India's Health Transition: NCDs, Genomics, and Ayush: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is undergoing a fundamental epidemiological shift where the primary health challenge has transitioned from communicable diseases to chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which now account for approximately 66% of all deaths (ICMR/WHO data). This crisis is being met with a multi-layered response: advanced biotechnology (genomics for rare and genetic disorders), digital-first surveillance (AI-driven screening like MadhuNetrAI), and the institutionalization of traditional medicine (Ayush). The transformation represents a move from 'broad-based universal coverage' to 'data-driven precision medicine' and targeted demographic interventions.

Cross-Theme Insight

These threads reveal a 'hybrid health architecture.' While Thread 1 & 2 highlight a massive burden of 10.1 crore diabetics and rising obesity, Threads 3, 4, and 7 show the solution is not just more hospitals, but culturally integrated and high-tech care. By combining the Genome India Project (sequencing 10,000 diverse Indian genomes) with Ayush's holistic pathways and AI diagnostics, India aims to leapfrog traditional barriers. For instance, addressing the socio-biological complexity of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) requires both genetic screening and reducing the 'SCD Stigma Scale' through community-level Ayush interventions.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like NCERT (Class VIII, 2025, p. 32-35) define NCDs primarily as lifestyle-linked conditions requiring basic behavioral changes. However, current policy (2025-2026) shows a shift toward pharmacological and technological interventions, such as the implementation of WHO's first-ever guidelines for GLP-1 weight loss drugs and AI-based mental health programs. While Shankar IAS (10th ed, p. 101) correctly identifies the 'rapid health transition' linked to air pollution, it lacks the 2025 emphasis on 'longitudinal health data' (Cohort Connect 2025) which treats public health as a data science challenge.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The focus has evolved from simple 'disease awareness' to 'precision diagnostics' and 'integrative oncology.' There is a visible trajectory toward genomic sovereignty and creating standardized tools for social metrics (e.g., ICMR-SCD Stigma Scale). This indicates a maturing public health discourse that accounts for social psychology (gender-disaggregated data) alongside molecular biology.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Genetic disorders (Sickle Cell) and blood-related pathologies (RBC abnormalities) are high-frequency topics (NDA 2012, NID 15126; IAS 1995, NID 3063). Recent CDS 2025 questions (NID 9977) on digital platforms like U-WIN indicate a trend towards testing health-tech infrastructure. IAS Prelims consistently tests the technical potential of genome sequencing (2017, NID 5690) and the ethics/mechanism of gene editing/CRISPR (2018, NID 5809). Integration of Ayush (Sowa-Rigpa, Siddha) is a recurring GS-2/CDS theme (CDS 2020, 2024).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Mechanism of GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide) in metabolic health.
• Distinction between Sickle Cell Anemia (genetic) vs. nutritional anemia (NFHS-5 data).
• Technical goals of the Genome India Project (10,000 genomes/Reference Genome).
• Ayush-ICMR collaboration for Integrative Oncology (cancer management).
• AI in health: MadhuNetrAI (diabetic retinopathy) and U-WIN (immunization digitization).

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (13 themes, 49 news items)

Diabetes in India: Prevalence, Diagnostics, and Complications

Focus: A comprehensive cluster covering the rising statistical burden of diabetes in India, specific diagnostic challenges (HbA1c), and complications (kidney, eye, malnutrition-linked).

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the multi-dimensional diabetes crisis in India, ranging from epidemiological data to diagnostic policy and specific comorbidities.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-19 [Society & Culture] — 90 Million People in India Affected by Diabetes
  India ranks second globally in diabetes burden, with nearly 90 million people affected in 2024, after China. The number of people living with diabetes (20–79 years) is projected to rise from around 580 million adults in 2024 to over 850–900 million by 2050. By 2050, India is projected to retain its position among the top two countries with the highest diabetes load.
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  UPSC Angle: India ranks second globally in diabetes burden with 90 million affected.

  Key Facts:

  • Nearly 90 million people in India affected by diabetes in 2024
  • India ranks second globally in diabetes burden, after China
  • Diabetes prevalence is estimated to increase from 11.11% of the global adult population in 2024 to 12.96% by 2050
• 2025-12-17 [Science & Technology] — Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS) Launches AI-Driven Diabetic Retinopathy Screening
  The Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS) launched India's first AI-driven community screening programme for Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). The initiative uses MadhuNetrAI, an AI platform, to enable early detection and referral of diabetic eye disease at the community level.
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  UPSC Angle: AFMS launches AI-driven diabetic retinopathy screening program (MadhuNetrAI).

  Key Facts:

  • The Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS) launched India's first AI-driven community screening programme for Diabetic Retinopathy (DR).
  • The initiative uses MadhuNetrAI, an AI platform.
• 2025-11-14 [Society & Culture] — ICMR–INDIAB Study: Rising diabetes cases in India
  According to the ICMR–INDIAB Study, 2023, India has an estimated 10.1 crore people living with diabetes, and workplace stress may be a contributing factor. The diabetic population jumped from about 32 million in 2000 to almost 90 million adults in 2024. Recent reports estimate that 1 in 9 Indian adults live with diabetes, potentially exceeding 100 million cases soon.
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  UPSC Angle: ICMR-INDIAB study shows rising diabetes cases in India.

