India’s Maritime Strategic Frontier (2025-26): UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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ExploreKey Takeaways
- India is expanding its legal maritime footprint by claiming continental shelf rights beyond the 200nm EEZ.
- Naval diplomacy is now a tool for soft power projection (e.g., INS Sudarshini in Oman) and hard power signaling (e.g., INS Vikrant in Colombo).
- Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) via IFC-IOR is India's primary counter-measure against Chinese 'research' vessel incursions.
- Hydro-diplomacy regarding the Indus and Brahmaputra remains a critical, yet separate, lever of regional stability.
In-Depth Analysis
The Big Picture
India is undergoing a fundamental shift from a continental-focused defense posture to a proactive 'Net Security Provider' in the maritime domain. This transformation integrates naval modernization (P-8I hunters, advanced torpedoes) with high-octane maritime diplomacy (SAGAR doctrine) to counter extra-regional influence, particularly China's expanding footprint in the IOR. The focus has moved beyond simple coastal defense to establishing a leadership role across the Indo-Pacific through multilateral forums like IORA and the IFC-IOR.
Cross-Theme Insight
Together, these threads reveal a 'Total Maritime Strategy' that blends hard power, legal claims, and soft diplomacy. While hardware procurement (Thread 7) provides the teeth, diplomatic port calls (Thread 5) and joint exercises like Varuna and Samudra Shakti (Threads 8, 10) build the regional trust necessary for India to act as a unifier. This is further reinforced by legal maneuvers, such as expanding the Continental Shelf claim (Thread 14), which transitions India's role from a participant to a primary rule-shaper in the Indian Ocean Region.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
Standard textbooks like 'Geography of India' by Majid Husain (p. 80) focus on piracy as the primary non-traditional threat in the IOR. However, current developments (Items 4, 18) show a shift toward monitoring 'extra-regional' state-sponsored naval and research vessels (China). Similarly, while M. Laxmikanth (p. 551) defines the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) up to 200 nautical miles, India is now actively pursuing 'Extended Continental Shelf' claims beyond this limit (Item 1), utilizing UNCLOS provisions that are often glossed over in static study materials.
How This Theme Is Evolving
In 2025-2026, India's maritime strategy evolved from general 'Neighborhood First' cooperation to specific 'MAHASAGAR' engagements and the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). There is a visible trajectory of moving beyond immediate neighbors to engaging European powers (Spain, Greece) specifically for Indo-Pacific security.
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
UPSC frequently tests maritime architecture; CAPF 2024 (NID 17341) recently tested the definition of the SAGAR initiative, while IAS 2017 (NID 5713) and 2015 (NID 5513) focused on the institutional structures of IONS and IORA. Recent NDA 2024 papers (NID 17202) show a shift towards testing specific strategic visions like 'Maritime Amrit Kaal 2047' and logistical rankings.
Probable Prelims Angles
- UNCLOS Article 76: Scientific evidence required for claiming Extended Continental Shelf beyond 200nm (Item 1)
- Technical specifications and origin of Boeing P-8I 'Submarine Hunters' (Item 13)
- Participating nations in Exercise Samudra Shakti (India-Indonesia) and Varuna (India-France)
- Role of the Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram for regional MDA (Item 17)
- India's current leadership status in IORA (Vice-Chair 2024-25, Chair 2025-27) (Item 5)
Mains Answer Framework
- India’s shift from 'Look East' to a robust 'Indo-Pacific' policy is increasingly defined by its naval reach and the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision.
- Strategic Autonomy through Indigenization: Cite the deployment of INS Vikrant to Sri Lanka and the ₹4,666 crore torpedo/carbine deal as signs of self-reliance in security.. Institutional Leadership: Using IORA and IONS as diplomatic levers to counter China's 'String of Pearls' via a 'Necklace of Diamonds' strategy.. Legal & Technical Frontier: Utilizing UNCLOS for continental shelf claims and IFC-IOR for real-time maritime domain awareness (MDA).
- Forward-looking: India must transition from a 'regional balancer' to a 'rule-maker' by finalizing maritime boundaries (Sir Creek) and expanding IPOI partnerships.
Essay Connections
- 'The 21st Century will be decided on the Waves' - Use this group to argue how India's maritime diplomacy is its strongest tool for global leadership.
Preparation Strategy
Reading Approach
Start with NCERT for the evolution of security strategy, then refer to Laxmikanth for the legal framework of UNCLOS. Finally, apply these to current naval exercises (Varuna, Samudra Shakti) and procurement deals (P-8I) listed in the threads.
Textbook Roadmap
- NCERT Class XII Contemporary World Politics (p. 76-77). Components of India's Security Strategy. Threads 3, 12, 15
- M. Laxmikanth, Indian Polity (p. 551). Sea-Wealth and Maritime Zones. Thread 14
- Majid Husain, Geography of India (p. 39). Indus Waters Treaty Provisions. Thread 13
Revision Bullets
- Extended Continental Shelf claim: +10,000 sq.km in Central Arabian Sea.
- Naval Modernization budget: ₹4,666 crore for carbines and torpedoes (Jan 2026).
- INS Sudarshini: 10-month 'Lokayan 26' voyage to Oman.
- IFC-IOR Location: Gurugram (hosts MISW workshop with 30 countries).
- Indus Water Treaty (1960): India uses 20% of total water; governs Ravi, Beas, Satluj (Eastern) and Indus, Jhelum, Chenab (Western).
