: The role of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in transforming the plastic and ELV (End-of-Life Vehicle) sectors into profit centers.. Geopolitical Climate Action: Utilizing the Indo-Pacific framework to secure green technology transfers and supply chain resilience.
• To achieve 'Viksit Bharat @ 2047', the green transition must be 'just and inclusive,' ensuring that bio-urban resilience bridges the urban-rural divide through decentralized bio-manufacturing.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (24 themes, 98 news items)

Urban Transformation: Schemes, Finance, and Infrastructure

Focus: A collection of specific central schemes (ASUD, PMAY, SVANidhi) and financial mechanisms (Municipal Bonds, SASCI incentives) aimed at addressing the operational and capital challenges of Indian urbanization.

UPSC Value: Provides a holistic view of the urban development sector, contrasting direct welfare schemes with structural reforms in municipal finance and planning.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-15 [Schemes & Programs] — Urban Challenge Fund Launched for Urban Development
  The Union Cabinet has approved the launch of the Urban Challenge Fund (UCF) with ₹1 lakh crore in central assistance to drive urban development, potentially catalyzing a total investment of ₹4 lakh crore over the next five years. The approval coincides with the clearance of projects worth about ₹1.6 trillion focused on infrastructure, urban development, and startup ecosystems.
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  UPSC Angle: Urban Challenge Fund: ₹1 lakh crore for urban development.

  Key Facts:

  • Urban Challenge Fund (UCF) approved by Union Cabinet
  • ₹1 lakh crore: Central assistance for urban development
  • ₹4 lakh crore: Expected total investment in the urban sector over five years
  • FY 2025-26 to FY 2030-31: Operational period of the fund
  • Extendable implementation period up to FY 2033-34
  • Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs: Implementing ministry
  • ₹5,000 crore corpus to enhance creditworthiness of 4223 cities
  • Covers cities with a population of 10 lakh or more (2025 estimates), State and UT capitals, and major industrial cities with a population of 1 lakh or more
  • All ULBs in hilly States, North-Eastern States, and smaller ULBs with population below 1 lakh will be eligible for support under the Credit Repayment Guarantee Scheme
  • The Union Cabinet approved the Urban Challenge Fund (UCF).
  • ₹1 lakh crore in central assistance will be provided.
  • The UCF is expected to catalyse a total investment of ₹4 lakh crore over the next five years.
  • Projects worth about ₹1.6 trillion have been cleared, focused on infrastructure, urban development, and startup ecosystems.
  • A minimum of 50% of project financing has to be mobilised from market sources.
  • The UCF will focus on reforms across Urban Governance, Market & Financial systems, Operational efficiency, and Urban Planning.
• 2026-02-14 [Schemes & Programs] — Cabinet approves Urban Challenge Fund with Central Assistance of Rs one lakh crore
  The Cabinet Committee has approved the launch of the Urban Challenge Fund with a total Central Assistance of Rs one lakh crore. The Central Assistance will cover 25 percent of the project cost, subject to raising a minimum 50 percent of the project cost from the market, leading to a total investment of four lakh crore rupees in the urban sector in the next five years.
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  UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves Urban Challenge Fund with Central Assistance of Rs one lakh crore.

  Key Facts:

  • Urban Challenge Fund approved
  • Total Central Assistance: Rs one lakh crore
  • Central Assistance covers 25% of project cost
  • Minimum 50% of project cost to be raised from the market
  • Total investment of four lakh crore rupees in the urban sector in next five years
• 2026-01-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Urban local bodies used over ₹7,000 crore to fight road dust
  Urban local bodies in India have utilized over ₹7,000 crore to combat road dust, highlighting efforts to mitigate air pollution.
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  UPSC Angle: Urban local bodies used over ₹7,000 crore to fight road dust.

  Key Facts:

  • Urban local bodies spent over ₹7,000 crore on fighting road dust
• 2026-01-12 [Schemes & Programs] — Union Cabinet approves Accelerated Sustainable Urban Development (ASUD) Scheme
  On January 12, 2026, the Union Cabinet sanctioned an investment package under the “Accelerated Sustainable Urban Development (ASUD) Scheme,” targeting India's Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. The scheme aims to fund projects related to sustainable public transport, green buildings, efficient waste management systems, and smart utilities to enhance the quality of life, foster economic growth and ensure environmentally responsible urban expansion.
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  UPSC Angle: ASUD Scheme targets Tier-2/3 cities for sustainable urban development.

  Key Facts:

  • Scheme: Accelerated Sustainable Urban Development (ASUD) Scheme
  • Target: Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities in India
  • Objective: Address rapid urbanization challenges in targeted cities
  • Focus: Sustainable public transport, green buildings, waste management, smart utilities
• 2025-09-20 [Economy] — Municipal Bond Market Faces Hurdles
  The Indian municipal bond market, a key tool for funding urban infrastructure, is struggling due to the weak financial health of urban local bodies (ULBs). This poses a challenge for urban development and infrastructure projects.
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  UPSC Angle: Weak ULB finances hinder municipal bond market for urban infrastructure.

  Key Facts:

  • The Indian municipal bond market is facing a major hurdle.
  • This is due to the weak financial health of urban local bodies (ULBs).
• 2025-09-18 [Schemes & Programs] — PMAY-Urban 2.0
  PMAY-Urban 2.0, relaunched in September 2024, focuses on inclusivity and speed in urban housing delivery. As of September 2025, 1.2 crore homes were sanctioned, with 94 lakh handed over. Since the relaunch, 8.56 lakh houses have been sanctioned, and each household is eligible for up to ₹2.5 lakh in financial assistance.
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  UPSC Angle: PMAY-Urban 2.0 focuses on inclusivity and speed in housing delivery.

  Key Facts:

  • Relaunched in Sept 2024.
  • 1.2 crore homes sanctioned, 94 lakh handed over.
  • 8.56 lakh houses sanctioned since relaunch.
  • Financial assistance: Up to ₹2.5 lakh per household.
• 2025-08-29 [Schemes & Programs] — PM SVANidhi Scheme Restructuring and Extension
  The Union Cabinet approved the restructuring of the PM SVANidhi Scheme, extending the lending period to March 31, 2030. The scheme aims to benefit 1.15 crore vendors, including 50 lakh new entrants, by providing affordable working capital loans to urban street vendors and promoting digital transactions.
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  UPSC Angle: PM SVANidhi Scheme restructured, lending extended to March 31, 2030.

  Key Facts:

  • Lending period extended to 31 March 2030
  • Aims to benefit 1.15 crore vendors, including 50 lakh new entrants
  • 1st loan: ₹15,000 (↑ from ₹10,000)
  • 2nd loan: ₹25,000 (↑ from ₹20,000)
  • 3rd loan: ₹50,000 (unchanged)
  • UPI-linked RuPay Credit Card for vendors repaying the second tranche
  • Cashback incentives up to ₹1,600 annually on digital transactions
  • Expanded coverage beyond statutory towns, now includes census towns and peri-urban areas
• 2025-06-06 [Schemes & Programs] — Centre Promises Incentives to States for Reforms
  The central government has set reform goals for states in mining, urban development, road safety, and land reforms, offering incentives through the budget capital expenditure scheme based on achieving milestones. The Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) programme for FY26 has a total outlay of ₹1.5 lakh crore through 50-year interest-free loans, with ₹75,000 crore earmarked for mining reforms.
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  UPSC Angle: Centre offers incentives to states for reforms via budget scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • mining reforms
  • urban development
  • road safety
  • land reforms
  • Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI)
  • FY26
  • ₹1.5 lakh crore
  • 50-year interest free loans
  • ₹75,000 crore for mining reforms
  • ₹13,000 crore incentive for urban planning reforms

Strategic Expansion of India's Biomanufacturing Ecosystem

Focus: A cluster of government policies (BioE3, SHAKTI) and infrastructure developments aimed specifically at scaling India's biomanufacturing and startup capabilities.

UPSC Value: Highlights the structural shift from generic pharmaceuticals to complex biomanufacturing (biologics, biofoundries) driven by the BioE3 policy and the new SHAKTI mission.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Biopharma Sector Investment
  India announced a massive investment of ₹10,000 crore in the Union Budget 2026-27 for the biotechnology sector to boost the production of biologics and biosimilars through a new initiative called the Biopharma Shakti. The initiative aims to transform India into a leading global biopharma industry and capture 5% of the global biopharmaceutical market share.
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  UPSC Angle: ₹10,000 crore investment in biotech sector under new initiative.

  Key Facts:

  • Investment of ₹10,000 crore in the biotechnology sector
  • Initiative: Biopharma Shakti
  • Aim: Transforming India into a leading global biopharma industry
  • Target: Capturing 5% of the global biopharmaceutical market share
• 2026-02-22 [Science & Technology] — Biotechnology driving personalized medicine.
  Experts at a webinar noted that India is poised to become a global biopharma manufacturing hub, supported by a ₹10,000 crore investment in the biotechnology sector in the Union Budget 2026-27. A new biotechnology program for the academic year 2027 will be launched at VIT, Chennai.
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  UPSC Angle: Biotechnology driving personalized medicine in India.

  Key Facts:

  • ₹10,000 crore investment in the biotechnology sector in the Union Budget 2026-27.
• 2026-02-17 [Science & Technology] — BioAsia 2026 Focuses on TechBio
  The 23rd edition of BioAsia 2026 commenced in Hyderabad, focusing on 'TechBio Unleashed: AI, Automation, and the Biology Revolution'. The event emphasizes the integration of biology with artificial intelligence, automation, and data sciences. Companies from France, Indonesia, and the US announced significant investments in Telangana.
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  UPSC Angle: BioAsia 2026 focuses on 'TechBio Unleashed'.

  Key Facts:

  • BioAsia 2026 held in Hyderabad
  • Theme: 'TechBio Unleashed: AI, Automation, and the Biology Revolution'
  • Companies from France, Indonesia, and US announce investments
  • Novartis unveils logo celebrating 25 years of GCC presence in India
• 2026-02-02 [Schemes & Programs] — Biopharma SHAKTI Mission
  The government proposed the "Biopharma SHAKTI" (Strategy for Healthcare Advancement through Knowledge, Technology and Innovation) mission with an outlay of Rs 10,000 crore over five years. The mission aims to develop India as a global biopharma manufacturing centre, focusing on biologics and biosimilars.
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  UPSC Angle: Government proposed the Biopharma SHAKTI mission with Rs 10,000 crore.