  Key Facts:

  • India has an estimated 10.1 crore people living with diabetes
  • Diabetic population jumped from 32 million in 2000 to 90 million in 2024
  • ICMR–INDIAB Study indicates rising diabetes cases
  • Diabetic population in India jumped from 32 million in 2000 to almost 90 million adults in 2024
  • Recent reports estimate as many as 1 in 9 Indian adults live with diabetes
  • Burden is deepened by undiagnosed cases and a surge in needless complications
• 2025-11-07 [Science & Technology] — Hidden Blood Biomarkers Uncovered Revealing Higher Diabetes Risk in Indians
  A study led by researchers from IIT Bombay, Osmania Medical College, and Clarity Bio Systems India has discovered new biochemical signatures that may help in early detection of kidney complications in diabetes patients. The study, published in the Journal of Proteome Research, used metabolomics to identify metabolic patterns distinguishing diabetic kidney disease from uncomplicated diabetes and healthy controls.
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  UPSC Angle: Hidden blood biomarkers reveal higher diabetes risk in Indians.

  Key Facts:

  • Study led by IIT Bombay, Osmania Medical College, and Clarity Bio Systems India
  • Discovered new biochemical signatures for early detection of kidney complications in diabetes
  • Published in the Journal of Proteome Research
  • Recruited 52 subjects from Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad
  • Measured nearly 300 metabolites from blood samples collected between June 2021 and July 2022
• 2025-04-18 [Science & Technology] — Type 5 Diabetes Recognized by IDF
  Type 5 Diabetes has been officially recognised as a distinct form of diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) at the 75th World Congress for Diabetes held in April 2025 in Bangkok. This condition primarily affects lean and malnourished adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.
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  UPSC Angle: Type 5 Diabetes recognized by International Diabetes Federation (IDF).

  Key Facts:

  • Type 5 Diabetes: Officially recognized
  • Recognized by: International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
  • Location of recognition: 75th World Congress for Diabetes in Bangkok
  • Primarily affects: lean and malnourished adolescents in low- and middle-income countries
• 2025-04-13 [Schemes & Programs] — New Working Group on Malnutrition-Induced Diabetes
  A new working group has been formed to address malnutrition-induced diabetes. This initiative aims to tackle the rising cases of diabetes linked to malnutrition, particularly in vulnerable populations.
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  UPSC Angle: New working group formed to address malnutrition-induced diabetes.

  Key Facts:

  • New working group
  • Malnutrition-induced diabetes

India's Precision Medicine and Health Data Infrastructure

Focus: National initiatives focused on creating large-scale, India-specific genomic and longitudinal health datasets to advance personalized medicine.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the strategic integration of biotechnology and data science in public health for evidence-based medical interventions.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Science & Technology] — Single Genome-editing Strategy
  A study in Nature recently revealed that researchers have developed a method to address many nonsense mutation disorders.
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  UPSC Angle: New genome-editing strategy to address nonsense mutation disorders.

• 2026-02-13 [Science & Technology] — India Launches National Biobank for Rare Genetic LSD Disorders
  On February 13, 2026, India launched its first government-supported National Biobank dedicated to Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs), integrating biological samples and clinical data from 530 patients across 15 states, making it a major national resource for rare disease research. The project is funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under the Government of India and involves collaboration among 28 medical and research institutions across six states and two Union Territories. This centralized system will improve disease tracking and therapy development and will accelerate early diagnosis, therapy development, and screening programs.
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  UPSC Angle: India launches National Biobank for Rare Genetic LSD Disorders.

  Key Facts:

  • India launched its first National Biobank dedicated to Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) on February 13, 2026
  • Integrates biological samples and clinical data from 530 patients across 15 states
  • Funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
  • Collaboration among 28 medical and research institutions across six states and two Union Territories
  • Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) are a group of more than 70 rare inherited metabolic diseases caused by enzyme deficiencies
  • 60% of the 530 registered patients have died, and only eight patients currently receive treatment
• 2025-11-14 [Science & Technology] — Cohort Connect 2025 launched for health data
  The Union Minister of State for Science & Technology launched Cohort Connect 2025, a platform under the Phenome India programme, at CSIR–IMMT, Bhubaneswar. This platform brings together India’s major longitudinal cohort studies to generate large-scale, India-specific health data for precision medicine and public health planning.
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  UPSC Angle: Cohort Connect 2025 is a platform for health data under Phenome India.

