India's Integrated Social Security Architecture: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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ExploreKey Takeaways
- Welfare is shifting from 'Generalized' to 'Hyper-Targeted' (e.g., PM-JANMAN for PVTGs, PMDK for Divyangjan).
- The 2025-2030 NSFI 'Panch-Jyoti' plan is the new roadmap for deepening financial access beyond mere account opening.
- Cashless treatment and 'Golden Hour' support mark the entry of social security into emergency medical care.
- The fiscal sustainability of pensions (D-grade in Global Index) remains the primary structural challenge for 2026.
In-Depth Analysis
The Big Picture
India is undergoing a fundamental shift from a 'discretionary welfare' model to a 'systemic social safety net' that tracks a citizen's lifecycle. By leveraging the JAM trinity (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile), the state is consolidating fragmented schemes into a unified digital architecture that covers health, credit, education, and old-age risks. This transformation reflects a move toward institutionalized resilience where social protection is not just a relief measure but a permanent fiscal and administrative feature.
Cross-Theme Insight
The threads reveal a 'Convergence of Risk Mitigation' strategy where banking infrastructure (Thread 7: DICGC), insurance (Thread 6: Jan Suraksha), and direct income support (Thread 1: PM-KISAN) are no longer isolated. For instance, the transition from COVID-era emergency measures (Thread 11) to permanent schemes like PM-JANMAN (Thread 10) shows that the government is utilizing the 'rails' built during the pandemic to deliver specialized welfare to the last mile, such as the PVTGs and destitute PwDs.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
While standard textbooks like Nitin Singhania cite the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) for the 2019-24 period (Nitin Singhania, Ch. 8, p. 241), current developments have already shifted to the 'NSFI 2025-30' (Panch-Jyoti strategy). Similarly, whereas Vivek Singh describes the basic funding patterns of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (Vivek Singh, Ch. 4, p. 185), current implementation reveals complex state-level 'opt-in' tensions, as seen in Kerala’s delayed entry into the PM SHRI scheme after specific MoUs (Thread 2).
How This Theme Is Evolving
The theme has evolved from 'Universal Coverage' (2014-2020 focus on bank accounts) to 'Deepening and Quality' (2025-2026). The trajectory is moving toward specialized, cashless, and time-bound interventions, such as the 'Golden Hour' treatment for accident victims and Aadhaar-linked Citizen Social Security Accounts (CSSA).
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
Recent questions show a shift from broad objectives to technical eligibility and dashboard monitoring. For example, NDA-II 2023 (NID 17101) tested the 'Antardrishti' dashboard, while IAS 2024 (NID 6239) focused on specific age-contribution tiers for PM-SYM. The exams are increasingly testing the 'last-mile' implementation and institutional bodies like DICGC or NPCI (IAS 2017, NID 5724).
Probable Prelims Angles
- Interest Subvention Rate: Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS) providing 1.5% on short-term loans up to ₹3 lakh.
- DICGC Coverage: Insurance limit remains ₹5 lakh, but notice the 2026 data indicating 41.5% of total bank deposits are currently insured.
- PM-JANMAN Funding: Central share (₹15,336 cr) vs. State share (₹8,768 cr) for PVTG welfare.
- Golden Hour Cashless Scheme: Statutory limit of ₹1.5 lakh for road accident victims.
- Dormant Accounts: Classification criteria (no transaction for 2 years) and the role of the DEA Fund.
Mains Answer Framework
- The evolution of India's social security from a 'relief-centric' approach to a 'rights-based' and 'digitally-enabled' framework marks a paradigm shift in inclusive governance.
- Financial Protection as a Core Pillar: Use PM-KISAN and Jan Suraksha (PMJJBY/PMSBY) as examples of providing a floor for income and risk.. Infrastructure and Institutional Continuity: Discuss the conversion of COVID-era health insurance (PMGKP) into permanent health missions like PM-ABHIM.. Digital Inclusion vs. Administrative Hurdles: Analyze the use of Aadhaar for destitute PwDs while noting the 'D' grade in the Global Pension Index due to coverage gaps.
- To achieve a truly inclusive 'Viksit Bharat,' India must bridge the gap between financial access (account opening) and financial adequacy (pension sustainability and insurance depth).
Essay Connections
- Social Security as the Bedrock of Economic Growth: Use the 'NSFI 2025-30' and 'Project Aarohan' to show how financial safety nets encourage risk-taking and education investment.
Preparation Strategy
Reading Approach
Start with Vivek Singh's chapter on Subsidies and Government Budgeting to understand the fiscal architecture. Then, move to Nitin Singhania for the banking/financial inclusion framework. Finally, apply these concepts to the 2025-2026 news items to see how policy targets like PM-JANMAN and Samagra Shiksha 3.0 fit into these existing funding silos.
Textbook Roadmap
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania, Ch. 8, p. 241. Threads 2, 3, and 6: Read for the baseline of Financial Inclusion (2019-24) to compare with the new 2025-30 strategy.. National Strategy for Financial Inclusion and Priority Sector Lending (PSL) norms.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh, Ch. 9, p. 291-298. Threads 1 and 10: Analyze the fiscal burden of food and fertilizer subsidies.. Detailed breakdown of Direct vs. Indirect Subsidies and the role of FCI.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh, Ch. 4, p. 185-186. Threads 2, 9, and 10: Study the difference between Central Sector vs. Centrally Sponsored Schemes.. Funding patterns (60:40 vs 90:10) and implementation agencies.
Revision Bullets
- PM-KISAN: 21st installment released Nov 2025; ₹18,000 crore to 9 crore farmers.
- MISS: 1.5% interest subvention for 2025-26 on loans up to ₹3 lakh.
- DICGC Fund: Rising to ₹2.29 Lakh Crore as of 2026.
- PM-DevINE: 100% Central Sector funding (₹6,600 crore) for North East (2022-2026).
- Top Class Scholarship (SC): ₹86,000 academic allowance in the first year.
- Jan Suraksha 10th Anniversary: PMJJBY and PMSBY launched in 2015, now a cornerstone of the safety net.
- Samagra Shiksha 3.0: Current pathway meeting chaired Jan 2026 for next-phase rollout.
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (18 themes, 67 news items)
Institutionalization and Legacy of COVID-Era Welfare Measures
Focus: Items highlighting the continuation, expansion, or long-term structural impact of welfare schemes and administrative facilities that were either introduced or significantly prioritized during the COVID-19 pandemic.
UPSC Value: Understanding the evolution of India's social safety nets and the transition from emergency pandemic response to permanent welfare architecture.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-18 [Schemes & Programs] — Aster Volunteers Expands Mobile Medical Units in South India
Aster Volunteers has launched two new Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) in Tirupati and Anekal, with 49 units now operational in India as of February 18, 2026. The units will offer primary consultations, screening for non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health services, and referral linkages.More details
UPSC Angle: Mobile medical units expansion indicates healthcare access improvements in rural areas.
Key Facts:
- Aster Volunteers
- Aster DM Healthcare
- Mobile Medical Units (MMUs)
- Tirupati
- Anekal
- 49
- Aster Narayanadri Hospital
- Centre for Integral Rural Welfare
- Jnana Jyothi
- 2025-12-21 [Economy] — MGNREGA's Impact on SC/ST Workforce and Migration
SCs and STs form 35% of the MGNREGA workforce, with studies showing up to 30% higher consumption for Dalit and Adivasi households during lean seasons. A survey in Karnataka indicated that over 60% of households felt the scheme contributed to village development and stability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Avoiding migration emerged as the top reason for continuing MGNREGA, with a large majority recommending expanding support to 100 days per person, not just per household.More details
UPSC Angle: MGNREGA's impact on SC/ST workforce and consumption patterns.