  Key Facts:

  • Biopharma SHAKTI: Strategy for Healthcare Advancement through Knowledge, Technology and Innovation
  • Outlay of Rs 10,000 crore over five years
  • Aims to develop India as a global biopharma manufacturing centre
  • Focuses on biologics and biosimilars
  • Supported by 3 new National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPERs)
  • Upgradation of 7 existing institutes
  • Strengthening of CDSCO to global standards
  • Biopharma SHAKTI scheme with ₹10,000 crore outlay over five years
  • Aims to build domestic biologics and biosimilars ecosystem
  • Global biologics market exceeds USD 450 billion
  • Targeting leadership in biosimilars, vaccines, cell-gene therapies, and complex biologics manufacturing
  • Creation of 1,000+ accredited clinical trial sites expands India's research geography beyond metros
  • Fiscal deficit pegged at 4.3% of GDP (BE 2026–27)
  • Debt-to-GDP ratio estimated 55.6%
  • Non-debt receipts estimated ₹36.5 lakh crore
  • Total expenditure ₹53.5 lakh crore
  • Public capex increased to ₹12.2 lakh crore
• 2025-11-16 [Economy] — India Poised for Global Biomanufacturing Leadership
  India is well-positioned to become a global hub for biomanufacturing due to its strong scientific base, vibrant startup community, and supportive national policies, especially with the BioE3 policy which launched 21 advanced biomanufacturing hubs. The country's biotechnology landscape includes over 10,000 startups across various sectors, attracting venture capital and integrating into international supply chains. A coordinated "soft landing" framework is needed to further encourage global companies to invest and grow in India.
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  UPSC Angle: India poised for global biomanufacturing leadership.

  Key Facts:

  • India has over 10,000 biotechnology startups.
  • The BioE3 Policy launched 21 advanced biomanufacturing hubs.
  • The global biofoundry alliance has grown to 40 biofoundries worldwide.
  • BIRAC has built a comprehensive ecosystem for biotechnology innovation.
  • BioNEST incubation facilities and E-Yuva centers support entrepreneurs.
• 2025-08-25 [Science & Technology] — India's Biotech Sector Shows Explosive Growth
  Minister Jitendra Singh announced that India has reached approximately 11,000 biotech startups in 2025, a 220-fold increase from 50 in 2014, demonstrating extraordinary expansion under government initiatives like the BioE3 policy. The government aims to build a $300 billion bioeconomy by 2030, positioning India as a global biotechnology leader with significant employment generation potential. Bharat Biotech is investing $75 million in a cell and gene therapy facility in Hyderabad, marking India's entry into advanced personalized medicine.
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  UPSC Angle: India has 11,000 biotech startups in 2025, a 220-fold increase.

  Key Facts:

  • India has approximately 11,000 biotech startups in 2025, up from 50 in 2014
  • The BioE3 policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) was approved on August 24, 2024
  • Government committed to building a $300 billion bioeconomy by 2030
  • Bharat Biotech investing $75 million in cell and gene therapy facility in Hyderabad
  • Facility is 50,000-square-foot at Genome Valley
  • Facility will produce GMP-grade adeno-associate virus (AAV), lentivirus, and adenovirus vectors
• 2025-06-17 [Science & Technology] — AI Integration in India's Biomanufacturing Sector
  Artificial Intelligence is being integrated into India's biomanufacturing sector, driven by the BioE3 Policy and IndiaAI Mission. AI tools like machine learning and digital twins are being used to automate and optimize biological production processes. India supplies approximately 60% of global vaccines and is a major hub for generics.
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  UPSC Angle: AI integration in India's biomanufacturing sector.

  Key Facts:

  • AI is being integrated into India's biomanufacturing sector.
  • AI tools like machine learning, digital twins, and predictive analytics are used.
  • AI models monitor fermentation, pH, temperature, and microbial growth.
  • Digital twins simulate bioproduction facilities for testing changes.
  • India supplies ~60% of global vaccines.
  • The specialty chemicals sector is worth ₹2.74 lakh crore and growing.

India's Urbanization Trajectory and Planning Imperatives

Focus: Statistical projections and policy assessments regarding India's demographic shift, infrastructure needs, and the evolving role of small towns versus metros.

UPSC Value: Essential for Urbanization (GS-1) and Infrastructure (GS-3) to understand the shift from metro-centric growth to distributed urbanization and the associated policy gaps.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Polity & Governance] — Government Focus on Urban Development and Challenges
  An article in The Hindu discusses the challenges in urban areas, highlighting the rise in crime, lack of infrastructure, and caution on sustainability. It mentions the AMRUT mission targeting a water-based approach and green development of cities by promoting non-motorized urban transport.
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  UPSC Angle: Government focuses on urban development and challenges like crime and infrastructure.

  Key Facts:

  • Crime in major Indian urban centers has risen by 10% in the past year
  • 9.5 lakh cases of crime registered
  • AMRUT mission targets water supply enhancement
  • Amrut mission promotes green development of cities by promoting the non-motorized urban transport
• 2026-01-14 [Geography] — Growth of Small Towns in India
  India's urban growth is increasingly driven by small towns rather than large metropolitan cities due to factors like the crisis of metro-led growth, the search for cheaper spaces, changing migration patterns, and economic restructuring. Small towns are emerging as logistics hubs, agro-processing centers, and service-sector nodes, absorbing migrant workers and rural youth.
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  UPSC Angle: India's urban growth driven by small towns.

  Key Facts:

  • India's urban growth is increasingly driven by small towns
  • Majority of India's nearly 9,000 towns have populations below one lakh
  • Rising costs, congestion, and over-accumulation in metros are pushing economic activity toward smaller towns
  • Informal jobs in construction, services, logistics, and platform-based work dominate small-town economies
  • small towns
  • populations below one lakh
  • capitalism
  • migration
  • labour markets
  • governance
  • infrastructure
  • inequality
• 2025-10-29 [Polity & Governance] — India's Urbanization and Need for Rethinking Urban Planning
  India needs to rethink its urban planning framework to transform cities into economic growth hubs, as the current approach remains restricted to land-use regulation. As of Census 2011, 31% of India's population lived in urban areas, expected to rise to 50% by 2047, with urban areas contributing nearly 63% of India's GDP today, projected to reach 75% by 2047. India has over 4,000 statutory towns and 53 metropolitan cities (Census 2011), yet most remain poorly planned.
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  UPSC Angle: India needs to rethink urban planning for economic growth.

  Key Facts:

  • 31% of India's population lived in urban areas as of Census 2011
  • Urban population expected to rise to 50% by 2047
  • Urban areas contribute nearly 63% of India's GDP today
  • Urban areas projected to contribute 75% of India's GDP by 2047
  • India has over 4,000 statutory towns and 53 metropolitan cities (Census 2011)
• 2025-09-19 [Economy] — Urbanization in India
  According to the World Bank, India's urban population will reach 600 million (40%) by 2036, up from 31% in 2011, with cities driving nearly 70% of GDP. Rural–urban migration is driven by jobs, education, healthcare, and better amenities, further pushed by agrarian distress and climate change.
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  UPSC Angle: India's urban population will reach 600 million by 2036.

  Key Facts:

  • India's urban population will reach 600 million (40%) by 2036, up from 31% in 2011.
  • Cities drive nearly 70% of GDP.
• 2025-07-10 [Economy] — India's Urban Transformation and Challenges
  India is undergoing rapid urbanization, with the urban population expected to reach 675 million by 2035. Cities contribute nearly 60% of India's GDP, but face challenges like congestion and traffic management.
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  UPSC Angle: Urbanization trends: 675 million urban population by 2035, 60% of GDP.

  Key Facts:

  • India's urban population is expected to reach 675 million by 2035.
  • Cities contribute nearly 60% of India's GDP.
  • Just 15 cities including Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad account for 30% of India's GDP.
• 2025-06-13 [Economy] — Sustainable Urban Transport in India
  India's vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047 relies heavily on urban transformation, with a projected 60% of the population in urban areas by the 2060s. Efficient public transport systems are essential for this urban transformation.
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  UPSC Angle: Sustainable urban transport is vital for India's development by 2047.

  Key Facts:

  • Developed nation by 2047
  • 60% urban population by the 2060s
  • Efficient public transport systems

India's Bioeconomy and Biomanufacturing Ecosystem

Focus: A collection of items detailing India's strategic shift toward a bio-based economy, covering policy frameworks, market growth, and specific product innovations.

UPSC Value: Connects the BioE3 policy framework with concrete applications like bio-bitumen and biostimulants, illustrating the practical implementation of sustainable development and circular economy goals.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-21 [International Relations] — India-Rwanda discuss AI, biomanufacturing cooperation
  India and Rwanda are set to deepen cooperation in emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Biotechnology, and Atomic Energy, seeking a structured framework for bilateral collaboration. Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh met with Rwanda's Minister of ICT and Innovation, Paula Ingbire, highlighting India's growing engagement with African countries in Science and Technology under the India-Africa Forum Summit, with the India-Rwanda Innovation Development Programme (IRIGP) serving as a model.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Rwanda discuss AI, biomanufacturing cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • India is poised to deepen its engagement with Rwanda in Artificial Intelligence, Biotechnology, and Atomic Energy.
  • Dr Jitendra Singh held a bilateral meeting with Paula Ingbire, Minister of Information and Communication Technology and Innovation, Government of Rwanda at Sewa Tirtha, New Delhi.
  • India's engagement with African countries in the field of Science and Technology has grown steadily under the framework of the India-Africa Forum Summit.
  • Rwanda was selected as the first country to implement the Technology Transfer Programme for Africa.
  • The India-Rwanda Innovation Development Programme (IRIGP) has served as a model for similar collaborations across the continent.
• 2026-01-08 [Science & Technology] — India Becomes First Country to Commercially Produce Bio-Bitumen
  India has become the first country to commercially produce bio-bitumen for road construction, marking a global milestone in green infrastructure. Bio-bitumen is a bio-based alternative to conventional petroleum bitumen, produced from agricultural residues (especially rice straw), and can partially replace fossil-fuel-derived bitumen without compromising road performance.
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  UPSC Angle: India becomes first country to commercially produce bio-bitumen.