  Key Facts:

  • Cohort Connect 2025 launched at CSIR–IMMT, Bhubaneswar
  • Part of Phenome India programme
  • Aims to generate India-specific health data for precision medicine
• 2025-10-23 [Science & Technology] — India developing genomic data set for personalized medicine
  India has developed its own comprehensive genomic data set through the genome India project, sequencing 10,000 whole genomes from diverse populations to create a unique resource for personalized medicine disease research and developing India specific genomic tools.
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  UPSC Angle: India developing genomic data set for personalized medicine.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • genome India project
  • 10,000 whole genomes
• 2025-05-01 [Science & Technology] — GenomeIndia Project
  GenomeIndia is a national initiative funded by the Department of Biotechnology to sequence the whole genomes of over 10,000 individuals representing India's major population groups. The project aims to democratize genetic resource knowledge, promoting equity in data access for Indian researchers and precision medicine.
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  UPSC Angle: GenomeIndia project to sequence genomes of 10,000 individuals.

  Key Facts:

  • GenomeIndia
  • Funded by Department of Biotechnology
  • Sequence genomes of over 10,000 individuals
  • Represents India's major population groups
  • Promotes equity in access to data for Indian researchers
  • Strategic push towards precision medicine, bioinformatics, and sustainable development

The NCD Epidemic: Lifestyle, Obesity, and Future Projections

Focus: Items detailing the drivers (UPF, obesity) and consequences (cancer, general NCD burden) of the non-communicable disease crisis.

UPSC Value: Connects lifestyle factors like diet and obesity to long-term public health projections and the economic burden of NCDs.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-03 [Science & Technology] — WHO Issues Guidelines for GLP-1 Weight Loss Drugs
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued its first-ever guidelines on GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide etc.). The guidelines recommend use in adults with a BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities, prioritizing behavioural changes first and cautioning on long-term safety and access equity in LMICs.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO issues guidelines for GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss.

  Key Facts:

  • GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide etc.) are used.
  • Organization: World Health Organization (WHO)
  • Therapy: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
  • Purpose: Treat obesity in adults
• 2025-11-22 [Society & Culture] — Ultra-Processed Food Sales Surge in India
  According to The Lancet, India is experiencing the fastest growth in ultra-processed food (UPF) sales, leading to a surge in obesity and diabetes cases. Ultra-processed foods are industrially manufactured food products that undergo multiple processing steps and contain ingredients not typically used in home cooking, such as preservatives, emulsifiers, colorants, flavorings, and synthetic additives.
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  UPSC Angle: India experiences fastest growth in ultra-processed food sales.

  Key Facts:

  • Fastest UPF sales growth in India
  • Source: The Lancet
  • UPFs contain preservatives, emulsifiers, colorants, flavorings, and synthetic additives
• 2025-09-26 [Society & Culture] — Rising Cancer Burden: Lancet Study
  A Lancet study projects a 60.7% increase in new cancer diagnoses and a 74.5% increase in cancer deaths by 2050, with low and middle income countries (LMICs) bearing the heaviest burden. By 2050, there could be 30.5 million new cancer cases and 18.6 million cancer deaths annually.
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  UPSC Angle: Lancet study projects a 60.7% increase in new cancer diagnoses.

  Key Facts:

  • New cancer diagnoses projected to increase by 60.7% by 2050
  • Cancer deaths are projected to increase by 74.5% by 2050
  • By 2050, 30.5 million new cases and 18.6 million deaths annually
  • Study published in The Lancet
• 2025-04-07 [Schemes & Programs] — Preventive healthcare in India
  India faces a silent epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with NCDs causing two-thirds of deaths, preventive health care emerges as a crucial strategy. Focus areas include lifestyle changes, regular screenings, and leveraging technology like AI for early detection and personalized risk assessment.
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  UPSC Angle: Preventive healthcare is crucial strategy against non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

  Key Facts:

  • NCDs cause 5–6 million deaths annually in India
  • NCDs could cost India 5%–10% of its GDP
  • 22% of Indians over 30 are at risk of dying from an NCD before age 70
  • NCDs cause 65% of all deaths in India
  • Indians living with diabetes (IDF 2024): 101 million
  • Deaths due to air pollution in 2019: 1.6 million
  • silent epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) with NCDs causing two-thirds of deaths
  • Focus areas include lifestyle changes, regular screenings, and leveraging technology like AI for early detection and personalized risk assessment
• 2025-03-04 [Society & Culture] — Lancet Study Projects a Third of India Obese by 2050
  A recent study published in The Lancet projects that a third of India's population will be obese by 2050, highlighting a growing public health concern and the need for proactive measures to address this trend.
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  UPSC Angle: Lancet study projects a third of India obese by 2050.

  Key Facts:

  • One third
  • India
  • obese
  • 2050
  • Lancet

Gender-Disaggregated Health and Social Development Indicators

Focus: Items focusing on health outcomes, educational parity, and specialized medical services analyzed through the lens of gender-specific data or targeting specific gender identities including women and transgender communities.

UPSC Value: This grouping is essential for understanding the transition from universal to targeted social policy and evaluating India's progress in achieving gender equality and health equity.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-14 [Polity & Governance] — Tamil Nadu leading in transgender healthcare reforms
  Tamil Nadu is emerging as a leader in transgender healthcare with inclusive policies and specialized clinics. The state aims to dismantle barriers faced by the transgender community, who are considered a gender minority in India due to marginalization. According to the Census (2011), over 4.87 lakh individuals identified as transgender.
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  UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu is leading in transgender healthcare reforms.