Key Facts:
- SCs and STs form 35% of the MGNREGA workforce
- Up to 30% higher consumption for Dalit and Adivasi households during lean seasons
- Over 60% of households in Karnataka felt the scheme contributed to village development and stability
- 2025-12-13 [Schemes & Programs] — PMGKP Insurance Extended
The Supreme court extends ₹50 Lakh Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package (PMGKY) insurance to all doctors who died on COVID. The PMGKP Insurance Scheme offers personal accident insurance cover of ₹50 lakh per eligible health worker for death due to COVID-19 infection or accidental death while performing COVID-related duty.More details
UPSC Angle: PMGKP insurance extended to doctors who died on COVID.
Key Facts:
- Supreme Court extends PMGKP insurance to all doctors who died on COVID.
- Coverage: ₹50 lakh per eligible health worker.
- Risks Covered: Death due to COVID-19 infection. Accidental death while performing COVID-related duty.
- 2025-06-26 [Schemes & Programs] — EPFO Auto-Settles Claims up to Rs 5 Lakh within 72 Hours
The Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) will disburse all valid auto-settled claims up to Rs 5 lakh within 72 hours, eliminating manual intervention. Expanded claim categories include illness, education, marriage, and housing, continuing the facility introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. In FY25, the EPFO processed 2.34 crore advance claims through the auto-settlement mode, a 161% increase from FY24.More details
UPSC Angle: EPFO auto-settles claims up to Rs 5 lakh within 72 hours.
Key Facts:
- Auto-settled claims up to Rs 5 lakh disbursed within 72 hours.
- Expanded claim categories: illness, education, marriage, housing.
- 2.34 crore claims processed in FY25, a 161% increase from FY24.
- 2025-04-12 [Economy] — 85 lakh more families availed NREGS in FY25 than pre-COVID
In FY25, 85 lakh more families availed of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) compared to the pre-COVID period. This indicates an increased demand for rural employment and the continuing importance of NREGS as a safety net.More details
UPSC Angle: 85 lakh more families availed NREGS in FY25 than pre-COVID.
Key Facts:
- Scheme: NREGS
- Increase: 85 lakh families
- FY25 compared to pre-COVID
Financial Safety Net Mechanisms for Farmers
Focus: Items detailing the direct financial assistance tools provided to farmers, including cash transfers, crop insurance, credit subvention, and subsidy reforms.
UPSC Value: Useful for studying the fiscal architecture of agricultural support systems (Income Support + Risk Mitigation + Affordable Credit).
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-19 [Economy] — Agricultural Subsidy Reforms
The ongoing reforms in agricultural subsidies focus on rationalizing food and fertilizer subsidies. For FY 2025-26, the combined food and fertilizer subsidy is approximately ₹3.71 lakh crore. These reforms aim to address inefficiencies and environmental degradation by moving towards more targeted assistance through initiatives like digitalization of PACS, expansion of Nutrient-Based Subsidy, and Direct Benefit Transfers.More details
UPSC Angle: FY26 food and fertilizer subsidy: ₹3.71 lakh crore.
Key Facts:
- Combined food and fertilizer subsidy for FY 2025-26: ₹3.71 lakh crore
- Food Subsidy Bill: Expected to touch ₹2.03 lakh crore, covering nearly 56% of the population (813 million people)
- Fertilizer Subsidy Bill: Allocated at ₹1.67 lakh crore
- MSP payouts have more than tripled over the last decade, reaching ₹3.33 lakh crore by June 2025
- Digitalization of PACS: A ₹2,925 crore project to computerize nearly 80,000 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
- PM-PRANAM Scheme: Incentivizing States to reduce chemical fertilizer use by sharing 50% of the subsidy savings as a grant for alternative fertilizers
- NCDC has disbursed over ₹95,000 crore recently
- Government to rationalize food and fertiliser subsidies
- Focus on government budgeting and fiscal reforms
- Role of DBT in subsidy delivery
- 2025-11-19 [Schemes & Programs] — PM-KISAN 21st Installment Released
Prime Minister Narendra Modi released the 21st installment of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme on November 19, 2025, in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, disbursing ₹18,000 crore to nearly 9 crore farmers through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). The PM-KISAN scheme, launched in February 2019, provides eligible landholding farm families with ₹6,000 per year, paid in three equal installments of ₹2,000 each.More details
UPSC Angle: PM-KISAN 21st installment released, disbursing ₹18,000 crore to farmers.
Key Facts:
- 21st installment of PM-KISAN released on November 19, 2025
- Location: Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
- Amount disbursed: ₹18,000 crore
- Beneficiaries: Nearly 9 crore farmers
- Disbursement method: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
- Annual benefit under PM-KISAN: ₹6,000
- Installment amount: ₹2,000
- Scheme launched: February 2019
- 2025-05-29 [Schemes & Programs] — Cabinet Approves Continuation of Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS)
The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of the Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS) for the fiscal year 2025-26 to provide subsidized credit to farmers. MISS offers a 1.5% interest subvention on short-term agricultural loans up to ₹3 lakh, ensuring farmers get affordable credit. The scheme aims to reduce the cost of credit, encourage timely loan repayment, and enhance agricultural productivity.More details
UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves continuation of Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS).
Key Facts:
- Loan amount: Up to Rs. 3 lakh through Kisan Credit Cards (KCC)
- Subsidized interest rate: 7%
- Interest subvention: 1.5% to lending institutions
- Prompt Repayment Incentive (PRI): Up to 3%, effectively reducing interest rate to 4%
- Interest benefit applicable up to ₹2 lakh for loans exclusively for animal husbandry or fisheries
- Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS)
- Fiscal year 2025-26
- 1.5% interest subvention
- Short-term agricultural loans up to ₹3 lakh
- Effective interest rate of 4% for farmers (with timely repayment and 3% Prompt Repayment Incentive)
- Credit flow through KCC more than doubled from ₹4.26 lakh crore (2014) to ₹9.81 lakh crore (2024)
- Overall agricultural credit flow rose from ₹7.3 lakh crore to ₹25.49 lakh crore during the same period
- Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in the agriculture sector improved from 8.9% in 2019 to 7.2% in 2023
- KCC NPAs declined from 12.66% in 2021–22 to 11.5% in 2023–24
- 2025-03-12 [Schemes & Programs] — Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Extended
The government has extended the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) till 2025-26 with an outlay of ₹69,515.71 crore. A new grievance redressal mechanism, including the Krishi Rakshak Portal and Helpline (KRPH), has been introduced to enhance transparency and timely claim settlements. PMFBY was launched in Kharif 2016 to provide financial security to farmers against crop loss due to natural calamities.More details
UPSC Angle: PMFBY extended till 2025-26 with outlay of ₹69,515.71 crore.
Key Facts:
- Maximum premium payable by the farmer will be 2% for Kharif food and oilseed crops, 1.5% for rabi food and oilseeds crop and 5% for yearly commercial or horticultural crops.
- 2025-03-12 [Schemes & Programs] — Government Schemes for Farmers and Marginalized Communities
The Government of India is implementing schemes such as PM-KISAN, PMFBY, MISS, AIF, NMNF to increase farmers' income and provide financial security. Additionally, the PM-DAKSH Yojana provides skill training to marginalized communities, implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment without state-wise fund allocation.More details
UPSC Angle: Government schemes for farmers and marginalized communities.
Key Facts:
- PM-KISAN provides ₹6,000 per year in three installments
- PMFBY provides crop insurance against natural calamities
- MISS helps farmers get affordable credit
- AIF supports infrastructure development in agriculture
- NMNF promotes chemical-free farming
- PM-DAKSH Yojana provides skill training to SCs, OBCs, EWSs, DNTs, and Safai Karamcharis
- PM-DAKSH implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
- Training provided through SIDH Portal of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
Central Government Scholarship Frameworks for Social Equity and Merit
Focus: Centrally funded scholarship schemes and policy recommendations aimed at reducing educational disparities for marginalized (SC/ST/OBC/EWS) and meritorious students.