  Key Facts:

  • Bio-bitumen technology developed by CSIR–Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi and CSIR–Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun.
  • Successfully demonstrated on a 100-metre trial stretch on the Jorabat–Shillong Expressway (NH-40), Meghalaya.
  • Aims to transition India's road infrastructure toward a clean, green, and circular economy.
  • Can replace 20-30% of conventional bitumen without compromising performance.
  • Bio-bitumen produced from agricultural residues (especially rice straw)
  • Developed by CSIR‑Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI) New Delhi and CSIR‑Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun (CSIR-IIP)
  • 20–30 percent of conventional bitumen can be safely replaced without compromising performance
• 2026-01-07 [Science & Technology] — India's Push for Biomaterials in Manufacturing
  Biomaterials are gaining prominence as nations transition to sustainable manufacturing, serving as replacements for conventional materials in sectors like packaging, textiles, construction, and healthcare. India needs to invest in biomanufacturing infrastructure, improve feedstock productivity, and strengthen R&D to promote adoption. Clear regulations and incentives are essential for building industry and consumer confidence.
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  UPSC Angle: Biomaterials gain prominence as replacements for conventional materials.

  Key Facts:

  • Biomaterials are derived wholly or partly from biological sources.
  • Biomaterials are engineered using biological processes.
  • Fragmented policy coordination across agriculture, environment, and industry slows adoption.
• 2025-09-08 [Science & Technology] — BioE3 Policy
  The BioE3 Policy approved by the Union Cabinet in August 2024, aims to augment R&D and entrepreneurship in 6 thematic sectors, accelerate technology development and commercialization via Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and the Biofoundry, and promote industrialization of biology for sustainable and circular practices. The core objectives: Strengthen India's bioeconomy, support climate-resilient agriculture, clean energy, and biomanufacturing and Generate employment through innovation-driven biotech industries.
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  UPSC Angle: BioE3 Policy aims to augment R&D and entrepreneurship in biotechnology.

  Key Facts:

  • BioE3 Policy
  • Approved: By Union Cabinet in August 2024.
  • Purpose: Augment R&D and entrepreneurship in 6 thematic sectors
  • accelerate technology development and commercialization via Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and the Biofoundry
  • promote industrialization of biology for sustainable and circular practices
  • Core Objectives: Strengthen India's bioeconomy
  • support climate-resilient agriculture, clean energy, and biomanufacturing
  • generate employment through innovation-driven biotech industries.
• 2025-07-21 [Agriculture] — India's Growing Biostimulant Market
  India's biostimulant market was valued at USD 410 million in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 1.13 billion by 2032. Biostimulants are regulated under the Fertiliser Control Order (FCO), 1985, and must comply with toxicity tests, eco-safety trials, and bio-efficacy studies. The Central Biostimulant Committee was constituted in 2021 for 5 years under the Agriculture Ministry.
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  UPSC Angle: India's biostimulant market is growing, regulated under FCO 1985.

  Key Facts:

  • Biostimulant market value in 2025: USD 410 million.
  • Projected market value by 2032: USD 1.13 billion.
  • Regulated under Fertiliser Control Order (FCO), 1985.
  • Central Biostimulant Committee constituted in 2021 for 5 years.

Indo-Pacific Green Economic Frameworks

Focus: A collection of multilateral and regional initiatives aimed at fostering green infrastructure, clean economy, and climate resilience specifically within the Indo-Pacific region.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic convergence of major powers (G7, US, India) on using green development as a tool for diplomacy and economic integration in the Indo-Pacific.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [International Relations] — G7 Announces Indo-Pacific Green Partnership
  The G7 nations unveiled the 'Indo-Pacific Green Partnership,' a collaborative initiative aimed at fostering sustainable development and enhancing climate resilience in developing economies, with a particular focus on the Indo-Pacific region. This partnership seeks to mobilize substantial investment in green infrastructure, renewable energy projects, and climate adaptation strategies.
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  UPSC Angle: G7 announces Indo-Pacific Green Partnership.

  Key Facts:

  • Initiative: Indo-Pacific Green Partnership
  • Participants: G7 nations
  • Objective: Fostering sustainable development and enhancing climate resilience in developing economies
  • Focus Area: Indo-Pacific region
  • Focus: Sustainable development and climate resilience in the Indo-Pacific region
  • Investment: Green infrastructure, renewable energy, and climate adaptation
• 2026-01-15 [International Relations] — India Signed IPEF Clean and Fair Economy Agreements
  India has signed agreements with the US-led Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) to focus on a clean and fair economy. India has joined Supply Chain Resilience, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy and has observer status in Trade.
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  UPSC Angle: India signed IPEF Clean and Fair Economy Agreements.

  Key Facts:

  • India signed IPEF agreements for clean and fair economy
  • IPEF has 14 partner countries
  • India has observer status in IPEF trade pillar
• 2026-01-11 [International Relations] — Finalization of 'Indo-Pacific Green Corridor Agreement (IPGCA)'
  The 'Indo-Pacific Green Corridor Agreement (IPGCA)' was finalized on January 10, 2026, to foster sustainable economic growth and environmental stewardship across the Indo-Pacific region. The agreement aims to facilitate trade of environmentally friendly goods and services, promote investments in renewable energy and green infrastructure, and enhance regional cooperation on climate resilience initiatives. It does not aim to establish a unified Indo-Pacific currency.
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  UPSC Angle: 'Indo-Pacific Green Corridor Agreement (IPGCA)' finalized for sustainable growth.

  Key Facts:

  • Finalized on January 10, 2026
  • Objective: foster sustainable economic growth and environmental stewardship in the Indo-Pacific
  • Focuses on trade of environmentally friendly goods/services
  • Promotes investments in renewable energy and green infrastructure
  • Enhances regional cooperation on climate resilience
  • Does not aim to establish a unified Indo-Pacific currency
• 2025-09-26 [International Relations] — India's Focus on Pacific Islands Forum (FIPIC)
  Through FIPIC, India focuses its efforts on the Pacific Islands, emphasizing economic cooperation with a total annual trade of about $300 million. India has set up a USD one million fund for climate change adaptation and clean energy, established a trade office in India, and offers visa on arrival for all 14 Pacific Island countries.
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  UPSC Angle: India focuses on Pacific Islands Forum (FIPIC) for economic cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • USD one million fund for climate change and clean energy
  • Visa on arrival at Indian airports for all 14 Pacific Island countries
  • Total annual trade of about $300 million between India and Pacific Island countries
  • Exports are around $200 million and imports are around $100 million
• 2025-09-23 [International Relations] — India's IPEF Agreements
  India has signed agreements focused on promoting a Clean Economy and a Fair Economy under the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). These agreements aim to enhance clean energy development, anti-corruption efforts, and tax transparency among member countries.
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  UPSC Angle: India signs IPEF agreements on Clean Economy and Fair Economy.

  Key Facts:

  • India signed agreements on Clean Economy and Fair Economy under IPEF on September 21, 2024, in Delaware, USA.
  • The agreements include an Overarching Agreement to oversee implementation.
  • IPEF comprises 14 countries, including Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and USA.

International Biodiversity & Climate Frameworks

Focus: India's strategic initiatives, assessments, and reporting to fulfill international commitments under the CBD, IUCN, and Paris Agreement.

UPSC Value: Highlights how domestic achievements (Ramsar, Red List) align with global obligations like NDCs and the Kunming-Montreal Framework.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Environment & Ecology] — India committed to Paris Agreement; 2035 NDC yet to be submitted
  India remains committed to the Paris Agreement, but the 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is yet to be submitted. The government is also promoting the Green Credit Programme for eco-restoration.
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  UPSC Angle: India committed to Paris Agreement; 2035 NDC yet to be submitted.

  Key Facts:

  • India committed to Paris Agreement
  • 2035 NDC yet to be submitted
  • Green Credit Programme promoting eco-restoration on 4,258 ha
• 2026-01-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Environmental Achievements
  India has made significant strides in environmental conservation, including restoring 4,536 Ha of mangroves under the MISHTI Programme, increasing the number of Ramsar Sites to 96 (the highest in Asia), and certifying 18 beaches as Blue Flag beaches as of 2025-26. India ranks 9th globally in forest area and 3rd in annual net forest gain as per FAO 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: India restored 4,536 Ha mangroves (MISHTI), 96 Ramsar Sites.

  Key Facts:

  • 4,536 Ha of mangroves restored in 2025 under the MISHTI Programme
  • Added 11 new Ramsar Sites, bringing India's total to 96
  • India ranks 9th globally in forest area as per FAO 2025
  • India ranks 3rd in annual net forest gain as per FAO 2025
  • Installed capacity from non-fossil fuels crossed 50% in June 2025, achieving this NDC target five years ahead of the 2030 schedule.
  • 18 beaches certified as Blue Flag beaches as of 2025-26.
• 2025-12-26 [Environment & Ecology] — India's climate action plans
  Countries are updating their climate action plans under the Paris Agreement, known as 'nationally determined contributions', or NDCs. It outlines how an individual country plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the 1.5°C threshold and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
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  UPSC Angle: NDCs under Paris Agreement: India's commitments and progress.

  Key Facts:

  • Paris Agreement
  • Nationally determined contributions' (NDCs)
  • reduce greenhouse gas emissions
  • 1.5°C threshold
• 2025-10-11 [Environment & Ecology] — National Red List Roadmap and Vision 2025–2030
  India has officially launched its National Red List Roadmap and Vision 2025–2030 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025, marking a transformative step in species assessment and conservation planning. It envisions publishing Red Data Books for both flora and fauna, providing authoritative documentation of threatened species. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and Botanical Survey of India (BSI) developed the roadmap.
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  UPSC Angle: India launched National Red List Roadmap and Vision 2025–2030.

  Key Facts:

  • Vision 2025-2030 is a strategic framework aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
  • Developed by: Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and Botanical Survey of India (BSI)
  • A key target is the publication of India's comprehensive Red Data Books by 2030
• 2025-06-30 [Environment & Ecology] — India Launches National Red List Assessment
  India has launched the National Red List Assessment (NRLA) initiative with Vision 2025–2030 to assess the extinction risks of about 11,000 species, including 7,000 flora and 4,000 fauna, to fulfill commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
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  UPSC Angle: India launched National Red List Assessment to assess extinction risks.