  Key Facts:

  • Tamil Nadu is launching inclusive policies and specialized clinics for transgender healthcare
  • Census (2011) identified over 4.87 lakh individuals as transgender
  • Transgender people considered a gender minority in India
• 2025-07-04 [Society & Culture] — India's First Transgender-Led Health Clinic Reopens
  India's first transgender-led health clinic has reopened in Hyderabad with aid from Tata Trusts. Launched in 2021, Mitr Clinic is staffed and managed by members of the trans community, offering general health services, counseling, Hormone Replacement Therapy consultation, HIV/STI treatment, and psychological support.
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  UPSC Angle: India's first transgender-led health clinic reopens in Hyderabad.

  Key Facts:

  • India's first transgender-led health clinic
  • Hyderabad
  • Tata Trusts
  • Mitr Clinic
  • Launched in 2021
• 2025-04-08 [Society & Culture] — Women and Men in India 2024 Report
  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the 26th edition of “Women and Men in India 2024”, offering a comprehensive gender data snapshot. In 2022-23, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) remained above 1.00 across primary (1.03), upper primary (1.02), and higher secondary (1.02) levels, reflecting higher female enrolment.
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  UPSC Angle: MoSPI releases 'Women and Men in India 2024' report.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
  • 26th edition of “Women and Men in India 2024” released
  • Gender Parity Index (GPI) remained above 1.00 across primary (1.03), upper primary (1.02), and higher secondary (1.02) levels in 2022-23
• 2025-03-03 [Society & Culture] — Obesity Trends in India
  Approximately 25% of men and women in India are overweight or obese, a 4 percentage point increase from 2015-16, with obesity more prevalent among women in South Indian states, Delhi, and Punjab. Niti Aayog member Arvind Virmani noted that while employment is increasing in India, real wages for regular jobs have not kept pace with inflation over the past seven years.
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  UPSC Angle: Obesity is increasing in India, especially among women.

  Key Facts:

  • 25% of men and women in India are overweight or obese
  • 4 percentage point increase from 2015-16
  • Obesity is more prevalent among women in South Indian states, Delhi, and Punjab
  • The rate of increase in obesity among men was higher than that among women

Integrative Ayush Approaches to Non-Communicable Diseases

Focus: Items detailing the specific integration of Ayush systems with modern science to address critical health challenges like cancer, stroke, and diabetes.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the 'One Health' and integrative medicine strategy where traditional systems complement modern oncology and neurology.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-07 [Schemes & Programs] — National Cancer Awareness Day 2025: Integrative cancer care
  The Ministry of Ayush is scaling up integrative cancer care by combining modern oncology with Ayush systems, and strengthening public awareness, screening, and healthy lifestyles, as of National Cancer Awareness Day, November 7, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Ministry of Ayush scales up integrative cancer care.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry: Ministry of Ayush
  • Topic: National Cancer Awareness Day 2025 – Integrative cancer care and public awareness
  • Key Focus: Scaling up integrative cancer care (modern oncology + Ayush systems)
  • Strengthening public awareness, screening, and healthy lifestyles
  • Date of Release: November 7, 2025
• 2025-10-29 [Schemes & Programs] — Ayush Ministry Emphasizes Preventive Care on World Stroke Day 2025
  On World Stroke Day 2025, the Ayush Ministry highlighted the importance of preventive and holistic care pathways for stroke management, emphasizing that Ayush systems should complement conventional stroke care. The focus is on prevention and long-term rehabilitation with stronger research collaborations and public awareness.
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  UPSC Angle: Ayush Ministry emphasizes preventive care on World Stroke Day 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • World Stroke Day 2025
  • Ministry of Ayush
  • Shri Prataprao Jadhav (Union Minister of State, Ministry of Ayush and Ministry of Health & Family Welfare)
  • Vaidya Rajesh Kotecha (Secretary, Ministry of Ayush)
  • PIB Delhi
  • October 29, 2025
• 2025-10-18 [International Relations] — India Champions Integrative Health at Reykjavík Assembly
  India's Ministry of Ayush participated in the Arctic Circle Assembly 2025 in Reykjavík, Iceland, positioning Ayush as a bridge between global science, sustainability, and diplomacy in the Arctic. India's participation signifies its vision of “One Earth, One Health”.
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  UPSC Angle: India promotes Ayush in Arctic Circle Assembly for global science.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Ayush
  • Arctic Circle Assembly 2025
  • Reykjavík, Iceland
  • Prof. (Vaidya) Rabinarayan Acharya, Director General, CCRAS
  • Dr. Srinivas Rao Chinta, Joint Advisor (Homoeopathy)
• 2025-09-22 [Science & Technology] — Government Research Institutions Develop New Herbal Drugs
  Laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), including NBRI, CIMAP, IITR, and CDRI, are collaborating to develop drugs for diabetes, blood cancer, fatty liver, and liver cell degeneration, blending traditional medicine with modern science. 13 major herbal drugs have been developed including BGR-34 for diabetes, Paclitaxel from the Arjuna tree for blood cancer, and Picroliv for liver issues. Union Science and Technology Minister Dr Jitendra Singh highlighted the initiative's alignment with the “lab to people” innovation model.
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  UPSC Angle: CSIR labs developing herbal drugs for diabetes, cancer, and liver diseases.