UPSC Value: Understanding the multi-layered approach of the Indian government to ensure educational equity through financial incentives and the role of parliamentary oversight in policy reform.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-27 [Schemes & Programs] — Revised Top Class Scholarship Scheme for SC Students
Revised guidelines for the 'Top Class Scholarship Scheme for SC Students' have been announced. Students will receive an academic allowance of ₹86,000 in the first year and ₹41,000 in subsequent years for living expenses, books, and laptops. Beneficiaries cannot avail of similar scholarships from other Central or State schemes.More details
UPSC Angle: Revised Top Class Scholarship Scheme for SC Students announced.
Key Facts:
- 4,400 fresh slots are available for 2024–25 within the overall cap of 21,500 (2021–26).
- 30% of slots are reserved for SC girls.
- Benefits are limited to two siblings per family.
- 2025-10-24 [Schemes & Programs] — National Means cum Merit Scholarship Scheme
The National Means cum Merit Scholarship Scheme (NMMSS) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in May 2008 to award scholarships to meritorious students of economically weaker sections to arrest their dropout at class VIII. One lakh fresh scholarships are awarded by the Ministry of Education every year to selected students for study in classes from IX to XII in recognized Government, Government-aided, and local body schools.More details
UPSC Angle: NMMSS: Scholarships for meritorious students from economically weaker sections.
Key Facts:
- National Means cum Merit Scholarship Scheme (NMMSS) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme
- Launched in May 2008
- Awards scholarships to meritorious students of economically weaker sections
- Aims to arrest their dropout at class VIII
- One lakh fresh scholarships are awarded every year by the Ministry of Education
- Scholarships for study in classes from IX to XII
- 2025-08-14 [Polity & Governance] — Expansion of SC/ST and OBC Scholarships
Two key Parliamentary panels have flagged the need for reforms related to SC/ST and OBC scholarships, urging doubling the income limit for OBC pre- and post-matric scholarships, expanding pre-matric coverage to start from Class V, and revising parental income limits for ST scholarships. For FY 2025-26, centrally sponsored scholarships for SCs, OBCs, EBCs, and DNTs account for 66.7% of the Social Justice Ministry's Rs. 13,611 crore budget, while for STs, such scholarships make up 18.6% of the Tribal Affairs Ministry's Rs. 14,925.81 crore allocation.More details
UPSC Angle: Reforms needed for SC/ST and OBC scholarships, flagged by panels.
Key Facts:
- OBC Welfare Committee: Urged doubling the income limit for OBC scholarships, Recommended expanding pre-matric coverage to start from Class V.
- Panel on Tribal Affairs and Social Justice: Suggested revising parental income limits for ST scholarships.
- FY 2025-26: Centrally sponsored scholarships for SCs, OBCs, EBCs, and DNTs account for 66.7% of the Social Justice Ministry's Rs. 13,611 crore budget. For STs, such scholarships make up 18.6% of the Tribal Affairs Ministry's Rs. 14,925.81 crore allocation.
- 2025-06-30 [Schemes & Programs] — Central Sector Scheme of Scholarship
The "Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Protsahan (PM-USP) Central Sector Scheme of Scholarship for College and University Students" aims to provide financial aid to meritorious students from poor families for higher studies. Scholarships are awarded based on Class 12th Board Examination results. A maximum of 82,000 fresh scholarships (41,000 for boys and 41,000 for girls) per annum are provided.More details
UPSC Angle: PM-USP provides financial aid to meritorious students from poor families.
Key Facts:
- Scholarship scheme by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education.
- Aims to provide financial assistance to meritorious students from poor families.
- Scholarships are awarded based on the results of the Higher Secondary/Class 12th Board Examination.
- ₹12,000/- per annum at the graduation level for the first three years.
- ₹20,000 per annum at the post-graduation level.
- ₹20,000/- per annum in the 4th and 5th years for professional courses.
- A maximum of 82,000 fresh scholarships (41,000 for boys and 41,000 for girls) per annum are provided.
- 2025-04-05 [Society & Culture] — India's Education System Disparities for Marginalized Communities
Reports highlight systemic failures in India's education system disproportionately affecting marginalized communities (SC/ST/OBC). The Supreme Court and activists are demanding reforms to bridge caste and class-based disparities in access to quality education. Structural inequalities, biases in competitive exams, social discrimination, low representation, and economic barriers contribute to the failures.More details
UPSC Angle: India's education system disparities for marginalized communities.
Key Facts:
- Only 12% of rural schools have functional libraries (ASER 2023)
- 90% of IIT toppers come from elite coaching hubs like Kota
- SC/ST students form <10% of PhD enrolments in top institutions (IITs/IISc)
- Zero ST faculty in 7 IITs (2018 govt. data)
- 32% of Dalit girls drop out by secondary school (NSSO)
- SHREYAS Scheme supports OBC, EBC, and DNT students with scholarships and coaching
- National Fellowship for SC/ST/OBC Students gives financial aid for MPhil and PhD studies
Budgetary Outlays and Implementation of Central Sector Schemes
Focus: Reports on the specific financial allocations, funding structures, and implementation progress of various Central Sector Schemes across diverse sectors like health, education, and regional development.
UPSC Value: Understanding the fiscal management and sectoral priorities of Central Sector Schemes is essential for analyzing government intervention and public policy implementation.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-31 [Schemes & Programs] — Rs 183.46 crore Released for Centres of Excellence under PRIP scheme
The Department of Pharmaceuticals has established seven Centres of Excellence (CoEs) at seven NIPERs under the Promotion of Research & Innovation in MedTech Sector (PRIP) scheme. A total amount of ₹183.46 crore has been released for setting up these centers till 31.1.2026. 710 research projects have been received under the scheme.More details
UPSC Angle: Rs 183.46 crore released for Centres of Excellence under PRIP scheme.
Key Facts:
- Department of Pharmaceuticals established seven Centres of Excellence (CoEs) under PRIP scheme.
- ₹183.46 crore has been released for setting up these centers till 31.1.2026.
- 710 research projects received by the closing date of 19.11.2025.
- 2025-11-04 [Schemes & Programs] — PM-DevINE Scheme
The Prime Minister's Development Initiative for North Eastern Region (PM-DevINE) was launched in 2022 as a Central Sector scheme with 100% Central funding. The scheme has an outlay of Rs. 6,600 crore for the 4 year period from 2022-23 to 2025-26.More details
UPSC Angle: PM-DevINE scheme: Central Sector scheme with 100% Central funding.
Key Facts:
- Launched in 2022
- Central Sector scheme with 100% Central funding
- Outlay of Rs. 6,600 crore for 2022-23 to 2025-26
- 2025-08-09 [Schemes & Programs] — MERITE Scheme for Technical Education Improvement
The 'Central Sector Scheme' MERITE will be implemented in government engineering institutions and Polytechnics in all States/UTs in collaboration with the World Bank, aiming to improve the quality, equity, and governance in technical education, aligned with the National Educational Policy-2020 (NEP-2020). The total financial implication is Rs. 4200 crore for a period from 2025-26 to 2029-30, with an external assistance of Rs. 2100 crore from the World Bank as a loan.More details
UPSC Angle: MERITE scheme to improve technical education in govt institutions.
Key Facts:
- MERITE is a 'Central Sector Scheme'.
- Collaboration with the World Bank.
- Aims to improve quality, equity and governance in technical education.
- Aligned with the National Educational Policy-2020 (NEP-2020).
- Total financial implication of Rs. 4200 crore from 2025-26 to 2029-30.
- External assistance of Rs. 2100 crore from World Bank as loan.