  Key Facts:

  • National Red List Assessment (NRLA) launched
  • Vision 2025–2030 aims to assess 11,000 species (7,000 flora, 4,000 fauna)
  • Initiative to fulfill commitments under CBD and KM-GBF
  • Framework prepared by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and Botanical Survey of India (BSI)
  • India harbours nearly 8% of global flora and 7.5% of global fauna
  • 28% of plants and over 30% of animals are endemic
  • Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 amended in 2022 to extend protection to species listed under CITES appendices

India's Domestic Climate Policy Architecture

Focus: Specific administrative and policy steps taken by the Indian government to institutionalize climate action, including taxonomies, adaptation frameworks, and NDC strategies.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding India's institutional mechanisms (Taxonomy, NDCs, NAPCC) for meeting international commitments.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-30 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Role in Addressing the Climate Adaptation Gap
  A UNEP report emphasizes the need for a global collective effort led by Brazil to align climate finance, transparency, and adaptation goals for COP30, noting India's significance as a major developing nation with its NAPCC and State Action Plans aligning with the call for mainstreamed adaptation in agriculture, water, and infrastructure. India's initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance, LiFE Mission, and G20 Presidency demonstrate global leadership in climate adaptation diplomacy, though the country faces adaptation investment constraints and needs stronger global partnerships and concessional funding.
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  UPSC Angle: UNEP report emphasizes India's role in addressing the climate adaptation gap.

  Key Facts:

  • Brazil's presidency to align climate finance, transparency, and adaptation goals for COP30
  • India's NAPCC and State Action Plans align with UNEP's call for mainstreamed adaptation
  • India's initiatives under the International Solar Alliance, LiFE Mission, and G20 Presidency (2023)
  • India faces adaptation investment constraints
  • India needs stronger global partnerships and concessional funding
• 2025-08-20 [Economy] — Accountability in India's Climate Taxonomy
  The Ministry of Finance should establish a dedicated unit within the Department of Economic Affairs to ensure effective and transparent reviews of India's Climate Finance Taxonomy. Public dashboards can be introduced to collect inputs, record implementation challenges, and publish review reports, ensuring both predictability and transparency. Annual summaries and five-year revision proposals should be made public in a consolidated format to enhance investor confidence and accessibility.
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  UPSC Angle: Establish a unit for transparent reviews of India's Climate Finance Taxonomy.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Finance should establish a dedicated unit within the Department of Economic Affairs
  • Public dashboards can be introduced to collect inputs and record implementation challenges
  • Annual summaries and five-year revision proposals should be made public
  • Climate taxonomy framework
  • Draw lessons from Paris Agreement’s Article 6.4 Mechanism
  • Standing unit within Department of Economic Affairs or expert committee
  • Transparency and alignment with standards
• 2025-07-19 [Environment & Ecology] — India unlikely to submit climate pledge before end of UN climate summit
  India is unlikely to submit its climate pledge before the end of the annual United Nations climate summit, raising questions about how the world's most populous nation can influence others on confronting climate change. Experts say the delay may be a sign of India's displeasure with a lack of progress toward funding global climate priorities. However, this can also hurt its ability to lead at the climate talks in Brazil.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • India is unlikely to submit its climate pledge before the end of the annual United Nations climate summit
  • Delay may be a sign of India's displeasure with a lack of progress toward funding global climate priorities
  • Bhupender Yadav, India's environment minister
  • India will submit its updated 2035 climate goals by December
• 2025-05-09 [Economy] — Finance Ministry Releases Draft 'Climate Taxonomy' Framework
  The Finance Ministry has released the draft 'Framework of India's Climate Finance Taxonomy' to direct investment towards clean energy projects and infrastructure resilient to climate change. The taxonomy aims to guide investments in climate-friendly technologies and help India achieve Net Zero by 2070.
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  UPSC Angle: Finance Ministry releases draft 'Climate Taxonomy' framework.

  Key Facts:

  • The Finance Ministry released a draft 'Climate Taxonomy'.
  • The taxonomy aims to help India achieve Net Zero by 2070.
• 2025-04-24 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Climate Adaptation Framework Submission to UNFCCC
  India is set to submit its climate adaptation framework to the UNFCCC by September 2025. This framework will outline India's strategies and commitments to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
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  UPSC Angle: India to submit its climate adaptation framework to UNFCCC.

  Key Facts:

  • India to submit climate adaptation framework to UNFCCC by September 2025

India's Bioeconomy: Valuation Trajectory and Targets

Focus: A series of reports and projections tracking the numerical growth of India's bioeconomy from $165 billion towards the $300 billion target.

UPSC Value: Provides authoritative data points and GDP contribution estimates (4.25%) essential for analyzing the economic impact of the biotechnology sector.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Environment & Ecology] — NBA Realises Rs 24 Million Under ABS Framework
  The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) has realised Rs 24 million under the Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) framework in the last 45 days from 10 applications for research and commercial use of biological resources. The contributions arose from use of agricultural biological resources including varieties and hybrids of rice, onion, bitter gourd, mustard, cotton, bottle gourd, brinjal, chilli, cucumber, okra, ridge gourd, tomato and seaweed.
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  UPSC Angle: NBA Realises Rs 24 Million Under ABS Framework.

  Key Facts:

  • The National Biodiversity Authority has realised Rs 24 million (mn) under the Access and Benefit-Sharing framework in the last 45 days from 10 applications for research and commercial use of biological resources.
  • A significant portion, Rs 23 million (mn), was realised from M/s Pioneer Overseas Corporation for commercial use of mustard and rice hybrids.
  • The cumulative ABS amount has crossed Rs 2.66 billion (bn).
  • Of the cumulative sum Rs 830 million (mn) came from the seed sector
• 2025-11-05 [Economy] — India's bioeconomy projected to reach $300 billion by 2030
  India's bioeconomy sector is projected to reach $300 billion by 2030, according to a NITI Aayog report. The sector has expanded from $10 billion in 2014 to $165.7 billion in 2024, contributing 4.25% to India's GDP. The revised Bio3 policy focuses on innovation and manufacturing, promoting startups and the use of biofertilizers and biopesticides.
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  UPSC Angle: India's bioeconomy projected to reach $300 billion by 2030.

  Key Facts:

  • India's bioeconomy sector is projected to reach $300 billion by 2030
  • In 2024, the sector reached $165.7 billion
  • The bioeconomy sector contributed 4.25% to India's GDP in 2024
  • NITI Aayog report: 'Reimagining Agriculture: A Roadmap for Frontier Technology Led Transformation'
  • India's bioeconomy
  • Projected to reach $300 billion by 2030
  • NITI Aayog report
  • Expanded from $10 billion in 2014 to $165.7 billion in 2024
  • Contributes 4.25% to India's GDP
  • BT cotton adoption
  • Bio3 policy
• 2025-07-19 [Economy] — India's bioeconomy reaches $165 Billion
  India's biotechnology ecosystem showed strong growth in 2025, with the bioeconomy reaching an estimated $165 billion, supported by a growing startup base and public policy. There are over 10,000 biotech startups in healthcare, agriculture, clean energy, and industrial biotechnology. The BioE3 Policy aims to create a future-ready bioeconomy by establishing biomanufacturing hubs and biofoundries.
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  UPSC Angle: India's bioeconomy reaches $165 billion in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India's bioeconomy reached $165 billion in 2025
  • Over 10,000 biotech startups active
  • Startups in healthcare, agriculture, clean energy, and industrial biotechnology
  • BioE3 Policy aims to create a future-ready bioeconomy
  • Focus on biomanufacturing hubs and biofoundries
  • BIRAC Managing Director: Dr. Jitendra Kumar
• 2025-05-18 [Economy] — India's bio-economy target
  India aims to achieve a $150 billion bio-economy by 2025 by leveraging its biological resources. The technical textiles export target is $10 billion by 2030.
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  UPSC Angle: India aims to achieve a $150 billion bio-economy by 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Bio-economy target: $150 billion by 2025
• 2025-03-28 [Economy] — India BioEconomy Report
  The India BioEconomy Report has projected that the value of India's bioeconomy will exceed $165 billion in 2024, representing over 4.2% of the country's GDP. India's bioeconomy value has nearly doubled from $86 billion in 2020. There has been a 90% increase in the number of companies in the bioeconomy sector, from 5,365 in 2021 to 10,075 in 2024.
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  UPSC Angle: India's bioeconomy projected to exceed $165 billion in 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • India's bioeconomy value in 2024: $165 billion (over 4.2% of GDP)
  • India's bioeconomy value in 2020: $86 billion
  • Increase in bioeconomy companies: 90% (from 5,365 in 2021 to 10,075 in 2024)
  • Key sectors: Biofuels, pharmaceuticals, research & IT
  • India's bioeconomy crossed $165 billion.
  • Contributes 4.2% of GDP.
  • Projected to reach $300 billion by 2030 and $1 trillion by 2047.
  • Bioeconomy doubled from $86 billion (2020) to $165 billion (2024).
  • 48% value from industrial bioeconomy (biofuels, bioplastics).
  • 35% from pharma, majorly vaccines.

India's Plastic Ecosystem: Industry, Pollution, and Policy

Focus: A multi-dimensional view of the plastics sector, contrasting the industrial promotion at PLASTINDIA with the environmental crisis and government mitigation strategies.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the conflict between industrial growth (PLASTINDIA) and environmental sustainability (pollution missions, waste management) in the plastics sector.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [Economy] — PLASTINDIA 2026 Commences in New Delhi
  PLASTINDIA 2026, the 12th edition of the triennial mega event of the plastics industry, commenced in February 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. The event is structured around five strategic pillars: Trade, Technology, Talent, Tradition, and Tourism, emphasizing industry growth, innovation, skill development, and cultural integration.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Event: PLASTINDIA 2026
  • Edition: 12th
  • Location: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
  • Strategic Pillars: Trade, Technology, Talent, Tradition, and Tourism
• 2025-07-24 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Plastic Policy Landscape and Informal Sector
  An estimated 70% of India's recycled plastic is collected and processed by the informal sector. The National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) scheme launched in 2024 aims to integrate waste workers into formal systems and provide them with social security.
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  UPSC Angle: Informal sector in plastic recycling; NAMASTE scheme for sanitation workers.