- IORA Theme 2025: 'Sustainable Indian Ocean for future Generation'.
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (15 themes, 59 news items)
Maritime Diplomacy and Interoperability in the Indo-Pacific
Focus: India's naval exercises with Western and Indo-Pacific partners (excluding Russia) aimed at enhancing maritime domain awareness and interoperability.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's balancing act and growing role as a net security provider through engagements with the Quad, EU, and key bilateral partners.
9 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-03 [Defense & Security] — Varuna 2026 Naval Exercise
The latest iteration of the bilateral naval exercise “Varuna 2026” between India and France concluded in the Arabian Sea in early February. The exercise aimed to enhance interoperability and strengthen maritime security cooperation.More details
UPSC Angle: Varuna 2026 naval exercise between India and France concluded.
Key Facts:
- Varuna 2026
- India and France
- Bilateral naval exercise
- Arabian Sea
- 2025-10-18 [Defense & Security] — India, South Korea Conduct First Bilateral Naval Exercise
India and South Korea conducted their first bilateral naval exercise, IN–RoKN Exercise, with INS Sahyadri arriving at Busan Naval Harbour on October 13, 2025, to participate.More details
UPSC Angle: India, South Korea conduct first bilateral naval exercise.
Key Facts:
- Exercise: IN–RoKN Exercise
- Participating Countries: India and South Korea
- Indian Navy Ship: INS Sahyadri
- Location: Busan Naval Harbour
- Date of Arrival: October 13, 2025
- 2025-10-17 [Defense & Security] — India and Indonesia Conduct Samudra Shakti Naval Exercise
The 5th edition of the bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and Indonesian Navy, Samudra Shakti 2025, took place from October 14-17, 2025, in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, involving harbour and sea phases, to boost maritime cooperation and interoperability for peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Indonesia conduct Samudra Shakti naval exercise.
Key Facts:
- Samudra Shakti 2025
- 5th edition
- Indian Navy
- Indonesian Navy
- October 14-17, 2025
- Visakhapatnam
- Andhra Pradesh
- 2025-09-15 [Defense & Security] — India-Greece Naval Exercise
The first bilateral maritime exercise between India and Greece will be led by the Indian Naval Ship Trikand, which recently docked at Salamis Bay, Greece, during its deployment to the Mediterranean Sea.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Greece naval exercise enhances maritime cooperation and interoperability.
Key Facts:
- India
- Greece
- bilateral maritime exercise
- Indian Naval Ship Trikand
- Salamis Bay
- Mediterranean Sea
- 2025-06-01 [Defense & Security] — India and EU Conduct Joint Military Exercise in Indian Ocean
India and the European Union (EU) will conduct a joint military exercise in the Indian Ocean from June 1 to June 3, focusing on counter-piracy operations, interoperability, and communication protocols. The exercise involves Indian Navy ships, two EU Naval Force frigates (Italian ship Antonio MARCEGLIA and Spanish ship REINA SOFIA), and their air assets. This reflects increasing maritime security cooperation and commitment to a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific.More details
UPSC Angle: India and EU Conduct Joint Military Exercise in Indian Ocean.
Key Facts:
- Joint military exercise between India and EU from June 1 to June 3, 2025
- Focus on counter-piracy operations, interoperability, tactical manoeuvres, and enhanced communication protocols
- Involves Indian Navy ships, Italian ship Antonio MARCEGLIA, and Spanish ship REINA SOFIA
- Exercise controlled by respective Maritime Operations Centres (MOC)
- Builds on the visit of the College of Commissioners to India in February 2025
- Vice Admiral Ignacio Villanueva Serrano visited India in April 2025
- The fourth EU-India Maritime Security Dialogue held in March 2025
- 2025-04-22 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy Conducts Maritime Exercises with Africa
Indian Navy ships INS Chennai and INS Kesari conducted maneuvering exercises and Visit, Board, Search & Seizure (VBSS) drills during the sea phase of Africa India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME) 2025. INS Chennai is the third and last of the Kolkata-class stealth-guided missile destroyers (Project 15A).More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Navy conducted maritime exercises with Africa (AIKEYME).
Key Facts:
- INS Chennai
- INS Kesari
- Africa India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME) 2025
- Kolkata-class stealth-guided missile destroyers
- Project 15A
- INS Kolkata
- INS Kochi
- Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) at Mumbai
- Commissioned into the Indian Navy on November 21, 2016
- Western Naval Command
- INS Kesari (L15)
- Shardul Class Landing Ship Tank (LST)
- Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata
- Commissioned into the Indian Navy on 5 April 2008
- 2025-04-08 [Defense & Security] — Forthcoming India-US Joint Military Exercises
As of April 2025, India and the US have conducted four successful joint exercises and are preparing for the fifth, the mega maritime combat exercise Malabar 2025. Exercise Malabar 2025, a Quad Naval Exercise with India, the US, Japan and Australia as participants, is expected to be held in October – November and hosted by the US in the Guam islands.More details
UPSC Angle: India and US preparing for mega maritime combat exercise Malabar 2025.
Key Facts:
- India and US preparing for fifth joint military drill of 2025
- Exercise Malabar 2025 is a Quad Naval Exercise
- Participants: India, the US, Japan and Australia
- Expected to be held in October – November
- Hosted by the US in the Guam islands
- 2025-03-20 [Defense & Security] — India and France Conducted VARUNA Naval Exercise
The 23rd edition of the India-France annual naval exercise VARUNA was conducted between March 18 and 24, 2025.More details
UPSC Angle: VARUNA is the annual naval exercise between India and France.