- 2025-03-21 [Schemes & Programs] — NPDD Additional Budget
The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPDD), a Central Sector Scheme, received an additional budget of ₹1,000 crore, raising the total to ₹2,790 crore for 2021-22 to 2025-26.More details
UPSC Angle: NPDD received additional budget of ₹1,000 crore.
Key Facts:
- NPDD received an additional budget of ₹1,000 crore
- Total budget: ₹2,790 crore for 2021-22 to 2025-26
- NPDD is a Central Sector Scheme
Implementation Status of Central Education Schemes
Focus: Reports on the operational details, planning, and state-level acceptance (or refusal) of specific Central education schemes like Samagra Shiksha, PM Shri, and PM-POSHAN.
UPSC Value: Provides technical details on Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) in education and the administrative hurdles in their nationwide rollout.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-17 [Schemes & Programs] — Centre chairs meet to chart pathway for Samagra Shiksha 3.0
The central government is leading a meeting to outline the plan for Samagra Shiksha 3.0.More details
UPSC Angle: Centre to chart pathway for Samagra Shiksha 3.0.
- 2025-07-05 [Schemes & Programs] — PM-POSHAN Scheme: Addressing Hunger and Education
The Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM-POSHAN) Yojana, launched in 2021-22, aims to provide hot cooked meals to students in Classes 1-8 in government and aided schools, benefiting 11.80 crore children. While the scheme has boosted enrollment and retention, challenges persist, including fund delays, caste-based discrimination, and inadequate per-child allocation, hindering its transformative potential.More details
UPSC Angle: PM-POSHAN scheme addresses hunger and education for children in government schools.
Key Facts:
- Full Name: Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman Yojana
- Launched In: 2021–22 (replacing the 1995 Midday Meal Scheme)
- Coverage: Benefits 11.80 crore children in 11.20 lakh schools (as of 2023–24)
- Funding Outlay: ₹54,061 crore (Centre) + ₹31,733 crore (States/UTs) till 2025–26
- Cost Sharing: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (60:40 Centre-State)
- States like UP and Kerala receive ₹6–10 per child/day, far below actual costs (₹30–40 per child/day)
- Teachers in Kerala and UP report using personal loans and funds to manage meal expenses due to 3–6 months fund delays
- 2025-05-14 [Polity & Governance] — Kerala Not Signing PM Shri Scheme MOU
Kerala's Chief Minister alleges the PM Shri scheme leads to saffronization of education and central control of state-run schools, leading Kerala not to sign the MOU. Unlike the 670 districts nationwide that signed, Kerala, along with Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, did not sign, making them ineligible for certain funds.More details
UPSC Angle: Kerala not signing PM Shri Scheme MOU.
Key Facts:
- PM Shri scheme
- Kerala
- Tamil Nadu
- West Bengal
- 670 districts signed MOU
- 2025-03-25 [Schemes & Programs] — Samagra Shiksha Scheme Focuses on Education for All
The Department of School Education and Literacy is implementing the Samagra Shiksha scheme, an integrated centrally sponsored program for school education. The scheme covers pre-primary to Class XII, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to ensure quality, equitable, and inclusive education. Financial assistance is provided to States and UTs for various components, including free uniforms and textbooks at the primary level, transport and maintenance facilities for students up to the secondary level, and special training programs for out-of-school children.More details
UPSC Angle: Samagra Shiksha scheme covers pre-primary to Class XII.
Key Facts:
- Samagra Shiksha: integrated centrally sponsored scheme for school education.
- Covers pre-primary to Class XII.
- Aligned with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
- Financial aid for uniforms, textbooks, transport, and special training.
Regulatory Safety Nets for Bank Depositors
Focus: State mechanisms (DICGC insurance and DEA Fund) designed to protect depositors against bank failure and recover unclaimed funds.
UPSC Value: Understanding the statutory framework for depositor protection (DICGC Act) and the handling of inoperative accounts (DEA Fund) is crucial for banking sector stability studies.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-11 [Economy] — DICGC Insures 41.5% of Bank Deposits
As of March 2025, the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) insures 41.5% of bank deposits, with its fund balance rising to ₹2.29 Lakh Crore.More details
UPSC Angle: DICGC insures 41.5% of bank deposits as of March 2025.
Key Facts:
- DICGC insures 41.5% of bank deposits
- Fund balance: ₹2.29 Lakh Crore (as of March 2025)
- 2025-11-16 [Schemes & Programs] — RBI Campaign to Reclaim Unclaimed Bank Deposits
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has launched a campaign titled “Aapki Poonji, Aapka Adhikar” (Your Capital, Your Right) in Prayagraj to help citizens reclaim funds held in dormant bank accounts. A bank account becomes inoperative if no financial or non-financial transaction occurs for 2 years or more. Unclaimed deposits in the Indian banking system were estimated at over ₹67,000+ crore by mid-2025.More details
UPSC Angle: RBI launched 'Aapki Poonji, Aapka Adhikar' to reclaim unclaimed deposits.
Key Facts:
- RBI launched “Aapki Poonji, Aapka Adhikar” in Prayagraj.
- A bank account becomes inoperative if no financial or non-financial transaction occurs for 2 years or more.
- Inoperative account balances may be transferred to the Depositor Education and Awareness (DEA) Fund.
- Unclaimed deposits in the Indian banking system were estimated at over ₹67,000+ crore by mid-2025.
- The UDGAM (Unclaimed Deposits – Gateway to Access inforMation) portal allows individuals to search for unclaimed deposits across multiple banks.
- 2025-07-26 [Economy] — India Simplifies Unclaimed Asset Recovery
India is simplifying the process of recovering unclaimed money across multiple financial assets due to increasing unclaimed balances. Unclaimed bank deposits in the Depositor Education and Awareness (DEA) Fund reached ₹97,545 crore as of March 2025, a 24% increase from the previous year. Collectively, unclaimed balances in India have crossed ₹1.47 lakh crore and are still growing.More details
UPSC Angle: India simplifies unclaimed asset recovery process due to increasing balances.
Key Facts:
- Unclaimed bank deposits in DEA Fund: ₹97,545 crore as of March 2025
- Increase of 24% from ₹78,212 crore the previous year
- Collectively unclaimed balances have crossed ₹1.47 lakh crore
- Employees' Provident Fund reported unclaimed balances of ₹8,505.23 crore in FY24
- 2025-04-27 [Economy] — RBI Cancels License of Imperial Urban Cooperative Bank
RBI has canceled the license of Imperial Urban Cooperative Bank due to inadequate liquidity. Every depositor is entitled to receive a deposit insurance claim of up to Rs. 5 lakh under the DICGC Act, 1961. As of January 31, 2025, DICGC has paid Rs. 541 crore of the total insured deposits.More details
UPSC Angle: RBI cancels license of Imperial Urban Cooperative Bank due to inadequate liquidity.
Key Facts:
- License canceled due to inadequate liquidity
- Depositors entitled to receive up to Rs. 5 lakh under DICGC Act, 1961
- As of January 31, 2025, DICGC has paid Rs. 541 crore
Fiscal and Implementation Frameworks of Flagship National Welfare Schemes
Focus: These items detail the multi-year budgetary outlays, central-state cost-sharing ratios, and specific infrastructure targets for major nationwide social sector missions including PM-JANMAN, PM SHRI, and PM-ABHIM.
UPSC Value: Understanding the financial architecture and center-state sharing patterns of flagship schemes is essential for analyzing fiscal federalism and social justice implementation in India.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-03 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) Scheme
The PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) scheme has a total budgetary outlay of Rs 24,104 crore, with a central share of Rs 15,336 crore and a state share of Rs 8,768 crore. The scheme extends from 2023-24 to 2025-26 and aims to provide PVTG households and habitations with basic facilities.More details
UPSC Angle: PM-JANMAN scheme has a budgetary outlay of Rs 24,104 crore.