  Key Facts:

  • 70% of India's recycled plastic is processed by the informal sector
  • NAMASTE scheme launched in 2024
  • NAMASTE aims to integrate waste workers into formal systems
  • Provides Ayushman Bharat health insurance, safety gear, and social security
  • As of May 2025, over 80,000 workers had been profiled under NAMASTE
  • 45,700+ received personal protective equipment
  • 26,400+ were issued Ayushman Bharat cards
• 2025-07-06 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Escalating Plastic Waste Crisis
  India is now the world's largest generator of plastic waste, producing approximately 9.3 million tonnes per year. A significant portion (around 3.5 million tonnes/year) is unmanaged pollution, either landfilled improperly or entering natural ecosystems. Studies reveal alarming levels of microplastic exposure, particularly in urban areas.
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  UPSC Angle: India's escalating plastic waste crisis requires urgent management solutions.

  Key Facts:

  • Plastic waste production: 9.3 million tonnes per year
  • Unmanaged plastic waste: 3.5 million tonnes per year
• 2025-06-04 [Environment & Ecology] — India Focuses on Combating Plastic Pollution on World Environment Day
  As World Environment Day approaches on June 5, 2025, India is emphasizing efforts to combat plastic pollution, with a nationwide initiative called "One Nation, One Mission: End Plastic Pollution". The campaign aims to unite governments, communities, and individuals to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastics, with Indian youth taking a leading role in these efforts.
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  UPSC Angle: "One Nation, One Mission: End Plastic Pollution" is a nationwide initiative.

  Key Facts:

  • World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5, 2025.
  • The theme for World Environment Day 2025 is reducing plastic pollution.
  • India has launched a nationwide initiative titled "One Nation, One Mission: End Plastic Pollution".
  • Viral Desai, known as the "Greenman," will start a 7-day tree-planting campaign on June 5.
  • Uttar Pradesh has mobilized 22,000 schools to combat plastic pollution.

Gujarat's Comprehensive Green Economy Strategy

Focus: A collection of diverse environmental and renewable energy initiatives specifically implemented by the state of Gujarat, spanning mobility, air quality, waste management, and power generation.

UPSC Value: Illustrates how a single state can integrate multiple central and state-level schemes (EV subsidy, ETS, GOBARdhan, RE MoUs) to build a holistic green economy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-06 [Environment & Ecology] — Gujarat's Green Mobility Subsidy Scheme
  Gujarat has introduced the “Green Mobility Subsidy Scheme” to accelerate the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) and reduce carbon emissions. This scheme offers financial incentives and subsidies to individuals and businesses for purchasing electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and four-wheelers.
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  UPSC Angle: Gujarat's Green Mobility Subsidy Scheme promotes electric vehicle adoption.

  Key Facts:

  • Gujarat introduced the “Green Mobility Subsidy Scheme”
  • Offers subsidies for electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and four-wheelers
• 2026-01-13 [Economy] — NLC India signs MoU with Gujarat for ₹25,000 Crore Renewable Energy Projects
  NLC India Limited signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Gujarat government for ₹25,000 crore to develop renewable energy projects, including solar, wind, hybrid, and battery storage systems. The agreement aims to support NLC India's target of achieving 10 GW renewable capacity by 2030 and contribute to India's net-zero emission goals.
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  UPSC Angle: NLC India invests in Gujarat renewable energy projects.

  Key Facts:

  • NLC India Limited signed a ₹25,000 crore MoU with Gujarat government on January 12, 2026.
  • Projects include solar, wind, hybrid and battery storage systems.
  • Implemented through NIRL, NLC's renewable energy subsidiary.
  • NLC India's target: achieving 10 GW renewable capacity by 2030.
• 2025-12-19 [Schemes & Programs] — GOBARdhan Scheme Implementation in Gujarat
  Gujarat is transforming its rural landscape through the effective implementation of the central GOBARdhan scheme. GOBARdhan stands for Galvanising Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan, aiming to convert waste to wealth and promote a circular economy.
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  UPSC Angle: GOBARdhan scheme aims to convert waste into energy in rural areas.

  Key Facts:

  • GOBARdhan stands for Galvanising Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan
  • Launched in 2018 under Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin); strengthened in 2021 as a national mission
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti
  • Objectives: Convert cattle dung & organic waste into biogas/CBG, compost, and bio-slurry; promote clean energy, sanitation, and rural livelihoods; reduce open dumping, GHG emissions, and dependence on fossil fuels
• 2025-04-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Gujarat Particulate Matter (PM) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS)
  A new study revealed that the Gujarat Particulate Matter (PM) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) in Surat reduced pollution by 20-30 per cent. The Gujarat Particulate Matter (PM) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), launched in Surat in 2019, is the world's first market-based system for trading Particulate Matter (PM) emissions, aimed at reducing industrial air pollution.
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  UPSC Angle: Gujarat PM Emission Trading Scheme reduced pollution by 20-30%.

  Key Facts:

  • Scheme: Surat's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)
  • Reduction in pollution: 20–30%
  • Lowered compliance costs: 11%
  • What it is: market-driven environmental policy
  • Cap: sets a total PM emission limit (initially 280 tonnes/month, reduced to 170 tonnes by 2022) for participating industries
  • Permits: 80% of permits allocated free based on emission sources (boilers, heaters); 20% auctioned at ₹5-100/kg
  • Trading: Industries exceeding caps buy permits from those under limits via the National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange (NeML).
  • Monitoring: Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) track real-time PM emissions, replacing manual inspections.
  • Scheme: Gujarat Particulate Matter (PM) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS)
  • Location: Surat
  • Launched: June 5, 2019 (World Environment Day)
  • Reduction in pollution: 20-30 per cent
  • First ETS for PM emissions
  • Developed by: Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) in collaboration with the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC), Yale University, and Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)

Global Regulatory Frameworks for Ocean Sustainability

Focus: International bodies (UN, IMO, FAO) establishing specific legal frameworks, pacts, and reports to manage global marine health and resources.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the evolving architecture of global ocean governance across different sectors (mining, shipping, pollution, fisheries).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-01 [Environment & Ecology] — Blue Horizon Pact for Ocean Conservation
  The "Blue Horizon Pact," signed by 120 nations at the UN Oceans Conference in late 2025, establishes guidelines and regulatory frameworks to minimize the ecological footprint of deep-sea mining and promote sustainable ocean ecosystems. It commits signatory states to invest in research for alternative sustainable resources and implement monitoring programs for marine health.
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  UPSC Angle: Blue Horizon Pact regulates deep-sea mining to minimize ecological impact.

  Key Facts:

  • The “Blue Horizon Pact” was signed by 120 nations at the UN Oceans Conference in late 2025.
  • The pact focuses on mitigating deep-sea mining impacts.
  • It promotes sustainable ocean ecosystems.
• 2025-06-13 [Environment & Ecology] — FAO Report on World Marine Fishery Resources 2025
  The FAO's 2025 report on the state of marine fisheries was released during the UN Ocean Conference (UNOC3) in Nice, France. The report indicates that 64.5% of global marine fishery stocks are exploited within biologically sustainable levels, while 35.5% remain overfished. Only 29% of deep-sea species are sustainably fished due to traits like slow growth, late maturity, and low reproduction rates.
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  UPSC Angle: FAO report: 64.5% of global marine fishery stocks are exploited.

  Key Facts:

  • FAO
  • State of World Marine Fishery Resources – 2025
  • UN Ocean Conference (UNOC3)
  • Nice, France
  • 64.5% of global marine fishery stocks are exploited within biologically sustainable levels
  • 35.5% of global marine fishery stocks remain overfished
  • 29% of deep-sea species are sustainably fished
• 2025-05-08 [Environment & Ecology] — IMO's draft Net-Zero Framework
  The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has approved the draft Net-Zero Framework to combat climate change by reducing GHG emissions from shipping, aiming for net-zero emissions by around 2050. The framework is a legally binding global plan to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from the maritime shipping sector and the first initiative to combine global emissions limits with carbon pricing for an entire industrial sector.
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  UPSC Angle: IMO's draft Net-Zero Framework for shipping emissions reduction.

  Key Facts:

  • Approved by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
  • Aims for net-zero emissions by around 2050.
  • Legally binding global plan to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from the maritime shipping sector.
  • First initiative to combine global emissions limits with carbon pricing for an entire industrial sector.
• 2025-04-05 [Environment & Ecology] — UN Adopts Resolution on Plastic Pollution and Ocean Health
  The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) adopted a resolution recognizing the link between plastic pollution, ocean protection, and the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment. This resolution highlights the impact of plastic pollution on ocean health, emphasizing the need for conservation, climate change initiatives, and sustainable development. It also relates to environmental treaties and global summits like the Plastic Treaty and UNOC.
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  UPSC Angle: UN adopts resolution on plastic pollution and ocean health.

  Key Facts:

  • UNHRC adopted a resolution recognizing the link between plastic pollution and ocean protection
  • Resolution relates to Plastic Treaty and UNOC

The Lifecycle and Ecological Impact of Plastic Pollution in India

Focus: Items detailing the scale, regional distribution, and biological/atmospheric pathways of plastic waste and microplastics within the Indian ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing environmental degradation, waste management policy (PWM Rules), and the emerging health threats of microplastics in the Indian context.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Inhalable Microplastics (iMPs) in Indian Air
  A recent study has revealed the presence of inhalable microplastics (iMPs) in the air of major Indian markets, marking them as a new class of pollutants comparable to PM2.5 and PM10. iMPs are plastic particles less than 10 micrometres (microns) in size and can enter human lungs through the nose. The highest concentrations were found in Kolkata and Delhi, with iMPs contributing up to 5% of urban particulate matter.
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  UPSC Angle: Inhalable microplastics (iMPs) found in Indian air, a new class of pollutants.

  Key Facts:

  • Inhalable microplastics (iMPs): Plastic particles less than 10 micrometres in size
  • Kolkata and Delhi: Cities with highest concentrations of iMPs
  • 5%: Contribution of iMPs to urban particulate matter
• 2025-05-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Himalayan Plastic Waste Crisis
  Over 84% of plastic waste in the Himalayan region is single-use food and beverage packaging. 70% of collected plastics are non-recyclable, mainly multilayered plastics and tetrapaks. Plastic waste is choking waterways, filling landfills, and threatening biodiversity, with water bodies at tourist spots being the most littered areas.
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  UPSC Angle: Himalayan plastic waste crisis: single-use packaging dominates.