  Key Facts:

  • CSIR labs (NBRI, CIMAP, IITR, CDRI) are developing drugs for diabetes, blood cancer, fatty liver, and liver cell degeneration.
  • 13 major herbal drugs have been developed.
  • Drugs include BGR-34 for diabetes, Paclitaxel (Arjuna tree) for blood cancer, and Picroliv for liver issues.
  • BGR-34 uses six herbs: Daruharidra, Giloy, Vijaysar, Gudmar, Manjistha, and Methi.
  • Dr Jitendra Singh highlighted the “lab to people” innovation model.

Rare, Genetic, and Neurodevelopmental Disorder Awareness

Focus: Items focusing on the clinical characteristics, genetic foundations, and awareness initiatives for rare diseases or conditions with significant neurological and developmental impacts.

UPSC Value: Understanding the landscape of rare and genetic diseases is essential for evaluating public health policy, the importance of specialized medical research, and healthcare accessibility.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-29 [Society & Culture] — Johnson & Johnson Highlights Journey of Adolescent with Myasthenia Gravis
  On October 29, 2025, Johnson & Johnson highlighted the journey of an adolescent with juvenile myasthenia gravis, a rare autoantibody disease typically diagnosed in adults but with a suggested uptick in adolescent patients. Johnson & Johnson is working to improve treatment options for patients of all ages.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • October 29, 2025
  • Johnson & Johnson
  • Juvenile myasthenia gravis
• 2025-09-09 [Society & Culture] — Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Awareness
  September 7 was designated as World Duchenne Awareness Day by the UN General Assembly starting in 2024 to foster global solidarity. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, progressive genetic disorder caused by mutations on the X chromosome. The 2025 theme, “Family: The Heart of Care,” highlights the vital role of families.
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  UPSC Angle: September 7 is World Duchenne Awareness Day.

  Key Facts:

  • September 7 is World Duchenne Awareness Day
  • Designated by UN General Assembly starting in 2024
  • DMD is a rare, progressive genetic disorder caused by mutations on the X chromosome
  • DMD leads to the absence of dystrophin, a muscle-protecting protein
  • Primarily affects males
  • 2025 theme: “Family: The Heart of Care”
• 2025-05-23 [Society & Culture] — Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Awareness
  Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication, social interaction, behavior, and learning. Symptoms typically appear before age 3 and result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • neurodevelopmental condition
  • before age 3
  • genetic factors
  • environmental influences
• 2025-04-17 [Society & Culture] — World Hemophilia Day
  April 17 is recognized as World Hemophilia Day.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • April 17 is World Hemophilia Day

Healthcare Exhibitions & Technology Showcases

Focus: Major exhibitions and conferences serving as platforms to showcase healthcare programs, medical technology, and policy assessments

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of large-scale forums and exhibitions in promoting healthcare innovation, investment, and policy dialogue

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-13 [Schemes & Programs] — Health Ministry launches Health Pavilion at Vibrant Gujarat Exhibition 2026
  The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched a Health Pavilion at the Vibrant Gujarat Regional Exhibition 2026 in Rajkot, Gujarat, from January 11th to 15th, showcasing flagship health programs. The pavilion aims to promote preventive healthcare and enhance public awareness.
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  UPSC Angle: Health Ministry launches Health Pavilion at Vibrant Gujarat Exhibition.

  Key Facts:

  • Health Pavilion launched at Vibrant Gujarat Regional Exhibition 2026
  • Location: Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat
  • Dates: January 11th to 15th, 2026
  • Launched by: Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)
  • Area: Approximately 700 square metres
• 2025-07-02 [Economy] — India Health 2025 Exhibition Focuses on MedTech and Innovation
  The India Health 2025 exhibition will feature over 300 brands and is expected to draw over 8,000 professionals, highlighting advancements in medical devices, diagnostics, and healthcare infrastructure. The event emphasizes MedTech, innovation, and collaboration within the healthcare sector. A B2B Matchmaking App and pavilions for start-ups and SMEs will be included.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • India Health 2025 will feature over 300 brands
  • Marengo Hospitals
  • Midmark
  • Pallakad
  • Italian Medtech Association
  • DKS Ortho
  • Pharmalab
  • 95% of participants will be domestic
  • 5% representing international firms
  • 8,000+ professionals are expected to attend
  • biomedical engineers
  • hospital procurement heads
  • radiologists
  • pathologists
  • clinicians
  • R&D personnel
  • medical technology regulators
  • Indian medical tourism market is projected to grow from USD 2.89 billion in 2020 to USD 13.42 billion by 2026
  • AIMED
  • ADMI
  • AHPI
  • EPCMD
  • MTAI
• 2025-03-09 [Schemes & Programs] — ISHTA 2025: Advancing Health Technology Assessment for Affordable Healthcare
  The Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India, in collaboration with WHO and the Center for Global Development, hosted ISHTA 2025 in New Delhi on March 8-9. The conference focused on "Bridging Evidence to Policy: Health Technology Assessment for Affordable Healthcare," with experts from multiple countries discussing advancements in HTA, evidence-based policymaking, and value-based pricing.
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  UPSC Angle: ISHTA 2025: Advancing Health Technology Assessment for Affordable Healthcare.