Key Facts:
- Total budgetary outlay for the scheme is Rs 24,104 crore, with the central share being Rs 15,336 crore and the state share being Rs 8,768 crore.
- The scheme extends from 2023-24 to 2025-26.
- 2025-06-18 [Schemes & Programs] — PM-JANMAN Scheme: Anganwadi Centers in Tribal Areas
The cabinet approved the establishment of 459 new Anganwadi centers in special tribal areas under the PM-JANMAN scheme. The estimated cost is Rs 143.46 crore, with the Centre contributing Rs 72.78 crore and the state Rs 70.68 crore.More details
UPSC Angle: 459 new Anganwadi centers approved under PM-JANMAN scheme.
Key Facts:
- 459 new Anganwadi centers approved under PM-JANMAN.
- Total cost: Rs 143.46 crore.
- Central contribution: Rs 72.78 crore.
- State contribution: Rs 70.68 crore.
- 2025-05-15 [Schemes & Programs] — PM SHRI Scheme Progress
The government is moving ahead with the PM SHRI Scheme to improve schools. Over 12,400 schools in 670 districts have already joined the scheme.More details
UPSC Angle: Over 12,400 schools in 670 districts joined PM SHRI Scheme.
Key Facts:
- Scheme: PM SHRI Scheme
- Project Duration: 5 years (2022–23 to 2026–27)
- Total Project Cost: ₹27,360 crore
- Central Share: ₹18,128 crore
- State Share: ₹9,232 crore (approximately 40%)
- Schools joined: Over 12,400
- Districts covered: 670
- 2025-03-17 [Schemes & Programs] — Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission Implementation
The Delhi government is set to sign an MoU with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to implement the Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM). The scheme has a total outlay of Rs. 64,180 Crores for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26 and aims to integrate and strengthen health service delivery.More details
UPSC Angle: Delhi to implement Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission.
Key Facts:
- Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)
- Total outlay: Rs. 64,180 Crores
- Scheme period: 2021-22 to 2025-26
Government Financial Outlays for Educational Access and Infrastructure
Focus: State and central government initiatives involving significant budgetary allocations for student scholarships, school modernization, and the expansion of higher education seats.
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing government strategies for human capital development and the implementation of social welfare schemes in the education sector.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-30 [Schemes & Programs] — Meghalaya releases Rs 130-crore scholarship for 70,000 students
The Chief Minister of Meghalaya released a Rs 130-crore scholarship for 70,000 students. This initiative aims to support education and provide financial assistance to students in the state.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Meghalaya
- Rs 130-crore
- Scholarship
- 70,000 students
- 2025-10-25 [Schemes & Programs] — Kerala Joins PM SHRI Schools Scheme
The Kerala government signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Central Government to join the Prime Minister's Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI) Scheme, aimed at improving the quality of education in government schools. Kerala plans to secure an estimated Rs. 1,446 crore for modernizing government schools.More details
UPSC Angle: Kerala joins PM SHRI Schools Scheme.
Key Facts:
- Kerala signed MoU with the Central Government for PM SHRI Scheme
- Aim: improving the quality of education in government schools
- Plans to secure an estimated Rs. 1,446 crore for modernization
- Kerala: Signs MoU with Central Government
- PM SHRI Scheme: National initiative
- Objective: improving the quality of education in government schools
- 2025-09-29 [Polity & Governance] — India Expands Medical Education
The Union Cabinet has approved the addition of 10,023 medical seats with an investment of Rs. 15,034 crore, as part of the goal to create 75,000 medical seats within the next five years. The Cabinet approved 5,000 post-graduate and 5,023 undergraduate (MBBS) seats in government colleges and hospitals by 2028-29.More details
UPSC Angle: 10,023 medical seats added with Rs. 15,034 crore investment.
Key Facts:
- Medical seats addition: 10,023
- Investment: Rs. 15,034 crore
- Goal: Create 75,000 medical seats within the next five years
- Post-graduate seats: 5,000
- Undergraduate seats (MBBS): 5,023
- Timeline: By 2028-29
- 2025-08-28 [Schemes & Programs] — Project Aarohan Funding
The first phase of 'Project Aarohan' has a fund allocation of Rs. 1 Crore and will span from July 2025 to March 2026. It will provide annual scholarships of Rs. 12,000 to 500 students from Class 11 to graduation and Rs. 50,000 each to 50 bright students aspiring for postgraduate studies.More details
UPSC Angle: Project Aarohan provides scholarships to students from Class 11 to 12.
Key Facts:
- Fund allocation of Rs. 1 Crore for first phase
- First phase spans from July 2025 to March 2026
- Annual scholarship of Rs. 12,000 for 500 students from Class 11 to graduation
- Scholarships of Rs. 50,000 each for 50 students aspiring for postgraduate and higher studies
- Scholarship scheme by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) for children of toll-plaza employees
- Scholarship of ₹12,000/year (Class XI–Graduation)
- Scholarship of ₹50,000/year (Postgraduation)
Expansion of Social Safety Nets in India
Focus: State and national initiatives aimed at broadening financial protection and welfare coverage for vulnerable groups (women, informal workers, and the extreme poor).
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the shift towards targeted welfare schemes and the challenges of pension sustainability/coverage in India.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-05 [Schemes & Programs] — Kerala's Extreme Poverty Eradication Project (EPEP)
The Extreme Poverty Eradication Project (EPEP), launched in 2021 by the Left Democratic Front (LDF) government, aims to make Kerala free from extreme poverty by 2025. The project identified 1,03,099 individuals from 64,006 families through local surveys based on food, health, housing, and livelihood indicators, with over Rs. 1,000 crore spent and monitored by the Chief Minister's Office (CMO) and the Local Self-Government Department (LSGD).More details
UPSC Angle: Kerala's Extreme Poverty Eradication Project aims to end poverty by 2025.
Key Facts:
- 2021: Launch year of EPEP
- 2025: Target year for Kerala to be free from extreme poverty
- 1,03,099: Individuals identified through EPEP
- 64,006: Families identified through EPEP
- Rs. 1,000 crore: Amount spent on EPEP
- Chief Minister's Office (CMO): Monitors EPEP
- Local Self-Government Department (LSGD): Monitors EPEP
- 2025-10-24 [Economy] — PF Reforms Enable Social Security
India must build pensions that are adequate, sustainable, and accessible without burdening the budget, and recent EPFO changes can support lifetime, Aadhaar-linked Citizen Social Security Accounts (CSSA). India's pension system currently holds a D grade (43.8/100) in the 2025 Global Pension Index, showing weak adequacy, low sustainability, and narrow coverage.More details
UPSC Angle: PF Reforms Enable Social Security.
Key Facts:
- India must build pensions that are adequate, sustainable, and accessible
- Recent EPFO changes can support lifetime, Aadhaar-linked Citizen Social Security Accounts (CSSA)
- India's pension system holds a D grade (43.8/100) in the 2025 Global Pension Index
- Pension system shows weak adequacy, low sustainability, and narrow coverage
- 2025-06-18 [Economy] — India's Push for an Inclusive Pension System
India is considering reforms to create a more inclusive pension system, aiming to provide financial security to a larger portion of its workforce. Currently, only a small percentage of the workforce is covered by formal pension schemes, and the old-age dependency ratio is projected to increase significantly by 2050. The government is exploring ways to expand pension coverage to the informal sector and ensure sustainable economic growth.More details
UPSC Angle: India considering reforms to create a more inclusive pension system.
Key Facts:
- Pension assets equal 17% of GDP.
- 12% of workforce covered by formal pension schemes.
- NPS and APY cover 5.3% of the population.
- Old-age dependency ratio projected to reach 30% by 2050.