Key Facts:
- India
- France
- VARUNA naval exercise
- March 18-24, 2025
- 2025-03-11 [Defense & Security] — Sea Dragon 2025 Naval Exercise
The Sea Dragon 2025 naval exercise, a multilateral maritime warfare drill, commenced off the Guam coast in the western Pacific Ocean, hosted by the United States Navy's 7th Fleet from March 4 to March 19, 2025. The Indian Navy, along with other countries, is participating in this anti-submarine warfare exercise to enhance coordination in maritime security operations.More details
UPSC Angle: Sea Dragon 2025 naval exercise commenced off Guam coast.
Key Facts:
- Multilateral maritime warfare drill
- Hosted by the United States Navy's 7th Fleet
- Location: off the Guam coast in the western Pacific Ocean
- Dates: March 4 to March 19, 2025
- Participating navies: Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN)
Naval Modernisation & IOR Strategic Posture
Focus: Updates on the Indian Navy's operational enhancements, including specific procurement deals (drones, torpedoes) and strategic doctrines (SAGAR) for the Indian Ocean Region.
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing how India is translating strategic intent into operational capability in the maritime domain.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-17 [Defense & Security] — India's Defence Modernization and Procurement
India is reinforcing its operational preparedness and promoting indigenization in defense by signing procurement contracts worth ₹4,666 crore for modern infantry weapons and advanced naval torpedoes. The procurement includes over 4.25 lakh Close Quarter Battle Carbines for the Indian Army and Navy, and 48 heavyweight torpedoes for Kalvari-class submarines. In FY 2025–26, the Ministry of Defence has signed capital acquisition contracts worth ₹1.82 lakh crore, reflecting sustained focus on defence modernisation and indigenisation.More details
UPSC Angle: India procures modern infantry weapons and naval torpedoes to boost indigenization.
Key Facts:
- Defence procurement contracts worth ₹4,666 crore signed.
- Procurement of over 4.25 lakh Close Quarter Battle Carbines from Bharat Forge Ltd & PLR Systems Pvt Ltd.
- Procurement of 48 heavyweight torpedoes from WASS Submarine Systems (Italy) for Kalvari-class (Project-75) submarines.
- Ministry of Defence signed capital acquisition contracts worth ₹1.82 lakh crore in FY 2025–26.
- 2025-10-23 [Defense & Security] — Defence Minister Addresses Naval Commanders, Highlights IOR Importance
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh addressed the Naval Commanders Conference, emphasizing the increasing geopolitical importance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). He stated that the IOR has become an area of competition and cooperation, and the Indian Navy is expanding its presence to ensure maritime security.More details
UPSC Angle: Defence Minister highlights increasing geopolitical importance of IOR.
Key Facts:
- Defence Minister Rajnath Singh addressed Naval Commanders Conference on October 23, 2025
- IOR has become the center of contemporary geopolitics and an area of competition and cooperation
- Indian Navy provided safe passage to approximately 335 merchant vessels, equaling around 1.2 million metric tons of cargo and a trade value of 5.6 billion dollars in the last six months
- Maritime preparedness is based on technology-driven, network-centric, and autonomous systems
- India is manufacturing its equipment on its own soil
- Indian Navy's presence in the IOR is a matter of comfort for friendly nations and discomfort for those who seek to destabilize the region
- Naval Commanders' Conference 2025 held in New Delhi from October 22-24
- 2025-10-20 [International Relations] — India-Australia defense cooperation advances
India and Australia are strengthening their defense partnership through operational cooperation and potentially co-developing new technologies. India offers scale and growing industrial capacity, with defense production hitting ₹1.5 lakh crore last fiscal year, while Australia brings advanced technology and expertise linked to its alliances. Innovations for Defence Excellence (IDEX) boosts Indian startups in defense and aerospace.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Australia strengthening defense partnership.
Key Facts:
- India's defense production hit ₹1.5 lakh crore last fiscal year
- Innovations for Defence Excellence (IDEX) is India's platform to bring startups into the defense and aerospace sectors
- Australia provides advanced technology, such as P8A Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft
- Inaugural India Australia defense minister dialogue 2025 has created a joint maritime security collaboration roadmap
- Implementing arrangement on mutual submarine rescue support and cooperation has been signed to improve contingency
- 2025-06-29 [Defense & Security] — India's Naval Modernisation and Indigenous Capability Building
India is heavily investing in the indigenous development and modernization of its naval assets to enhance force build-up and operational readiness in the Indian Ocean, reflecting a strategic focus on maritime security.More details
UPSC Angle: India investing in naval modernization for operational readiness in IOR.
Key Facts:
- India is investing heavily in the indigenous development and modernisation of naval assets.
- Focus is on force build-up and operational readiness in the Indian Ocean.
- 2025-04-18 [Defense & Security] — India's Defence Deals in FY 2024-25
India has signed a series of high-value military deals in FY 2024-25 aimed at modernization, indigenization, and strategic preparedness. These deals include procurement of MQ-9B drones from the US, BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, and projected submarine construction with Spain under Project-75I. These acquisitions will enhance monitoring capabilities in the Indian Ocean Region and strengthen the naval deterrent.More details
UPSC Angle: India's defence deals in FY 2024-25 focus on modernization.
Key Facts:
- India procured 31 MQ-9B drones from General Atomics (USA) for $4 billion.