  Key Facts:

  • ISHTA 2025 hosted in New Delhi on March 8-9
  • Host organizations: Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India, WHO, Center for Global Development
  • Focus: Bridging Evidence to Policy: Health Technology Assessment for Affordable Healthcare
  • Participants: Experts from India, Argentina, Indonesia, Thailand
  • Topics discussed: HTA advancements, evidence-based policymaking, value-based pricing

Intersection of Health, Genomics, and Environment

Focus: Initiatives and summits that bridge biological science and environmental factors with human health, medicine, and genomics.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the 'One Health' approach and how biological data is applied to both conservation and human well-being.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [International Relations] — 2nd WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine
  India is hosting the 2nd WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine in New Delhi from December 17–19, 2025. The theme of the summit is “Restoring Balance for People and Planet: The Science and Practice of Well-Being”. The WHO Traditional Medicine Global Library (TMGL), the world's largest digital repository on traditional, complementary and integrative medicine with over 1.5 million records, will be launched.
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  UPSC Angle: India hosts 2nd WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine (Dec 2025).

  Key Facts:

  • 2nd WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine: December 17–19, 2025, in New Delhi
  • Theme: “Restoring Balance for People and Planet: The Science and Practice of Well-Being”
  • Launch of WHO Traditional Medicine Global Library (TMGL): 1.5 million+ records
  • India hosted the 1st WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine: August 17-18, 2023, in Gandhinagar, Gujarat
• 2025-07-07 [Science & Technology] — National Biobank Inaugurated under Phenome India Project
  The state-of-the-art Phenome India "National Biobank" was inaugurated at the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB). The Biobank is the backbone of a nationwide cohort study, collecting genomic, lifestyle, and clinical data from 10,000 individuals across India to uncover disease patterns and improve therapeutic targeting. The Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase (PI-CheCK) was launched by CSIR on December 7, 2023, to develop India-specific risk prediction models for cardio-metabolic diseases.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: National Biobank inaugurated under Phenome India project for cohort study.

  Key Facts:

  • The National Biobank was inaugurated at CSIR-IGIB.
  • The biobank will collect data from 10,000 individuals across India.
  • The Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase (PI-CheCK) was launched by CSIR on December 7, 2023.
  • PI-CheCK aims to develop India-specific risk prediction models for cardio-metabolic diseases.
• 2025-05-24 [Polity & Governance] — PIB Summary: Regional Health Cooperation & Climate Change Initiatives
  India is playing a key role in regional health diplomacy, emphasizing the importance of integrated health systems. A national conference is being hosted to discuss environment and climate change challenges, aiming to review climate change initiatives and strategies for environmental conservation, while balancing economic growth and ecological preservation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's role in regional health diplomacy.

  Key Facts:

  • 22nd Regional Committee Meeting of WHO South-East Asia Region (SEARO)
  • National Conference on Environment and Climate Change
  • Focus on sustainable development balancing economic growth and ecological preservation
  • Discussion on renewable energy expansion, waste management, and biodiversity conservation
  • Source: PIB (Press Information Bureau), May 24, 2025

Gender-Specific Health Vulnerabilities and Mortality

Focus: Analysis of health risks, nutritional deficiencies, and mortality drivers that disproportionately affect women and girls.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding social justice, gender-based health disparities, and the design of targeted welfare interventions (GS Paper 2).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Health risks for women due to rising heat
  A recent study indicates that women face greater health risks from rising temperatures. This finding highlights the gender-specific impacts of climate change and the need for targeted interventions to protect women's health in the face of increasing heatwaves and extreme weather events.
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  UPSC Angle: Rising temperatures pose gender-specific health risks for women.