- India's pension assets equal 17% of GDP, compared to 80% in OECD nations
- Only 12% of the workforce and 5.3% of the population are covered by NPS and APY combined (FY24)
- Old-age dependency ratio projected to reach 30% by 2050
- Atal Pension Yojana (APY) has 629 lakh subscribers as of FY24, with 93.7% opting for ₹1,000/month pension
- Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) launched in Aug 2024 for government employees, with a minimum pension of ₹10,000
- Share of female APY subscribers grew from 37.9% in FY16 to 52% in FY24
- 2025-03-11 [Schemes & Programs] — Maharashtra's Ladki Bahin Yojana
The Maharashtra government disbursed ₹17,500 crore to 2.38 crore women under the Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana until December 2024, as stated in the Economic Survey tabled in the State Assembly. The scheme provides financial support to economically disadvantaged women aged 21 to 65, promoting their rehabilitation, economic development, and empowerment.More details
UPSC Angle: Maharashtra's Ladki Bahin Yojana disbursed ₹17,500 crore to women.
Key Facts:
- ₹17,500 crore disbursed to 2.38 crore women until December 2024
- Introduced by the Maharashtra Government in 2024
- Aims to provide financial support to economically disadvantaged women aged 21 to 65
Financial Inclusion and Social Security Architecture
Focus: Updates on the ecosystem of banking access (PMJDY), insurance safety nets (Jan Suraksha), and direct cash transfer schemes (State-level) for vulnerable populations.
UPSC Value: Highlights the evolution of India's social security net, specifically the convergence of banking, insurance, and Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT).
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-15 [Schemes & Programs] — Deen Dayal Lado Lakshmi Yojana 2025 Notified for Haryana Women
The Haryana government has announced the 'Deen Dayal Lado Lakshmi Yojana, 2025' to promote women empowerment through financial independence and social security, applicable throughout Haryana starting September 25, 2025. The scheme provides Rs. 2100 per month to eligible women aged 23 years or above, with family income not exceeding Rs 1.00 lakh per annum, who are residents of Haryana for at least 15 years.More details
UPSC Angle: Haryana's Deen Dayal Lado Lakshmi Yojana 2025 promotes women empowerment.
Key Facts:
- Scheme Name: Deen Dayal Lado Lakshmi Yojana (DDLLY)
- Start Date: September 25, 2025
- Applicable Region: Haryana
- Benefit: Rs. 2100 per month
- Eligibility: Women aged 23 years or above
- Family Income Limit: Rs. 1.00 lakh per annum
- Residency Requirement: 15 years in Haryana
- Payment Mode: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) through Public Finance Management System (PFMS)
- 2025-08-30 [Schemes & Programs] — Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) Completes 11 Years
The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) marks 11 years, having launched in August 2014, with 56.16 Crore Accounts and Rs.2.67 Lakh Crore Deposits.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) marks 11 years.
Key Facts:
- 56.16 Crore Accounts
- Rs.2.67 Lakh Crore Deposits
- 2025-05-10 [Schemes & Programs] — 10th Anniversary of Jan Suraksha Schemes
India is celebrating the 10th anniversary of three social security (Jan Suraksha) schemes — Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY). PMSBY is a one-year accidental insurance scheme renewable annually, offering coverage for death or disability due to accident. Accidental death cum disability cover of Rs. 2 lakh (Rs. 1 lakh in case of partial disability) for death or disability due to an accident against a premium of Rs. 20/- per annum.More details
UPSC Angle: 10th anniversary of Jan Suraksha Schemes.
Key Facts:
- Schemes: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY).
- PMSBY eligibility: Persons in the age group of 18-70 years having an individual bank or a post office account.
- PMSBY Benefits: Accidental death cum disability cover of Rs. 2 lakh (Rs. 1 lakh in case of partial disability) for death or disability due to an accident against a premium of Rs. 20/- per annum.
- Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)
- Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)
- Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
- 2025-03-12 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) does not require any mandatory minimum balance in the accounts. This scheme aims to ensure access to financial services, including savings accounts, credit, insurance, and pensions, without imposing the burden of maintaining a minimum balance. Interest is earned on deposits, and account holders are eligible for both life and accidental insurance covers.More details
UPSC Angle: PMJDY does not require any mandatory minimum balance.
Key Facts:
- Under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, certain pregnant women are entitled to maternity benefits of ₹6,000 a child.
Road Accident Victim Support & Good Samaritan Policy
Focus: Government initiatives specifically focused on cashless medical treatment for accident victims during the 'golden hour' and legal/monetary incentives for Good Samaritans.
UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the evolution of social security and healthcare policy for road accident victims from notification (2025) to implementation and awareness drives (2026).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-09 [Schemes & Programs] — Nationwide Cashless Treatment Scheme for Road Accident Victims
The government is expected to launch a nationwide cashless treatment scheme for road accident victims, providing up to ₹1.5 lakh for hospital care during the “golden hour” anywhere in India. A cash reward will also be given to Good Samaritans who rush victims to hospitals.More details
UPSC Angle: Cashless treatment scheme for road accident victims.
Key Facts:
- Nationwide cashless treatment scheme for road accident victims.
- Coverage of up to ₹1.5 lakh for hospital care during the “golden hour”.
- Cash reward for Good Samaritans who rush victims to hospitals.
- 2026-01-04 [Schemes & Programs] — Rah-Veer Initiative Promotes Good Samaritan Protection
The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways highlighted the Rah-Veer initiative, which promotes Good Samaritan protections for citizens assisting road accident victims during the 'golden hour'. This initiative provides statutory immunity and monetary recognition to those who help.More details
UPSC Angle: Rah-Veer initiative promotes Good Samaritan protections for road accident victims.
Key Facts:
- Rah-Veer initiative promotes Good Samaritan protections.
- Ministry of Road Transport & Highways highlighted the initiative on 2026-01-04.
- Citizens assisting road accident victims during the golden hour receive protection.
- The initiative is backed by statutory immunity and monetary recognition.
- 2025-05-08 [Schemes & Programs] — Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims Scheme, 2025
The Government of India launched a cashless treatment scheme for road accident victims, effective May 5, 2025. Any individual injured in a road accident involving a motor vehicle on any public road in India will be eligible for cashless medical treatment at designated hospitals. The maximum benefit under the scheme is capped at Rs 1.5 lakh and is valid for up to seven days from the date of the accident.More details
UPSC Angle: Cashless treatment scheme for road accident victims launched.
Key Facts:
- Effective date: May 5, 2025.
- Maximum benefit: Rs 1.5 lakh.
- Valid for up to seven days from the accident date.
- National Health Authority (NHA) is the coordinating agency.
- The scheme covers all road accident victims for up to ₹1.5 lakh in treatment costs, regardless of fault or vehicle ownership.
- Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has officially notified the Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims Scheme, 2025.
Targeted Socio-Economic Welfare and Rehabilitation Interventions
Focus: Central government initiatives specifically designed to provide financial relief, physical rehabilitation, or essential resources to distinct vulnerable or marginalized populations.
UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing the design and implementation of social safety nets and the state's role in addressing specific socio-economic vulnerabilities.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-20 [Polity & Governance] — Government Revises 'Support to Poor Prisoners' Scheme
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) revised the guidelines of the 'Support to Poor Prisoners' scheme due to sub-optimal implementation by several States and Union Territories. The Scheme aims to provide financial assistance to States/UTs for extending relief to poor prisoners who are unable to secure bail or release from prison due to non-payment of fine, on account of financial constraints.More details
UPSC Angle: MHA revises 'Support to Poor Prisoners' scheme guidelines.
Key Facts:
- MHA revised guidelines for the 'Support to Poor Prisoners' scheme
- Scheme aims to provide financial assistance to poor prisoners unable to secure bail
- 2025-09-23 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Ujjwala Yojana Expansion
The government approved 25 lakh additional LPG connections under PM Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY). This welfare scheme aims to provide LPG connections to vulnerable families, addressing issues related to poverty, hunger, and health deterioration. Eligibility exclusions include households with existing LPG connections and those without adult female members.More details
UPSC Angle: Government approves 25 lakh additional LPG connections under PM Ujjwala Yojana.