  Key Facts:

  • Over 84% of plastic waste in the Himalayan region is single-use food and beverage packaging.
  • 70% of collected plastics are non-recyclable.
• 2025-04-30 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Plastic Pollution Crisis
  India has emerged as the world's largest plastic polluter, emitting 9.3 million tonnes annually, and a study highlights serious flaws in India's plastic waste data and management systems. The issue demands urgent reforms, better data collection, and judicially enforced environmental accountability.
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  UPSC Angle: India is the world's largest plastic polluter, emitting 9.3 million tonnes.

  Key Facts:

  • India emits 9.3 million tonnes of plastic annually
• 2025-04-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Plant leaves absorb microplastics from the atmosphere: Research
  A multinational research effort has discovered that plant leaves can absorb microplastics and nanoplastics directly from the atmosphere through stomata and the cuticle. This raises concerns about environmental and health implications, as these particles can accumulate within ecosystems, pose toxicity risks, and endanger ecological and human health.
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  UPSC Angle: Plant leaves absorb microplastics from the atmosphere.

  Key Facts:

  • Plant leaves absorb microplastics and nanoplastics from the atmosphere
  • Microplastics are up to 5 millimeters in diameter
  • Nanoplastics are less than 1,000 nanometers
  • Microplastics enter leaves through stomata and the cuticle

Regulatory Evolution of India's Circular Economy

Focus: Policy interventions and frameworks, such as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the Right to Repair, aimed at transitioning India toward a circular economy for electronics and vehicles.

UPSC Value: This thread is critical for studying environmental governance, sustainable waste management, and the legislative shift from linear to circular economic models.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [Economy] — NITI Aayog Releases Report on Circular Economy of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)
  NITI Aayog released a report titled "Enhancing Circular Economy of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in India". The report warns that the number of ELVs in India could double to nearly 50 million by 2030, posing safety, pollution, and waste-management risks. The report recommends infrastructure development, mandatory vehicle de-registration, formalizing the spare parts ecosystem, strengthening Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and integration of the informal sector.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report on Circular Economy of End-of-Life Vehicles.

  Key Facts:

  • ELV load expected to increase from 23 million in 2025 to 50 million by 2030
  • 98 million tonnes of steel can be recovered from vehicles manufactured between 2005 and 2023
  • India requires 500 Automated Testing Stations (ATS) by 2027, but only 156 are operational as of September 2025
  • Older BS-I vehicles emit up to eight times more pollutants than modern BS-VI vehicles
  • The number of ELVs is expected to nearly double from 23 million in 2025 to 50 million by 2030.
  • Older BS-I vehicles emit up to eight times more pollutants than modern BS-VI standard vehicles.
  • Approximately 98 million tonnes of steel can be recovered from vehicles manufactured between 2005 and 2023.
  • India requires 500 Automated Testing Stations (ATS) by 2027, but as of September 2025, only 156 are operational.
  • The informal sector handles roughly 2-3 lakh ELVs annually, while formal facilities (RVSFs) only managed 72,000 in FY 2024-25.
  • Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernisation Program (2021) introduced mandatory fitness testing for private vehicles (>20 years) and commercial vehicles (>15 years).
  • Motor Vehicles (RVSF) Rules, 2021 established the framework for Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facilities and the issuance of Certificates of Deposit (CoD).
  • EPR Rules, 2025 mandates Extended Producer Responsibility for OEMs, requiring them to meet steel recovery targets (e.g., 8% for 2025-2030).
  • As of October 2024, fitness testing for heavy, medium, and light transport vehicles must be conducted exclusively through ATS.
  • The Ministry of Finance provided over INR 2,000 crore to states to support vehicle scrapping and ATS setup.
  • ELV load is expected to double from 23 million in 2025 to 50 million by 2030
  • Recommends 'One ATS per district' goal
  • Recommends exploring PSU-led RVSF models
  • Recommends Mandatory vehicle de-registration
  • Recommends Formalising the spare parts ecosystem
  • Recommends strengthening Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
  • Recommends integration of informal sector
  • NITI Aayog launched three reports on Circular Economy
  • Reports cover End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs), Waste Tyres and E-waste and Lithium-ion Batteries
  • Launch took place in Jaipur
• 2025-08-04 [Polity & Governance] — Right to Repair: Including the 'Right to Remember'
  The Indian government approved a report suggesting a Repairability Index for electronics, signaling support for eco-friendly electronics and the 'Right to Repair'. This move acknowledges repair as a cultural, environmental, and intellectual resource but overlooks the informal repair sector's importance in circular economy goals. The editorial emphasizes integrating informal repair ecosystems into mainstream policy frameworks and promoting reuse to reduce e-waste.
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  UPSC Angle: India supports 'Right to Repair' with Repairability Index for electronics.

  Key Facts:

  • India accepted a proposal to introduce a Repairability Index for electronics
  • EU mandates access to spare parts and manuals
  • Department of Consumer Affairs launched a Right to Repair portal in 2023
  • India generated over 1.6 million tonnes of e-waste in 2021–22
  • The Indian government approved a report suggesting a Repairability Index.
  • The Repairability Index was introduced by the Department of Consumer Affairs under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
  • In 2021–22, India produced over 1.6 million tonnes of e-waste, making it the third-largest generator globally.
  • E-Waste Rules, 2022 introduced Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), requiring manufacturers to manage products post-consumer discard.
  • AI algorithms detect faults early and recommend timely repairs, reducing waste.
  • AI tools assist technicians by analyzing errors and suggesting solutions, even in informal sectors.
  • Integrate AI with repairability data (e.g., India's Repairability Index) to promote reuse and reduce e-waste.
  • India accepted a proposal to introduce a Repairability Index for electronics.
  • The Repairability Index aims to classify products by repairability and ensure access to necessary parts and manuals.
  • Experts are concerned that India's informal repair economy is being neglected in digital and AI policy frameworks.
  • India generated over 1.6 million tonnes of e-waste in 2021–22, becoming the third-largest producer.
• 2025-05-14 [Environment & Ecology] — India's E-Waste Crisis: Management Rethink Needed
  India faces a growing e-waste crisis, ranking as the third-largest generator globally. E-waste generation surged 151% in six years, from 7.08 lakh metric tonnes in 2017-18 to 17.78 lakh metric tonnes in 2023-24. Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad are major contributors, with mobile phones, computers, and other electronics being primary drivers.
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  UPSC Angle: India's e-waste generation surged 151% in six years.

  Key Facts:

  • India's e-waste surged by over 150% in six years
  • India generated 17.78 lakh metric tonnes of e-waste in 2023–24
  • India generated 7.08 lakh metric tonnes in 2017–18
  • E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022: Mandates Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
  • EPR Certificate System: Producers must buy certificates from authorized recyclers
  • Digital E-Waste Tracking: Introduction of a centralised portal
  • Emphasis on educating users and incentivising collection via e-stores, kiosks, and take-back policies
  • E-waste generation in India surged by 151% in six years.
  • E-waste rose from 7.08 lakh metric tonnes in 2017–18 to over 17.78 lakh metric tonnes in 2023–24.
  • Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad are key e-waste hubs.
  • Mobile phones, computers, routers, air conditioners, and LED TVs are leading e-waste contributors.

UNEP Global Environmental Frameworks and Thematic Reports

Focus: Strategic reports and data governance frameworks issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) addressing diverse facets of the environmental crisis, from psychological impacts to sectoral emissions.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the role of international organizations in setting global environmental agendas and identifying emerging cross-sectoral challenges like eco-anxiety and cooling-related emissions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Environment & Ecology] — Eco-Anxiety and Climate Grief
  A 2024 UNEP report highlights a growing emotional and psychological crisis, especially among youth, known as eco-anxiety or climate grief, referring to chronic fear, stress, or grief related to environmental damage and climate change. This anxiety is a natural response to the environmental crisis and is increasing due to constant exposure to alarming environmental news.
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  UPSC Angle: UNEP report highlights eco-anxiety and climate grief.

  Key Facts:

  • UNEP (2024)
  • Eco-anxiety
  • Climate grief
  • Chronic fear, stress, or grief
  • Environmental damage
  • Climate change
• 2025-11-13 [Environment & Ecology] — UNEP Report on Cooling Demand
  A UN Environment Programme (UNEP) report warns that cooling demand is projected to triple by 2050 and currently accounts for ~7% of global GHG emissions, potentially rising to 20% if unchecked. The report recommends adopting passive cooling, efficient appliances, and green refrigerants. Rising demand from urbanization and heat waves poses a risk to India achieving Net Zero 2070 and supports the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP, 2019) and Mission LiFE objectives.
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  UPSC Angle: UNEP warns cooling demand could cause 20% of GHG emissions.

  Key Facts:

  • Report: UNEP Cooling Emissions and Policy Synthesis Report 2025
  • Cooling demand could triple by 2050
  • Cooling accounts for ~7% of global GHG emissions
  • India specific concern: Rising demand from urbanization and heat waves
  • Supports India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP, 2019) and Mission LiFE objectives
• 2025-03-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Global Environmental Data Strategy (GEDS) by UNEP
  The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is set to finalize the Global Environmental Data Strategy (GEDS) by December 2025, aiming to address climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. GEDS focuses on leveraging high-quality, accessible environmental data for informed decision-making and innovative solutions and is built on five key pillars: data quality, governance, interoperability, access, and capacity-building.
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  UPSC Angle: UNEP to finalize Global Environmental Data Strategy (GEDS) by Dec 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • UNEP aims to finalize GEDS by December 2025
  • GEDS is built on five key pillars: data quality, governance, interoperability, access, and capacity-building
  • GEDS to be finalized by December 2025.
  • Aims to address the triple planetary crises: climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
  • Five key pillars: data quality, governance, interoperability, access, and capacity-building.
  • Finalized by December 2025
  • Developed by UNEP
  • Addresses climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss
  • Built on five key pillars: data quality, governance, interoperability, access, and capacity-building

Institutional Framework for Himalayan Ecosystem Resilience

Focus: A collection of specific government interventions—ranging from atmospheric monitoring and vulnerability assessments to policy integration platforms—targeted specifically at the Himalayan region.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-pronged approach (involving MoES, MoEFCC, and state bodies) required to manage the fragile Himalayan ecosystem, a key topic in Environmental Geography and Disaster Management.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Environment & Ecology] — NIRANTAR Platform to Be Operationalized
  The Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) chaired a meeting in January 2026 to operationalize the NIRANTAR Platform. It is a collaborative platform of institutions under MoEFCC integrating research, policy, and implementation across domains.
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  UPSC Angle: NIRANTAR Platform to be operationalized.