• 2025-05-17 [Society & Culture] — Empowering Women to Combat Malnutrition in India
  Even with economic progress and various government schemes, women and girls are still disproportionately affected by malnutrition compared to men. The NFHS5 numbers are quite stark.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Women and girls are still disproportionately affected by malnutrition compared to men
  • NFHS5
• 2025-03-14 [Society & Culture] — Report Highlights Preventable Maternal Deaths
  A report reveals that 287,000 women die from preventable pregnancy-related causes, equating to roughly 800 deaths daily. Haemorrhage and hypertensive disorders are the primary drivers, with Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia exhibiting the highest maternal mortality rates.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • 287,000 women die from preventable pregnancy-related causes
  • 800 deaths daily
  • Primary drivers: Haemorrhage (27%) and hypertensive disorders (16%)
  • Highest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia

Research into Rare Genetic Disorders and Inherited Mutations

Focus: Scientific advancements and identification of rare medical conditions caused by specific inherited gene mutations.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding biotechnology applications in health, the management of rare diseases, and the role of genetics in modern medicine.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-30 [Science & Technology] — Scientists Test Gene-Editing Method for Thalassemia
  Scientists have recently tested a gene-editing method called adenine base editing to fix two severe mutations that cause β-thalassemia, a genetic blood disease. Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that affects the body's ability to produce normal hemoglobin. It results in fewer healthy hemoglobin proteins and fewer healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia.
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  UPSC Angle: Gene-editing method tested for β-thalassemia using adenine base editing.

  Key Facts:

  • Disease: β-thalassemia
  • Gene-Editing Method: Adenine base editing
  • Cause: Inherited gene mutation
  • Impact: Affects hemoglobin production, leads to anemia
  • Traits: More common in people from Mediterranean countries, like Greece and Turkey, and in people from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
• 2025-06-23 [Science & Technology] — Identification of EMM-Negative Blood Type
  The identification of the EMM-negative blood type adds to the previously known 47 blood group systems, making it the 48th globally recognised system in transfusion science. As of now, the woman from Guadeloupe is the only known person in the world to possess this blood type. She inherited the mutated gene from both her mother and her father, leading to a complete lack of the EMM antigen in her red blood cells.
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  UPSC Angle: EMM-negative blood type is the 48th recognised blood group system.

  Key Facts:

  • EMM-negative blood type: New 48th blood group system
  • Guadeloupe: Origin of the only known person with this blood type
• 2025-05-12 [Science & Technology] — Lafora Disease Research
  Researchers are seeking treatment for Lafora disease, a rare, progressive, and fatal genetic disorder of the nervous system. It is caused by accumulation of Lafora bodies in the brain, leading to seizures and cognitive decline.
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  UPSC Angle: Research seeking treatment for Lafora disease.

  Key Facts:

  • Lafora disease is a rare, progressive, and fatal genetic disorder
  • Caused by accumulation of Lafora bodies in the brain
  • Mutations in EPM2A or EPM2B (NHLRC1) genes are the main cause

Non-Communicable Diseases & Lifestyle Health

Focus: Campaigns and summits addressing the rising burden of lifestyle diseases, nutrition, and non-communicable conditions like cancer and diabetes

UPSC Value: Examines the shift in public health focus towards preventive measures for NCDs and lifestyle-related ailments

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-27 [Society & Culture] — Aaj Tak Health Summit 2025
  Aaj Tak is hosting the first edition of the Health Summit 2025 on September 29 to address India's escalating health crisis, including over 100 million cases of diabetes and rising mental health concerns. The summit aims to promote awareness, early action, and collective responsibility for a healthier India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Event: Aaj Tak Health Summit 2025
  • Date: September 29, 2025
  • Focus: Cardiovascular health, lifestyle diseases, obesity, nutrition, and mental well-being
• 2025-09-18 [Schemes & Programs] — Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan Launched
  The Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan (SNSPA), a 16-day nationwide health camp for women and children, was launched along with the 8th Poshan Maah; it is jointly led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) and organized at Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, Community Health centres, district hospitals and other government health facilities. More than 1 lakh health camps will be organized, making this the largest ever health outreach for women and children in the country, covering health check-ups and screening camps for non-communicable diseases such as cancers, anaemia, tuberculosis, and sickle cell disease.
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  UPSC Angle: SNSPA: Nationwide health camp launched with Poshan Maah by Health Ministry.

  Key Facts:

  • Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan (SNSPA)
  • 16-day nationwide health camp
  • 8th Poshan Maah
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)
  • Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD)
  • Ayushman Arogya Mandirs
  • Community Health centres
  • district hospitals
  • 1 lakh+ health camps
  • cancers
  • anaemia
  • tuberculosis
  • sickle cell disease
  • Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan
  • Led by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD)
  • Over 1 lakh health camps
  • Health check-ups and screenings for non-communicable diseases
• 2025-07-15 [Schemes & Programs] — Health Ministry's Snack Nutrition Awareness Campaign
  The Health Ministry of India started a new Snack Nutrition Awareness Campaign at AIIMS Nagpur, including posters beside food stalls showing the sugar, fat, and trans-fat content in common snacks and promoting moderation. A Lancet study indicates India may have 450 million obese people by 2050.
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  UPSC Angle: Health Ministry's Snack Nutrition Awareness Campaign at AIIMS Nagpur.

  Key Facts:

  • Campaign: Snack Nutrition Awareness Campaign
  • Location: AIIMS Nagpur
  • Objective: Promote awareness about sugar, fat, and trans fat in snacks
  • Lancet study projection: 450 million obese people in India by 2050

Global Health Burden Surveillance and Targeted Mental Health Responses

Focus: The items track the release of WHO's 2024 global health data on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health, alongside the implementation of specific technological interventions in India.