Key Facts:
- 25 lakh additional LPG connections approved under PMUY
- Aims to address poverty, hunger, and health deterioration
- Exclusions: Existing LPG connection, no adult female member
- 2025-06-25 [Schemes & Programs] — Cabinet approves revised Jharia Master Plan worth ₹5,940 crore for rehabilitation
The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the revised Jharia Master Plan (JMP) with a financial outlay of ₹5,940 crore. The plan focuses on addressing fire-related issues and rehabilitating affected families in the Jharia region.More details
UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves revised Jharia Master Plan for rehabilitation.
Key Facts:
- Union Cabinet
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi
- approved ₹5,940-crore revised Jharia Master Plan (JMP)
- rehabilitation of affected families
- Total financial outlay: ₹5,940.47 crore
Financial Inclusion and Regional Development Frameworks
Focus: State and central initiatives aimed at expanding credit access and infrastructure in specific under-served regions and demographics.
UPSC Value: Connects the RBI's national inclusion strategy with specific regional implementations in Bihar and the Northeast.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-02 [Economy] — RBI's National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025–30
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025–30, outlining a five-year plan (Panch-Jyoti) to deepen and widen financial inclusion in India. The strategy, approved by the Sub-Committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC), sets out five strategic objectives supported by a comprehensive Panch-Jyoti framework and 47 actionable steps. The concept of financial inclusion is very important for overall development of a country, meaning financial tools like banks and insurance are available through the formal sector at affordable rates to everyone.More details
UPSC Angle: RBI's NSFI 2025-30 outlines a five-year plan to deepen financial inclusion.
Key Facts:
- RBI released National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025–30
- Outlines a five-year plan (Panch-Jyoti) to deepen and widen financial inclusion in India
- Approved by the Sub-Committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)
- Sets out five strategic objectives supported by a comprehensive Panch-Jyoti framework and 47 actionable steps
- National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025–30
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
- Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)
- Panch-Jyoti framework
- 47 actionable steps
- 2025-09-04 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Modi Launches Bihar Rajya Jeevika Nidhi for Women
PM Modi launched the Bihar Rajya Jeevika Nidhi Saakh Sahkari Sangh Limited to provide affordable credit to women entrepreneurs in Bihar. The objective is to offer timely credit at lower interest rates, reducing dependence on MFIs that charge 18%-24%. The PM transferred ₹105 crore to support the institution's functioning.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Modi launches Bihar Rajya Jeevika Nidhi for women.
Key Facts:
- Institution: Bihar Rajya Jeevika Nidhi Saakh Sahkari Sangh Limited (BRJNSSSL)
- Objective: Affordable credit for rural women entrepreneurs
- Interest rates by MFIs (that are hoped to be replaced): 18%-24%
- Membership: All registered cluster-level federations of Jeevika SHGs
- Financing: Bihar government and Central government
- Initial PM contribution: ₹105 crore
- 2025-05-24 [Economy] — Rising Northeast Investor Summit: Unlocking Capital for Infrastructure
The Rising Northeast Investor Summit, held in New Delhi at Bharat Mandapam, focused on attracting investment to develop infrastructure in Northeast India. A ₹1.5 lakh crore interest-free loan scheme from Budget 2025-26 will support infrastructure development, while prepaid smart meter targets are set for government establishments (August 2025) and commercial/industrial consumers (November 2025).More details
UPSC Angle: Rising Northeast Investor Summit focus on infrastructure investment.
Key Facts:
- Rising Northeast Investor Summit
- Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
- Focus: "Unlocking Capital for Northeast Infrastructure"
- ₹1.5 lakh crore interest-free loan scheme (Budget 2025-26) for infrastructure development
- Prepaid Smart Meter Targets:
- All Government establishments: by August 2025
- Commercial & Industrial (C&I) and high-load consumers: by November 2025
Administrative and Financial Infrastructure for India's Social Sector
Focus: Indian policy and regulatory measures aimed at streamlining social security payments, social impact funding via the SSE, and administrative inclusion for vulnerable populations.
UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive view of how India is modernizing social welfare through direct assistance (NSAP), financial market integration (SSE), and targeted administrative reforms (Aadhaar).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-07 [Polity & Governance] — Government Issues SOP for Aadhaar Enrollment of Destitute Persons with Disabilities
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment's Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) issued a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to streamline Aadhaar enrollment for destitute persons with disabilities aged 18 and above.More details
UPSC Angle: SOP issued for Aadhaar enrollment of destitute PwDs.
Key Facts:
- Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment issued SOP for Aadhaar enrollment.
- SOP is for destitute persons with disabilities aged 18 and above.
- 2025-05-14 [Economy] — Eligibility and Fundraising on SSE
Corporate foundations, political/religious organizations, and infrastructure companies (except affordable housing) are not eligible to be listed on the SSE. NPOs can issue ZCZP instruments, receive donations, and benefit from mutual fund schemes, while FPEs can issue equity, debt, or access Social Venture Funds (SVFs) under Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).More details
UPSC Angle: Eligibility and fundraising rules on Social Stock Exchange (SSE).
Key Facts:
- Corporate foundations, political/religious organizations, and infrastructure companies (except affordable housing) are not eligible to be listed on the SSE
- NPOs can issue ZCZP instruments, which do not offer financial returns but are aimed at achieving social outcomes
- FPEs can issue equity, debt, or access Social Venture Funds (SVFs) under Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)
- 2025-04-09 [Schemes & Programs] — National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) is a 100% centrally funded Centrally Sponsored Scheme that provides financial assistance to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households in the event of the death of the breadwinner.More details
UPSC Angle: NSAP provides financial aid to BPL households upon the death of the breadwinner.
Key Facts:
- Funding: 100% centrally funded
- Beneficiaries: Below Poverty Line (BPL) households
Inflation-Linked Compensation Adjustments for Central Government Personnel
Focus: Periodic revisions of Dearness Allowance (DA) and Dearness Relief (DR) for central government employees and pensioners to mitigate the impact of inflation.
UPSC Value: Understanding the fiscal mechanisms used by the government to maintain the real income of public sector employees and the resulting impact on the exchequer.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-02 [Economy] — Central Government Increases Dearness Allowance by 3%
The Union Cabinet has approved a 3% increase in Dearness Allowance (DA) and Dearness Relief (DR) for central government employees and pensioners, benefiting approximately 49.19 lakh employees and 68.72 lakh pensioners. The increase, effective from July 1, 2025, raises the DA/DR to 55% of basic pay/pension to offset price rises.More details
UPSC Angle: Central Government Increases Dearness Allowance by 3%.
Key Facts:
- Dearness Allowance (DA)
- Dearness Relief (DR)
- Increased by 3%
- Effective July 1, 2025
- Benefits 49.19 lakh employees
- Benefits 68.72 lakh pensioners
- New rate: 55% of basic pay/pension
- 2025-07-01 [Economy] — Union Cabinet Approves 3% DA Increase for Central Government Employees and Pensioners
The Union Cabinet approved a 3% increase in Dearness Allowance (DA) for central government employees and Dearness Relief (DR) for pensioners, effective from July 1, 2025. This revision is expected to benefit over 1.18 crore people across India, including approximately 49.2 lakh employees and 68.7 lakh pensioners. The decision aims to provide financial support in response to rising prices.More details
UPSC Angle: Union Cabinet approves 3% DA increase for central government employees.
Key Facts:
- The Union Cabinet approved a 3% increase in Dearness Allowance (DA).
- The increase is effective from July 1, 2025.
- It will benefit over 1.18 crore people.
- This includes 49.2 lakh employees and 68.7 lakh pensioners.