- MQ-9B drones will enhance monitoring and surveillance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Contract signed between Ministry of Defence and US Govt for the procurement of the drones in presence of Defence Secretary.
- India to procure BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles.
- Projected submarine construction contract with Spain under Project-75I.
- 2025-03-19 [International Relations] — India's Role in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
India is increasing its role as a unifier in the IOR through initiatives like the Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) and SAGAR doctrine, fostering regional cooperation and maritime security. The IOR is strategically important for India's maritime security, serving as a buffer against threats and a pathway for naval power projection, with 80% of India's external trade and 90% of energy imports transiting through it.More details
UPSC Angle: India's role as a unifier in the Indian Ocean Region.
Key Facts:
- India conducts 17 multilateral and 20 bilateral naval exercises annually
- Sagarmala Programme aims to modernize ports and enhance connectivity
- Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) enhances real-time surveillance
- India acts as a “first responder” in regional crises, providing Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
- India's Deep Ocean Mission explores polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean Basin
- Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) initiated in 2016 by the Ministry of External Affairs and the India Foundation
- SAGAR initiative introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015
- Need for greater synergy between the Navy, diplomatic corps, and political leadership
- Comprehensive national security strategy to integrate maritime capabilities with foreign policy objectives
- Improve coordination between the MoD and MEA
- Address logistical and funding gaps in naval capabilities
- India conducts 17 multilateral and 20 bilateral naval exercises annually.
- The Sagarmala Programme aims to modernize ports and enhance connectivity.
- The Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) enhances real-time surveillance.
- India's Deep Ocean Mission explores polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean Basin.
Indian Navy Diplomatic Port Calls in the IOR (2025-2026)
Focus: Indian Naval ships conducting specific diplomatic port calls and goodwill visits to nations across the Indian Ocean Region (Oman, Maldives, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Mauritius).
UPSC Value: Illustrates the practical application of India's SAGAR doctrine and 'Neighborhood First' policy through naval diplomacy and soft power projection.
5 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-05 [International Relations] — INS Sudarshini Docks in Oman
Indian Navy's sail training ship INS Sudarshini concluded its port call at Salalah, Oman, on February 5, 2026, marking a milestone in its 10-month trans-oceanic voyage, Lokayan 26. The visit aims to showcase India's maritime heritage and promote the ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. Oman is India's closest defence partner in the Gulf region, with both countries working to strengthen maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.More details
UPSC Angle: INS Sudarshini docks in Oman during trans-oceanic voyage.
Key Facts:
- INS Sudarshini concluded her first port call at Salalah, Oman, on February 5, 2026.
- The visit is part of the ship's 10-month trans-oceanic voyage, Lokayan 26.
- Oman is India's closest defence partner in the Gulf region.
- 2026-01-27 [International Relations] — Indian Ocean Naval Symposium Engagement with Indonesia
The Indian Navy's First Training Squadron (1TS) concluded a three-day port call in Belawan, Indonesia, to boost maritime engagement with Indonesia, a key member of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS). This engagement advances the Indian Navy's vision of MAHASAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region).More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Navy engagement with Indonesia under IONS framework.
Key Facts:
- Indian Navy's First Training Squadron (1TS) visit to Belawan, Indonesia
- Boosting maritime engagement with Indonesia
- Advancing the vision of MAHASAGAR
- 2025-11-26 [International Relations] — INS Vikrant Arrives at Colombo Port for International Fleet Review 2025
The Indian Navy's indigenous aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, arrived at the Port of Colombo on November 26, 2025, to participate in the International Fleet Review 2025, part of Sri Lanka's 75th Navy anniversary celebrations. The warship was welcomed by children, locals, and members of the Indian diaspora.More details
UPSC Angle: INS Vikrant participates in International Fleet Review 2025 in Colombo.
Key Facts:
- INS Vikrant arrived at Colombo Port on November 26, 2025.
- Participating in International Fleet Review 2025.
- Event is part of Sri Lanka's 75th Navy anniversary.
- 2025-05-01 [International Relations] — INS Kochi Visit to Maldives
Indian Navy's INS Kochi arrived in Male, Maldives on April 28, 2025, with Maldives National Defence Forces (MNDF) CGS Huravee, which underwent Normal Refit at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai from Dec 24 till Apr 25. The visit highlights the strong maritime links between India and the Maldives and emphasizes the Indian Navy's commitment to security, peace and freedom of navigation in the region.More details
UPSC Angle: INS Kochi visited Maldives with MNDF CGS Huravee after refit.
Key Facts:
- INS Kochi
- Arrived in Male, Maldives
- MNDF CGS Huravee
- Normal Refit at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai
- December 2024 - April 2025
- 2025-03-15 [International Relations] — Indian Navy Ship INS Imphal Visits Port Louis, Mauritius
The Indian Naval Ship (INS) Imphal reached Port Louis, Mauritius, to participate in Mauritius' 57th National Day celebrations. This visit was the first for INS Imphal to the country and aligns with India's Neighborhood First Policy and the Sagar Doctrine.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- INS Imphal
- Port Louis
- Mauritius
- 57th National Day
- Neighborhood First Policy
- Sagar Doctrine
Strategic Maritime Leadership in the Indian Ocean
Focus: India's diplomatic and security maneuvers to establish leadership and counter influence in the Indian Ocean Region through specific forums (IORA, IFC-IOR, IALA).
UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing India's multi-pronged approach (security, diplomacy, technical standardization) to IOR geopolitics.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-03 [International Relations] — India Hosts Maritime Information Sharing Workshop
India is hosting the Maritime Information Sharing Workshop (MISW) from November 3-5, 2025, in Gurugram. The workshop, hosted by the Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR), will bring together maritime security practitioners from 30 countries to enhance real-time coordination and information sharing across the Indian Ocean Region.More details
UPSC Angle: India hosts Maritime Information Sharing Workshop (MISW).
Key Facts:
- Maritime Information Sharing Workshop (MISW) 2025 held from November 3-5.
- Hosted by Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram.
- Participants include maritime security practitioners from 30 countries.
- Theme: 'Enhancing Real-Time Coordination and Information Sharing Across the Indian Ocean Region'.
- Participating organizations include Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Djibouti Code of Conduct/Jeddah Amendment (DCoC/JA), and Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
- Inaugurated by Vice Admiral Tarun Sobti, Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS).
- Keynote address by Sushil Mansing Khopde, IPS, Additional Director General of DG Shipping.
- 2025-06-29 [International Relations] — India's Strategic Response to China in the Indian Ocean Region
The Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs has identified China's increasing presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) as a major strategic challenge for India. China is expanding its influence through economic, political, and maritime initiatives, including investing in port infrastructure and strengthening ties with littoral states. India is countering this by strengthening regional partnerships, promoting the IORA, and investing in its naval capabilities and maritime diplomacy.More details
UPSC Angle: China's IOR presence is a major strategic challenge for India.
Key Facts:
- China is expanding influence in IOR by strengthening ties with littoral states like Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Bangladesh.
- China invests in dual-use port infrastructure across the region.
- China deploys research and survey vessels in the Indian Ocean, docking them in countries like Sri Lanka and Maldives.
- India is reinforcing institutional maritime cooperation through IORA, IONS, IFC-IOR, Quad, and Colombo Security Conclave.
- India is emerging as a first responder and preferred security partner in the IOR, particularly in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), and Developmental aid.
- China initiated the China-Indian Ocean Forum in 2022
- India's absence from the forum highlights geopolitical divergence
- China is expanding influence through port infrastructure and ties with Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Bangladesh
- Chinese research vessels are deployed for underwater surveillance
- Sri Lanka assured that their territory will not be used against India's security interests
- 2025-06-14 [International Relations] — India to Host IALA General Assembly and Conference
India will host the 3rd General Assembly (2025) and 21st IALA Conference (2027) in Mumbai. IALA is an intergovernmental technical body responsible for standardizing and enhancing marine aids to navigation (AtoN) to ensure maritime safety and efficiency globally. India has been a founding member of the organisation and a Council member since 1980.More details
UPSC Angle: India to host IALA General Assembly and Conference.
Key Facts:
- India will host the 3rd General Assembly (2025)
- 21st IALA Conference (2027) in Mumbai
- IALA is an intergovernmental technical body responsible for standardizing and enhancing marine aids to navigation (AtoN)
- IALA established in 1957
- Became an intergovernmental organization in 2024
- Headquarters: Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
- 200 members, 80 are national authorities and 60 are commercial firms
- India a founding member and Council member since 1980
- 2025-05-24 [International Relations] — India Participates in 24th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting
Shri P. Kumaran, Secretary (East), led the Indian delegation at the 24th Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Council of Ministers Meeting, which was hosted virtually by Sri Lanka under the theme “Sustainable Indian Ocean for future Generation”. India is currently the Vice-Chair of IORA and will assume the Chairship for 2025-2027. The meeting saw participation from 22 IORA Member States and 12 Dialogue Partners, where they discussed strengthening IORA and adopted the 'Colombo Communiqué'.More details
UPSC Angle: India's participation in the 24th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting.
Key Facts:
- Shri P. Kumaran, Secretary (East)
- 24th Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Council of Ministers Meeting
- Hosted by Sri Lanka
- Theme: “Sustainable Indian Ocean for future Generation”
- India is the Vice-Chair of IORA
- India will assume IORA Chairship for 2025-2027
- 22 IORA Member States
- 12 Dialogue Partners
- Adopted 'Colombo Communiqué'
- Hosted virtually by Sri Lanka
- India is currently the Vice-Chair
- India will assume Chairship for 2025-2027
- Adopted the 'Colombo Communiqué'
- India reaffirmed commitment to the well-being of Indian Ocean nations
- India reiterated that terrorism poses a serious threat to the region
Strategic Engagement with Island Nations (Non-Seychelles)
Focus: Bilateral engagements with Mauritius, Maldives, and Fiji focusing on development, security, and maritime cooperation.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's 'SAGAR' doctrine implementation across the Indian Ocean and Pacific regions.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-11 [International Relations] — India-Mauritius Relations
India and Mauritius share strong economic and strategic ties, with Mauritius being a significant source of foreign direct investment into India. Roughly 25% of the FDI India received since 2000 came from Mauritius, strengthening their partnership. India is also investing in Mauritius and sharing technologies and expertise with Mauritian companies, acting as a developmental partner.More details
UPSC Angle: Mauritius is a significant source of FDI into India.
Key Facts:
- Roughly 25% of FDI that India received since 2000 came from Mauritius.
- India is investing in Mauritius, sharing technologies and expertise with Mauritian companies.
- 2025-08-25 [International Relations] — India Strengthens Ties with Fiji: PM's Visit
Prime Minister of Fiji, Sitiveni Rabuka, visited India on August 25, 2025, for bilateral talks covering political cooperation, trade, agriculture, education, healthcare, and defense. India announced initiatives to enhance development cooperation with Fiji, including a parliamentary delegation visit in 2026 and gifting ambulances.More details
UPSC Angle: India strengthens ties with Fiji: PM's visit.