  Key Facts:

  • NIRANTAR Platform
  • Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
  • Four Thematic Verticals of NIRANTAR: Forest, Biodiversity and Bioresources; Himalayan Ecology and Mountain Ecosystems;
• 2025-12-01 [Environment & Ecology] — Climate Vulnerability Assessment in Meghalaya
  The Meghalaya Climate Change Centre (MCCC) conducted a climate vulnerability assessment under the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE). 25 out of 39 Community & Rural Development (C&RD) Blocks in Meghalaya fall under the high or very high climate vulnerability categories. Factors include limited access to institutional credit, low household incomes, and inadequate public health and nutrition infrastructure.
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  UPSC Angle: Meghalaya climate vulnerability assessment under NMSHE identified vulnerable C&RD blocks.

  Key Facts:

  • Conducted by Meghalaya Climate Change Centre (MCCC)
  • 25/39 C&RD Blocks highly vulnerable
  • Under National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)
• 2025-04-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Himalayan High-Altitude Atmospheric & Climate Centre Launched
  Union Minister Jitendra Singh inaugurated the first Himalayan High-Altitude Atmospheric and Climate Centre in Nathatop, Chenani, Udhampur district, Jammu and Kashmir. The center aims to provide accurate climate and weather forecasts for the Himalayan region and study high-altitude weather conditions, with support from the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). It seeks to improve climate monitoring and disaster preparedness in the Himalayan belt.
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  UPSC Angle: Himalayan High-Altitude Atmospheric & Climate Centre launched in J&K.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched in Nathatop, Chenani, Udhampur district, Jammu and Kashmir
  • Launched by Union Minister Jitendra Singh
  • Supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India

Sustainable Bio-Resource Management and Circular Economy

Focus: The conversion of invasive species, agricultural residues, and marine biomass into economically viable and sustainable products like fuel, furniture, and nutrients.

UPSC Value: Highlights innovative waste-to-wealth strategies, renewable energy transitions, and the diversification of agricultural income through sustainable resource management.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-27 [Environment & Ecology] — Lantana camara's Environmental Impact
  Lantana camara is an aggressive plant that releases chemicals into the soil, suppressing other vegetation, and its leaves, flowers, and berries contain toxins harmful to livestock. However, its timber can be used for furniture and fuelwood, and its biomass can produce organic compost and vermicompost.
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  UPSC Angle: Lantana camara: invasive species, environmental impact, and toxicity.

  Key Facts:

  • Lantana releases chemicals into the soil that suppress other vegetation.
  • Its leaves, flowers, and berries contain toxins harmful to livestock.
  • Its timber is used for making furniture and fuelwood.
  • Its biomass can be used to produce organic compost and vermicompost.
• 2025-11-26 [Environment & Ecology] — Pellet Plant Inaugurated in Rewari, Haryana
  Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Pralhad Joshi, inaugurated a pellet plant in Rewari, Haryana, with a capacity to produce 240 tonnes of pellets per day from stubble. The plant is expected to improve air quality and support India's E20 and Net Zero 2070 goals by using paddy straw, mustard straw, and cotton stalks to make biomass pellets for thermal power co-firing.
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  UPSC Angle: Pellet plant in Rewari uses stubble; addresses air pollution.

  Key Facts:

  • Pellet plant in Rewari, Haryana inaugurated by Union Minister Pralhad Joshi.
  • Plant capacity: 240 tonnes of pellets per day.
  • Uses stubble, paddy straw, mustard straw, and cotton stalks.
  • Supports India's E20 and Net Zero 2070 goals.
• 2025-04-04 [Agriculture] — Seaweed Farming Boosted by PMMSY
  Seaweed farming is gaining global recognition as a sustainable and profitable industry, and the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) aims to boost India's seaweed production to 1.12 million tonnes over five years. Seaweed is nutrient-dense, containing 54 trace elements, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, and helps combat various diseases while also boosting immunity.
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  UPSC Angle: PMMSY aims to boost India's seaweed production.

  Key Facts:

  • Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) aims to boost India's seaweed production to 1.12 million tonnes over five years.

Administrative and Statistical Frameworks of Indian Urbanization

Focus: Items focusing on the official definitions, census methodologies, and state-level policy commissions used to measure and manage India's rapid urban transition.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding the governance challenges of urban planning, resource allocation, and the gap between statistical definitions and ground realities in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-20 [Geography] — EPW: Urban Agglomerations
  New urban population estimates demand a more nuanced approach to urbanisation.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

• 2025-09-26 [Society & Culture] — India's Urban Definition
  India's next Census in 2027 will retain the 2011 definition of “urban,” which includes statutory towns and census towns.
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  UPSC Angle: India's next Census in 2027 will retain the 2011 definition.

  Key Facts:

  • 2027 Census to use 2011 urban definition
  • Urban unit defined as statutory town or census town
• 2025-09-10 [Polity & Governance] — Kerala Urban Policy Commission tackles rapid urbanization
  Kerala Cabinet decided to tackle the rapid urbanization with the Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC), in response to projections indicating that over 80% of Kerala will be urbanised by 2050, outpacing the country's average. The KUPC was constituted in December 2023 and aims to view cities as climate-aware ecosystems, not merely sites of infrastructure building.
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  UPSC Angle: Kerala Urban Policy Commission addresses urbanization challenges in Kerala.

  Key Facts:

  • Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC)
  • Constituted in December 2023
  • Aims to tackle rapid urbanization in Kerala
  • Projections: Over 80% of Kerala will be urbanised by 2050

Decentralized and Non-State Climate Action Frameworks

Focus: These items highlight the shift towards multi-level climate governance by focusing on the roles of sub-national governments, municipal 'river cities,' and non-state actors in implementing and tracking climate initiatives.

UPSC Value: Understanding the 'Whole-of-Society' approach in climate governance is essential for GS Paper 3, specifically regarding how local and non-state actions complement national-level climate commitments.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Environment & Ecology] — UN Climate Change Strengthens NAZCA Portal
  UN Climate Change is renewing its drive to strengthen the NAZCA portal for non-state climate action.
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  UPSC Angle: UN Climate Change strengthens NAZCA portal for non-state climate action.

• 2025-08-30 [Environment & Ecology] — NDMC Recognized at World Water Week
  The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was recognized as a global inspiration for river revival and community-driven efforts during World Water Week 2025 in Stockholm, Sweden. The 2025 edition focused on the theme 'Water for Climate Action'.
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  UPSC Angle: NMCG recognized at World Water Week for river revival efforts.

  Key Facts:

  • World Water Week location: Stockholm, Sweden
  • Dates: 24th - 28th August 2025
  • Organized by: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)
  • Theme: 'Water for Climate Action'
  • NMCG was part of the session 'River Cities Reimagined: Climate-Smart and Basin-Centric Urban Development'
• 2025-04-23 [Polity & Governance] — NITI Aayog Report on Local Governance and Climate Action
  NITI Aayog published a report emphasizing the role of local governance in climate action, highlighting successful case studies from states like Kerala and Sikkim.
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  UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog report emphasizes local governance in climate action.

  Key Facts:

  • NITI Aayog
  • Local governance
  • Climate action
  • Kerala
  • Sikkim

Climate-Resilient Urban Planning and Frameworks

Focus: The integration of environmental science, hydrological data, and climate adaptation strategies into urban development models to build resilient and sustainable cities.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper 1 (Urbanization) and GS Paper 3 (Disaster Management and Environment), focusing on sustainable urban infrastructure.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-15 [Science & Technology] — Urban Environment-Science to Society (UES25) Launched
  The Urban Environment-Science to Society(UES25) platform was launched by the Secretary of MoES Dr. M. Ravichandran & Sri M. Krishan, Secretary, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY). Developed under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) urban Modelling project, funded by MeitY, it provides an integrated framework for weather, air quality and urban flood information.
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  UPSC Angle: Urban Environment-Science to Society(UES25) platform launched.

  Key Facts:

  • Urban Environment-Science to Society(UES25)
  • Launched on 15th December 2025
  • Launched by Secretary of MoES Dr. M. Ravichandran & Sri M. Krishan, Secretary, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY)
  • Developed under the (National Supercomputing Mission) NSM urban Modelling project
  • Funded by MeitY
  • Provides an integrated framework for weather, air quality and urban flood information
• 2025-07-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Frontiers 2025: The Weight of Time – Facing a New Age of Challenges for People and Ecosystems
  The seventh edition of the UNEP Frontiers report highlights emerging environmental threats and potential solutions. Recommendations include transforming cities for age-friendly resilience by developing pollution-free and accessible urban spaces with abundant vegetation, improving urban planning to address the needs of an aging population, investing in early warning and adaptation by expanding weather station networks to monitor and forecast extreme heat, and adopting the '15-Minute City' approach by designing neighborhoods where essential services are within a 15-minute walk or cycle.
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  UPSC Angle: UNEP Frontiers report highlights emerging environmental threats and solutions.

  Key Facts:

  • Transform cities for age-friendly resilience
  • Develop pollution-free, resilient, and accessible urban spaces
  • Improve urban planning to address the needs of an aging population
  • Invest in early warning and adaptation
  • Expand weather station networks to monitor and forecast extreme heat
  • Adopt the '15-Minute City' approach
• 2025-04-24 [Environment & Ecology] — River-Sensitive Urban Planning
  The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has approved a master plan for the River Cities Alliance (RCA) to promote river-sensitive urban planning through capacity building, knowledge sharing, and expert guidance in India's cities. River-sensitive urban planning (RSUP) integrates hydrological systems with urban development to create resilient, ecologically balanced, and socially vibrant cities.
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  UPSC Angle: NMCG approves master plan for River Cities Alliance for river-sensitive planning.

  Key Facts:

  • Approved by: National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
  • Plan for: River Cities Alliance (RCA)
  • Objective: Promote river-sensitive urban planning
  • Approach: Integrate hydrological systems with urban development

MoEFCC Regulatory Streamlining and Norm Relaxation

Focus: Recent administrative clarifications and amendments by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) aimed at simplifying the Environmental Clearance (EC) process and reducing compliance burdens.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the evolving regulatory landscape of environmental governance in India, specifically the shift toward 'Ease of Doing Business' through procedural simplification.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Environment Ministry Clarifies EC Validity During Litigation
  The Environment Ministry has clarified the validity of Environmental Clearances (EC) during litigation and stated that mandatory SEIAA presentations are not required.
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  UPSC Angle: Environment Ministry clarifies EC validity during litigation.