UPSC Value: Highlights the transition from global epidemiological surveillance to the use of emerging technologies in addressing specific public health challenges under GS Paper 2 (Health).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-11 [Schemes & Programs] — AI-Based Mental Health Program Launched at AIIMS Delhi
  An AI-based mental health program, 'Never Alone,' was launched at AIIMS Delhi on World Suicide Prevention Day (10 September). It offers 24/7 virtual and offline consultations with mental health experts through a web-based app accessible via WhatsApp.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: AI-based mental health program launched at AIIMS Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched at AIIMS Delhi on World Suicide Prevention Day (10 September).
  • Offers 24/7 virtual and offline consultations with mental health experts through a web-based app accessible via WhatsApp.
• 2025-09-03 [Society & Culture] — WHO Report on Global Mental Health
  New WHO data indicates suicide caused one in every 100 deaths worldwide in 2021, claiming 727,000 lives. The reports — World Mental Health Today and Mental Health Atlas 2024 — also reveal that more than a billion people live with mental health disorders.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO: Suicide caused 1 in 100 deaths worldwide in 2021.

  Key Facts:

  • In 2021, suicide caused one in every 100 deaths worldwide, claiming 727,000 lives.
  • For every suicide death, over 20 attempts occurred.
  • More than a billion people live with mental health disorders.
  • Anxiety and depressive disorders are the most prevalent, making up over two-thirds of all mental health conditions in 2021.
  • Between 2011 and 2021, mental disorders grew faster than population growth, raising the global age-standardized prevalence to 13.6%, a 0.9% increase in a decade.
  • Young Adults (20–29 years) saw the largest increase in prevalence (+1.8%) since 2011.
• 2025-05-28 [Society & Culture] — Urban Health Crisis in India
  India faces a double burden of malnutrition with undernutrition and obesity and WHO's 2024 report warns that NCDs caused 74% of global deaths in 2019, disproportionately affecting India. Tamil Nadu's 2023-24 STEPS Survey shows 65% of deaths in Chennai are due to NCDs.
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  UPSC Angle: India faces a double burden of malnutrition and rising NCD deaths.

  Key Facts:

  • India ranked second in obesity prevalence in 2021.
  • NCDs caused 74% of global deaths in 2019.
  • 65% of deaths in Chennai due to NCDs (Tamil Nadu's 2023-24 STEPS Survey).

Hematological Disorders: Anemia, Sickle Cell, and Thalassemia

Focus: A specific focus on blood-related disorders affecting the Indian population, covering prevalence, stigma, and mortality.

UPSC Value: Highlights the burden of genetic and nutritional blood disorders, relevant for social justice and public health policy studies.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-05-27 [Science & Technology] — ICMR Launches Stigma Scale for Sickle Cell Disease
  The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has developed the ICMR-SCD Stigma Scale for India (ISSSI), the country's first tool to measure stigma faced by sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. The scale includes components for patients (ISSSI-Pt) and caregivers (ISSSI-Cg), assessing stigma in 5 areas including familial/reproductive stigma and healthcare stigma. It was developed in 6 SCD-endemic districts.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ICMR launches India's first stigma scale for sickle cell disease.

  Key Facts:

  • Tool: ICMR-SCD Stigma Scale for India (ISSSI)
  • Components: ISSSI-Pt (patients) and ISSSI-Cg (caregivers)
  • Areas assessed: familial/reproductive stigma, disclosure issues, illness burden, discrimination, and healthcare stigma
  • Developed in: 6 SCD-endemic districts
  • Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
  • ICMR-SCD Stigma Scale for India (ISSSI)
  • ISSSI-Pt for patients
  • ISSSI-Cg for caregivers
  • Assesses stigma in 5 areas: familial/reproductive stigma, disclosure issues, illness burden, discrimination, and healthcare stigma
  • Developed in 6 SCD-endemic districts
• 2025-04-19 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Fight Against Anemia
  The Indian government is addressing the high prevalence of anemia, particularly among children and adolescent girls. NFHS-5 data indicates that 67.1% of children and 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic. The initiative aims to improve dietary iron intake and reduce anemia rates across vulnerable populations.
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  UPSC Angle: Government addressing anemia prevalence, especially among children and girls.

  Key Facts:

  • 67.1% of children in India are anemic (NFHS-5)
  • 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic (NFHS-5)
  • 3 in 4 Indian women have low dietary iron intake
• 2025-03-13 [Society & Culture] — Thalassemia in India
  India is known as the thalassemia capital of the world, with over 1,00,000 patients dying before the age of 20 due to lack of access to treatment. The first case of thalassaemia in India was reported in 1938.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Thalassemia in India: high prevalence and lack of access to treatment.

  Key Facts:

  • India is known as the thalassemia capital of the world
  • Over 1,00,000 patients dying before the age of 20 due to lack of access to treatment
  • First case of thalassaemia in India was reported in 1938
  • Thalassemia recognized as a benchmark disability in the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, of 2016
  • World Thalassemia Day is observed on May 8