Key Facts:
- Prime Minister of Fiji, Sitiveni Rabuka, visited India on August 25, 2025
- Talks covered political cooperation, trade, agriculture, education, healthcare, mobility, defense, and people-to-people ties
- Visit of a parliamentary delegation from Fiji to India in 2026
- Indian Naval ship to visit Fiji in 2025
- Creation of a Defence Attache post in the High Commission of India in Fiji
- Gifting of two ambulances to the Royal Fiji Military Forces
- Establishment of a cyber security training cell in Fiji
- Fiji has announced joining the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative of India
- Supply of mobile soil testing laboratories to Fiji's Ministry of Sugar Industry and Multi-Ethnic Affairs
- Supply of agriculture drones to the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji
- 2025-07-22 [International Relations] — MEA Special Briefing on PM's visits to UK & Maldives
The MEA held a special briefing on Prime Minister's upcoming visits to the UK and the Maldives, highlighting key aspects of India's bilateral relations with both countries. Discussions with the Maldives include a potential free trade agreement and investment treaty, while relations with the UK feature infrastructure financing and green energy collaborations. The PM's visit to the Maldives also marks the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations, and is the first state visit hosted by President Muiz.More details
UPSC Angle: MEA briefing on PM's visits to UK & Maldives.
Key Facts:
- India and Maldives are in discussions to negotiate a free trade agreement and an investment treaty.
- Bilateral trade between India and the Maldives is nearly $500 million.
- India has cumulative investments of close to $20 billion in the UK.
- There are approximately 1,000 Indian companies in the UK, employing nearly 100,000 people, with cumulative revenue over $91 billion.
- The UK-India infrastructure financing bridge is coordinated between NITI Aayog and the City of London.
- President Moises of Maldives visited India in October 2024, adopting a joint vision for an India-Maldives comprehensive economic and maritime security partnership.
- India and the Maldives are marking 60 years of diplomatic relations.
- 2025-03-13 [International Relations] — India, Mauritius Strengthen Ties with Eight New Pacts
India and Mauritius have signed eight agreements to enhance their bilateral cooperation, signaling a commitment to elevate their relationship, focusing on enhanced maritime cooperation, e-services, and police training. The agreements were signed during a meeting between the Prime Ministers of both countries.More details
UPSC Angle: India, Mauritius Strengthen Ties with Eight New Pacts.
Key Facts:
- Eight agreements signed to strengthen ties
- Enhanced Strategic Partnership established
- India supports Mauritius' claim over Chagos archipelago
- Diplomatic relations established in 1948
- CECPA (2021) strengthened trade ties
- Mauritius joined India's Indo-Pacific strategy
- ISRO helped launch Mauritius' first satellite (2022)
- DTAA (1983) made Mauritius a key FDI gateway for India
- Mauritius joined India's SAGAR initiative in 2020
- India to enhance maritime security cooperation with Mauritius through a white shipping agreement
- The Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) scheme was introduced in 2005
- Mauritius was the 2nd largest source of FDI into India for FY 2023-24, after Singapore
- Indian origin people comprise nearly 70% of Mauritius
- Eight pacts signed between India and Mauritius
- Focus on enhanced maritime cooperation
- Focus on e-services
- Focus on police training
Transboundary River Diplomacy and Water Security
Focus: Diplomatic communication and infrastructure monitoring regarding international river systems (Indus and Brahmaputra) shared between India and its neighbors (Pakistan and China).
UPSC Value: Understanding the complexities of hydro-diplomacy, international water treaties, and the strategic importance of transboundary water management for regional stability and disaster mitigation.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2025-08-26 [International Relations] — India warns Pakistan of potential flood
India has issued a warning to Pakistan regarding potential flooding.More details
UPSC Angle: India warns Pakistan of potential flooding.
Key Facts:
- India warns Pakistan of potential flood
- 2025-08-26 [International Relations] — Tawi River Flood Warning
India warned Pakistan of a potential flood in the Tawi River as a humanitarian gesture. The communication was made through diplomatic channels, not via the Indus Waters Commission as required under the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960. The Tawi River originates from the Kailash Kund glacier near Bhaderwah in the Doda district, J&K, and is a left bank tributary of the Chenab River, known as the “Lifeline of Jammu city”.More details
UPSC Angle: India warned Pakistan of potential flood in Tawi River.
Key Facts:
- Tawi River originates from Kailash Kund glacier (Kali Kund) near Bhaderwah in Doda district, J&K.
- It is a left bank tributary of the Chenab River.
- Known as the “Lifeline of Jammu city”.
- Communication was made through diplomatic channels, not via the Indus Waters Commission.
- 2025-07-20 [International Relations] — China's Dam Construction on Brahmaputra River
China has begun construction of the world's largest dam on the Brahmaputra River (Yalong Tsangpo River), raising concerns in India about downstream water management and ecological impact. Potential risks include the river becoming a 'water bomb' if the dam is opened suddenly, causing destruction, and displacement of tribes like the Adi tribe.More details
UPSC Angle: China's dam construction on Brahmaputra raises concerns in India.