  Key Facts:

  • Clarification concerns the validity of Environmental Clearances (EC) during litigation.
  • Mandatory SEIAA presentations are not required.
• 2025-10-25 [Environment & Ecology] — Government Reduces Green Cover Norms for Industrial Projects
  The Union Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change has reduced the mandatory greenbelt requirement for new industrial estates. Industrial estates can now earmark 10% of the area for plantation, while individual industries must have a 15% greenbelt for red category and 10% for orange category industries. The previous requirement was a 33% green cover for all projects.
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  UPSC Angle: Greenbelt requirement reduced to 10% for industrial estates.

  Key Facts:

  • Minimum 10% of industrial estate area designated as common green area with 2,500 trees per hectare.
  • Individual industries must meet minimum green belt requirement of 15% for red category and 10% for orange category.
  • Previous green cover mandate was 33%.
• 2025-09-10 [Environment & Ecology] — MoEFCC Clarification on EC Amendment for Building Projects
  The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) issued a clarification regarding Environmental Clearance (EC) amendments for building projects. Design changes that decrease the Built-up Area or Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and do not increase the pollution load will not require an EC amendment. This aims to streamline processes while ensuring environmental safeguards.
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  UPSC Angle: MoEFCC clarifies EC amendment for building projects.

  Key Facts:

  • F. No. IA3-22/10/2022-IA.III [E177258]
  • Dated: 10th September, 2025
  • Any change in configuration/planning/design of the appraised building Project for which EC was granted shall not require amendment in EC, provided there is no increase in: (i) Built Up Area as defined in the EIA Notification (ii) Total excavation of earth (iii) Height of the building, and (iv) Water consumption/ Sewage generation/Waste generation; so as not to require any changes in the already approved Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

Expansion of EPR Frameworks in India (2025)

Focus: Regulatory actions by the MoEFCC to implement or amend Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) guidelines across diverse waste categories including metals, plastics, and construction debris.

UPSC Value: Understanding the evolution of India's circular economy strategy and the legal mechanisms used to enforce producer accountability is critical for environmental governance topics.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-15 [Environment & Ecology] — EPR Framework for Non-ferrous Metals
  The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework for non-ferrous metals, notified under the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Amendment Rules, 2025, will be effective from April 1, 2026. It aims to bring aluminum, copper, zinc, and their alloys into circular economy governance.
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  UPSC Angle: EPR framework for non-ferrous metals under Hazardous Wastes Rules, 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
  • Non-ferrous metals
  • Effective date: April 1, 2026
  • Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Amendment Rules, 2025
  • Metals included: aluminum, copper, zinc, and their alloys
• 2025-06-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Draft Amendments to Plastic Waste Management Rules
  The MoEF&CC released a Draft Notification proposing amendments to the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, aiming to ease the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) guidelines. The amendments introduce a key relaxation for producers, importers, and brand owners regarding the use of recycled plastic content in plastic packaging for food contact applications.
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  UPSC Angle: Draft Amendments to Plastic Waste Management Rules released.

• 2025-05-15 [Environment & Ecology] — MoEFCC Introduces EPR in Construction Sector
  The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) introduced Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) with mandatory recycling targets in the construction and demolition (C&D) sector. Under the Environment (Construction and Demolition) Waste Management Rules, 2025, authorities must include waste recycling provisions in approvals for all construction projects. The rules mandate that EPR targets in construction, reconstruction, and demolition projects be regulated through a waste management plan.
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  UPSC Angle: MoEFCC introduces EPR with mandatory recycling targets in construction sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) introduced in C&D sector
  • Environment (Construction and Demolition) Waste Management Rules, 2025
  • Waste recycling provisions required in construction project approvals

Multi-level Governance Strategies for Plastic Pollution Control in India

Focus: Initiatives across bilateral, judicial, and state-executive levels specifically targeting the reduction of plastic waste and marine litter.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the diverse policy instruments (bans, behavioral nudges, and international cooperation) used to address environmental degradation and plastic pollution.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Kerala High Court Bans Single-Use Plastic in Hilly Areas
  The Kerala High Court has prohibited the use of single-use plastics in hilly tourist destinations and has regulated the use of plastic bottles at large gatherings. This ban aims to mitigate soil and water contamination, protecting biodiversity and local food systems in ecologically sensitive hilly regions.
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  UPSC Angle: Kerala HC bans single-use plastic in hilly tourist areas.

  Key Facts:

  • Single-use plastics banned in hilly tourist destinations in Kerala.
  • Plastic bottle use regulated at large gatherings.
  • Ban on single-use plastics in Kerala's hilly tourist destinations
  • Regulation of plastic bottle use at large gatherings
  • Hilly regions are ecologically fragile
• 2025-06-08 [Schemes & Programs] — Himachal Pradesh Distributes Steel Bottles to Students
  Himachal Pradesh is distributing steel bottles to students to combat plastic pollution and promote sustainable habits among children. The initiative aligns with its goal of becoming a plastic-free state and encouraging responsible consumption practices.
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  UPSC Angle: Himachal distributes steel bottles to students to combat plastic.

  Key Facts:

  • Himachal Pradesh is distributing steel bottles to students to combat plastic pollution.
  • The initiative aligns with Himachal Pradesh's goal of becoming a plastic-free state.
• 2025-04-15 [Environment & Ecology] — India–Norway Marine Pollution Initiative
  The India–Norway Marine Pollution Initiative, launched in 2019 under the India–Norway Ocean Dialogue, is a bilateral collaboration addressing marine litter, especially microplastics (MPs) and macroplastics from land-based sources.
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  UPSC Angle: India–Norway Marine Pollution Initiative addresses marine litter.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched In: 2019
  • Collaboration between the Government of India and Government of Norway
  • Addresses marine litter, especially microplastics (MPs) and macroplastics from land-based sources

Strategic Frameworks for Sustainable Urban and Green Infrastructure

Focus: The integration of international collaborative frameworks, bilateral city-to-city pacts, and specific ecological techniques like the Miyawaki method to modernize Indian urban spaces and biodiversity management.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-pronged approach to Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities) and Goal 17 (Partnerships) through global cooperation and innovative environmental engineering.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-08 [International Relations] — Telangana and Kitakyushu City Sign Agreement for Sustainable Development
  Telangana state and Japan's Kitakyushu city have signed a pact for sustainable development, inclusive economic growth, zero emission initiatives and urban innovation. An 80-acre eco town will be developed in Telangana focusing on economic practices, waste management and recycling technologies, and the Musi river will be rejuvenated.
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  UPSC Angle: Telangana and Kitakyushu city sign agreement for sustainable development.

  Key Facts:

  • Telangana and Kitakyushu city from Japan have signed a pact for sustainable development.
  • An 80 acres of eco town will be developed in Telanga.
  • Musi river will be rejuvenated.
• 2025-03-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Miyawaki Method Employed for Biodiversity Conservation
  The Miyawaki method was employed in Uttar Pradesh during Maha Kumbh 2025 to plant native plants and saplings to grow green infrastructure and support biodiversity conservation.
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  UPSC Angle: Miyawaki method employed for biodiversity conservation in Uttar Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Miyawaki method
  • Applied in Uttar Pradesh during Maha Kumbh 2025
  • Planting native plants and saplings
• 2025-03-04 [International Relations] — India Launches Multi-Nation Alliance for City Collaboration
  India has initiated a multi-nation alliance aimed at fostering city-to-city collaboration on urban development issues. The alliance will focus on urban planning, sustainability, infrastructure, and technology exchange. Participating cities will share best practices and collaborate on innovative solutions to common urban challenges.
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  UPSC Angle: India launches multi-nation alliance for city collaboration.

  Key Facts:

  • Multi-nation alliance initiated by India
  • Focus on urban planning, sustainability, infrastructure, and technology exchange

Evolution of Environmental Thought and Policy in India

Focus: The conceptual and administrative evolution of environmentalism in India, spanning historical socio-political movements, economic philosophy, and the integration of lifestyle-based climate action into national policy.

UPSC Value: Crucial for analyzing the intersection of environmental ethics, historical activism, and the shift toward sustainable development frameworks like Mission LiFE in the Indian context.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-05-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Integrating Mission LiFE with National Action Plan on Climate Change
  The government is considering integrating Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) into the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). Mission LiFE, announced at UNFCCC COP26 in 2021, aims to bring individual behaviors to the forefront of global climate action. The mission envisions replacing the 'use-and-dispose' economy with a circular economy defined by mindful and deliberate utilization.
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  UPSC Angle: Integrating Mission LiFE into the National Action Plan on Climate Change.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission LiFE to be integrated into NAPCC
  • Mission LiFE announced at: UNFCCC COP26 (2021)
  • Goal: Circular economy through mindful utilization
• 2025-05-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Ecology as the Permanent Economy
  An op-ed emphasizes the concept of "Ecology is the permanent economy," highlighting that human well-being depends on the health of nature. It stresses that ecological health is fundamental for human survival, economic stability, and climate change protection. Sustainable practices, such as renewable energy and emission controls, are essential for long-term prosperity.
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  UPSC Angle: "Ecology is the permanent economy" - human well-being depends on nature.

  Key Facts:

  • Ecology provides essential resources like air, water, food, and fertile soil, forming the base of all economic activity.
  • Sustainable use of natural resources ensures long-term economic stability.
  • Ecosystem protection helps buffer against climate impacts like floods and droughts.
  • Investing in renewables and green technology creates jobs while reducing emissions.
• 2025-04-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Environmentalism in India
  Ramachandra Guha recently discussed the three waves of Indian environmentalism at NCBS, Bengaluru, tracing its origins from colonial industrialization to modern climate activism. Environmentalism is a socio-political movement promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, responding to unchecked industrialization and focusing on ecological balance, sustainability, and justice. Environmentalism drives legal and institutional changes to protect nature and regulate industry.
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  UPSC Angle: Ramachandra Guha discusses three waves of Indian environmentalism.

  Key Facts:

  • Environmentalism aims to protect natural habitats and species diversity to maintain ecological balance.
  • India showcases leadership in clean energy and climate diplomacy on global platforms.
  • Environmental conservation safeguards the sustenance of forest-dependent communities.
  • Environmentalism promotes ecosystem-based solutions to reduce disaster vulnerability.