- 2025-03-28 [Economy] — Cabinet Approves 2% Hike in DA for Government Employees
The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved a 2% increase in Dearness Allowance (DA) for central government employees and Dearness Relief (DR) for pensioners. Effective from January 1, 2025, this hike raises the DA from 53% to 55% of Basic Pay/Pension, benefiting approximately 48.66 lakh employees and 66.55 lakh pensioners. The move will cost the exchequer ₹6,614.04 crore annually.More details
UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves 2% hike in DA for government employees.
Key Facts:
- Increase in DA/DR: 2%
- Revised DA: 55% of Basic Pay/Pension
- Effective date: January 1, 2025
- Beneficiaries: 48.66 lakh employees and 66.55 lakh pensioners
- Annual cost to exchequer: ₹6,614.04 crore
National Strategies for Social Protection and Vulnerable Group Welfare
Focus: National-level frameworks and schemes designed to enhance social security, mental health awareness, and economic inclusion for specific sectors of the population.
UPSC Value: Analyzing national strategies for social security, mental health, and affirmative action provides a comprehensive view of the government's welfare mandate under GS Paper II.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-19 [Schemes & Programs] — SPREE 2025 Aims to Expand Social Security Coverage
The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), Haryana Regional Office, organized an awareness seminar to promote registration under the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Scheme, emphasizing compliance with the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, and highlighting the benefits of the newly launched Scheme to Promote Registration of Employers and Employees (SPREE) 2025. SPREE 2025 provides a time-bound opportunity to extend social security coverage to lakhs of employees, particularly in schools, hospitals, factories, and service establishments.More details
UPSC Angle: SPREE 2025 aims to expand social security coverage under ESI Scheme.
Key Facts:
- Scheme: SPREE 2025 (Scheme to Promote Registration of Employers and Employees)
- Organized by: Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), Haryana Regional Office
- Act: Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948
- Objective: To extend social security coverage to employees in schools, hospitals, factories, and service establishments
- 2025-09-10 [Society & Culture] — World Suicide Prevention Day 2025
Observed annually on September 10th since 2003, World Suicide Prevention Day aims to raise awareness, reduce stigma, and promote action to prevent suicide. The triennial theme for 2024-2026 is “Changing the Narrative on Suicide,” focusing on countering myths with openness and empathy. India's National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS), launched in 2022, aims to reduce suicide mortality by 10% by 2030.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Observed on: 10th September every year since 2003
- Initiating body: International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP), co-sponsored by WHO
- Triennial Theme (2024–2026): “Changing the Narrative on Suicide”
- National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS), 2022
- Vision: Reduce suicide mortality by 10% by 2030
- Tele-MANAS (2022): Tele-Mental Health helpline across states/UTs
- 2025-08-14 [Schemes & Programs] — NSSH Scheme Beneficiaries as Special Guests for Independence Day
The Indian government invited 100 beneficiaries of the National SC-ST Hub (NSSH) Scheme and their spouses as special guests to witness the Independence Day Ceremony at Red Fort, New Delhi. The NSSH Scheme, launched in October 2016, aims to promote entrepreneurship among SCs/STs and fulfill the mandated 4% procurement from SC/ST MSEs under the Public Procurement Policy.More details
UPSC Angle: NSSH Scheme beneficiaries as special guests for Independence Day.
Key Facts:
- National SC-ST Hub (NSSH) Scheme
- October 2016
- 4% procurement from SC/ST MSEs
- 1.48 lakh SC/ST entrepreneurs
- Red Fort, New Delhi
- Independence Day Ceremony
- 100 beneficiaries
Indian Socio-Economic and Fiscal Policy Frameworks
Focus: Policy initiatives and roadmaps developed by Indian state and national authorities to address financial inclusion, taxation, and labor welfare.
UPSC Value: Analysis of the multi-tiered approach to economic governance and social security in the Indian context.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-23 [Economy] — GST Council Meeting on Sept. 3
The GST Council is scheduled to meet on September 3 to discuss potential GST cuts.More details
UPSC Angle: GST Council meeting scheduled to discuss potential GST cuts.
Key Facts:
- GST Council to meet Sept. 3 on GST cuts.
- 2025-08-14 [Polity & Governance] — TN Cabinet Approves Welfare Proposals for Conservancy Workers
The Tamil Nadu Cabinet approved six proposals on August 14, 2025, aimed at improving the welfare of conservancy workers in the state, including providing free breakfast. This decision followed protests by conservancy workers in Chennai last year.More details
UPSC Angle: TN Cabinet approves welfare proposals for conservancy workers.
Key Facts:
- Tamil Nadu Cabinet approved six welfare proposals for conservancy workers on August 14, 2025
- Proposals include providing free breakfast
- Decision followed protests by conservancy workers in Chennai
- 2025-06-19 [Economy] — Meeting to Prepare Roadmap for Financial Inclusion 2.0
The Secretary, DFS, chaired a meeting to prepare a roadmap for Financial Inclusion 2.0.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Financial Inclusion 2.0
Scaling of Targeted Social Welfare and Healthcare Infrastructure
Focus: These items document the expansion of specialized central government initiatives (disability support, dialysis services, and maternal welfare) that utilize dedicated infrastructure and digital platforms to reach specific vulnerable populations.
UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper 2 (Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections) and GS Paper 3 (Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Health).
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-03 [Schemes & Programs] — Expansion of Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme (PMNDP)
The Government of India has expanded the Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme (PMNDP) to cover all 36 States and Union Territories, encompassing 751 districts. The program supports both Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis services. The PMNDP portal was launched to integrate all dialysis centres operational in the state under NHM and facilitate building of renal registry and ensuring portability within the state (one state one dialysis) and later throughout the country (One Nation-One Dialysis).More details
UPSC Angle: PMNDP expanded to all states/UTs, covering 751 districts.
Key Facts:
- PMNDP is operational across all 36 States and Union Territories, covering 751 districts
- Supports Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis services
- PMNDP portal launched to integrate dialysis centres under NHM
- 2025-07-16 [Schemes & Programs] — 75th Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra Inaugurated in Badaun, Uttar Pradesh
The 75th Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra (PMDK) was inaugurated at Government Medical College, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh, by Shri B.L. Verma, Union Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment. The centre will support persons with disabilities (Divyangjan) and senior citizens by offering assessment, counselling, aid distribution, and follow-up services under the ADIP and RVY schemes.More details
UPSC Angle: 75th Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra inaugurated in Badaun, UP.
Key Facts:
- Location: Badaun, Uttar Pradesh
- 75th Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra (PMDK)
- Assistive aids and appliances under ADIP Scheme and Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY)
- Established through ALIMCO
- The 75th PM Divyasha Kendra has been opened at Government Medical College, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh.
- Inaugurated by Shri B.L. Verma, Union Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment.
- The centre aims to support persons with disabilities (Divyangjan) and senior citizens.
- Offers assessment, counselling, aid distribution, and follow-up services in one place.
- Services are provided under two schemes: ADIP (for Divyangjan) and RVY (for senior citizens).
- 2025-07-02 [Schemes & Programs] — Digital Empowerment of Women and Children
The Ministry of Women and Child Development is using digital technology to ensure inclusive access to services. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana provides ₹5,000 for the first child and ₹6,000 for a second girl child; ₹19,000 crore has reached over 4 crore women via Direct Benefit Transfer.More details
UPSC Angle: Digital empowerment of women and children through inclusive access to services.
Key Facts:
- Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana provides ₹5,000 for the first child and ₹6,000 for a second girl child.
- ₹19,000 crore has reached over 4 crore women via Direct Benefit Transfer.
- Over 2 lakh Anganwadi centres are being upgraded with smart infrastructure, digital devices, and learning tools to improve service delivery.
- Integration of 14 lakh centres enables real-time monitoring of services for over 10.14 crore beneficiaries.
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