Key Facts:
- Dam being built on the Yalong Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra)
- Concerns about downstream impacts in India
- Potential for a 'water bomb' effect
- Threat to indigenous tribes like the Adi tribe
- India and China are not party to any river-sharing agreements
- 2025-06-09 [International Relations] — India Monitors Brahmaputra River
India is closely monitoring Chinese infrastructure projects on the Brahmaputra River, especially hydropower developments, due to their potential impact on downstream regions in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. The Brahmaputra River originates in the Kailash ranges, flows 2,900 km, including 916 km in India, and its basin spans across Tibet (China), Bhutan, India, and Bangladesh.More details
UPSC Angle: India monitors Chinese infrastructure projects on the Brahmaputra River.
Key Facts:
- Brahmaputra River
- Chinese infrastructure projects
- Hydropower developments
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Assam
- Kailash ranges
- 5,150 m elevation
- 2,900 km total length
- 916 km in India
- Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet
- Tibet (China)
- Bhutan
- India
- Bangladesh
- West Bengal
- Meghalaya
- Nagaland
- Sikkim
India's Indo-Pacific Diplomatic and Maritime Outreach
Focus: Diplomatic and security initiatives involving India and various partners (QUAD, Fiji, Spain) specifically focused on the Indo-Pacific region and the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-vector nature of India's Indo-Pacific strategy, moving from core QUAD cooperation to bilateral ties with Pacific Island nations and European powers.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-22 [International Relations] — Spain Joins Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)
Spain has joined the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI), marking a significant expansion in the region. Finance Minister José Manuel Albares of Spain handed over the signed Declaration of Accession to the IPOI to S. Jaishankar. India and Spain will celebrate the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations.More details
UPSC Angle: Spain joins the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
Key Facts:
- Spain joined the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
- José Manuel Albares of Spain handed over the signed Declaration of Accession to S. Jaishankar.
- India and Spain will celebrate the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations.
- 2025-08-26 [International Relations] — India, Fiji to deepen defence ties, call for open Indo-Pacific
India and Fiji have agreed to deepen defence ties and have called for an open Indo-Pacific region. This collaboration reinforces India as one of Japan’s reliable partners in addressing Indo-Pacific challenges, including economic resilience and maritime security.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Fiji deepen defence ties, call for open Indo-Pacific.
Key Facts:
- India and Fiji agree to deepen defence ties
- Call for an open Indo-Pacific region
- 2025-07-01 [International Relations] — QUAD 'At Sea Ship Observer Mission'
India, along with Japan, the US, and Australia, has launched the first-ever 'QUAD at Sea Ship Observer Mission' under the Wilmington Declaration. This initiative aims to boost maritime coordination in the Indo-Pacific.More details
UPSC Angle: QUAD 'At Sea Ship Observer Mission' launched under the Wilmington Declaration.
Key Facts:
- Multilateral maritime cooperation initiative
- Enables observer-level cross-embarkation of officers from QUAD nations on each other's coast guard vessels
- Based on the Wilmington Declaration adopted at the QUAD Leaders' Summit in 2024
- Supports India’s strategic SAGAR doctrine and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)
- First cross-deployment of officers among QUAD Coast Guards
Coast Guard Diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific
Focus: High-level bilateral meetings and joint exercises between the ICG and regional partners (Japan, Sri Lanka).
UPSC Value: Illustrates India's role as a net security provider and its soft power projection through maritime diplomacy.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-14 [International Relations] — India, Japan Coast Guards Strengthen Maritime Cooperation
The 22nd high-level meeting between the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and the Japan Coast Guard (JCG) was held in New Delhi on January 14, 2026, focusing on enhancing collaboration in maritime safety, security, and environmental protection in the Indo-Pacific region. Both sides aim to improve cooperation in Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), Marine Pollution Response (MPR), Maritime Law Enforcement (MLE), and capacity building. India currently holds the Presidency of the Coast Guard Global Summit (CGGS) and will be hosting the forthcoming 5th CGGS along with the International Coast Guard Fleet Review (ICGFR).More details
UPSC Angle: India and Japan Coast Guards enhance maritime cooperation.
Key Facts:
- High-Level Meeting (HLM) between Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and Japan Coast Guard (JCG) held in New Delhi on 2026-01-14
- Meeting led by Director General Paramesh Sivamani (ICG) and Admiral Yoshio Saguchi (JCG)
- Focus on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), Marine Pollution Response (MPR), Maritime Law Enforcement (MLE), and capacity building
- India holds Presidency of Coast Guard Global Summit (CGGS)
- India will host the 5th CGGS and International Coast Guard Fleet Review (ICGFR)
- 2025-08-13 [International Relations] — India and Sri Lanka Coast Guards Hold High-Level Meeting
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and the Sri Lanka Coast Guard (SLCG) held their eighth High-Level Meeting in New Delhi on August 11, 2025, to boost maritime cooperation. Key conversations revolved around bolstering joint efforts in areas like marine pollution control, maritime rescue operations, and enforcement of maritime laws.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Sri Lanka Coast Guards hold high-level meeting.
Key Facts:
- Eighth High-Level Meeting held on August 11, 2025
- Meeting in New Delhi
- ICG Director General Paramesh Sivamani represented the Indian side
- Rear Admiral Y.R. Serasinghe, Director General of SLCG, led the Sri Lankan delegation
- Eighth High-Level Meeting between Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and Sri Lanka Coast Guard (SLCG)
- Held in New Delhi on August 11, 2025
- Focus on marine pollution control, maritime rescue operations, and enforcement of maritime laws
- Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and the Sri Lanka Coast Guard (SLCG) held eighth High-Level Meeting
- Meeting held in New Delhi
- Date: August 11, 2025
- 2025-07-08 [International Relations] — Japan Coast Guard Ship Visits Chennai to Boost Maritime Cooperation
The Japan Coast Guard Ship 'Itsukushima' docked in Chennai to enhance maritime cooperation with the Indian Coast Guard (ICG). The week-long port call includes high-level bilateral meetings, joint professional training, cultural exchanges, courtesy visits, ship tours, yoga sessions, and sporting events. The visit culminates in a joint sea exercise named 'Jaa Mata' on July 12, 2025, to improve interoperability between the ICG and JCG.More details
UPSC Angle: Japan Coast Guard ship visits Chennai to boost maritime cooperation.
Key Facts:
- Ship name: Itsukushima
- Location: Chennai
- Joint sea exercise: Jaa Mata on July 12, 2025
- Four ICG officers will embark on Itsukushima to Singapore as Sea Riders
Strategic Augmentation of Indian Maritime Capabilities (2025-2026)
Focus: Procurement of high-value naval platforms and surveillance assets (submarines, drones, patrol aircraft) to strengthen presence in the Indian Ocean Region.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's strategic focus on maritime domain awareness and anti-submarine warfare amidst evolving IOR geopolitics.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-08 [Defense & Security] — Move to procure six more P-8I submarine hunters before DAC this week
India is set to procure six additional Boeing P-8I aircraft, a multi-role Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance Anti-Submarine Warfare (LRMR ASW) aircraft, as part of an inter-governmental agreement with the United States. The Defence Procurement Board (DPB) is learnt to have cleared the procurement on January 16.More details
UPSC Angle: India to procure six more P-8I submarine hunters.
Key Facts:
- India is set to procure six additional Boeing P-8I aircraft
- Part of an inter-governmental agreement with the United States
- The Defence Procurement Board (DPB) is learnt to have cleared the procurement on January 16
- Procurement is set to be cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) at its meeting on February 12
- 2025-08-26 [Defense & Security] — Centre Clears Submarine Deal Negotiation
The Centre has approved the Defence Ministry and Mazagaon Dockyards Limited (MDL) to commence negotiations for a ₹70,000 crore deal to acquire six submarines. These submarines will be constructed in India with German support under 'Project 75 India'.More details
UPSC Angle: Centre approves negotiation for ₹70,000 crore submarine deal.
Key Facts:
- Deal for six submarines
- Value: ₹70,000 crore
- To be built in India with German support
- Under 'Project 75 India'
- Negotiations by Defence Ministry and Mazagaon Dockyards Limited (MDL)
- 2025-03-26 [Defense & Security] — India purchases 31 MQ-9B drones from the USA
India signed a deal to procure 31 MQ-9B drones from General Atomics (USA) for $4 billion to enhance monitoring and surveillance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The drones will be deployed across the IAF, Indian Navy, and Indian Army and will significantly boost India's sea and border surveillance capabilities.More details
UPSC Angle: India purchases 31 MQ-9B drones from the USA.
Key Facts:
- India procured 31 MQ-9B drones
- Partner: General Atomics (USA)
- Value: $4 billion
- Objective: Enhance monitoring and surveillance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
- Provide real-time intelligence and precision-strike capability
- Deployed across the IAF, Indian Navy, and Indian Army
India-Singapore Maritime Safety and Strategic Engagement
Focus: Maritime incidents involving Singapore-flagged vessels and Indian personnel or waters, alongside bilateral naval cooperation between the two nations.
UPSC Value: Understanding bilateral maritime cooperation and the complexities of international shipping regulations (flag states) is crucial for International Relations and Maritime Security.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-12-07 [International Relations] — Search Intensified for Missing Indian Seafarer
The Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) is actively searching for Sarthak Mohapatra, an Indian seafarer missing from the Singapore-flagged vessel EA Jersey since February 3, 2026. The DGS, in coordination with international agencies, has launched a search and rescue operation and a fact-finding investigation.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Missing Seafarer: Sarthak Mohapatra
- Ship: Singapore-flagged EA Jersey
- Date Missing: February 3, 2026
- Search coordinated by: Directorate General of Shipping (DGS)
- In coordination with: Flag State Administration of Singapore, Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre Mauritius (MRCC Mauritius), and the Seafarers' Welfare Fund Society
- Mohapatra hails from: Gopalabindha village, Odisha’s Bhadrak district
- 2025-06-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Oil Spill Alert Issued off Kerala Coast After Cargo Vessel Fire
Authorities issued an oil spill advisory after a fire and explosions on the M.V. Wan Hai 503, a Singapore-flagged vessel, occurred approximately 88 nautical miles off the Kerala coast near Kozhikode. The incident took place on June 10, 2025. Four crew members are missing, and six have been hospitalized.More details
UPSC Angle: Oil spill alert issued off Kerala coast after cargo vessel fire.
Key Facts:
- Vessel: M.V. Wan Hai 503
- Flag: Singapore
- Location: 88 nautical miles off Kerala coast (near Kozhikode)
- Date: June 10, 2025
- Missing crew members: 4
- Hospitalized crew members: 6
- 2025-05-07 [Defense & Security] — INS Kiltan Arrives in Singapore for IMDEX Asia 2025
On May 7, 2025, Indian Naval Ship INS Kiltan arrived in Singapore to participate in the International Maritime Defence Exhibition (IMDEX) Asia 2025 at the Changi Exhibition Centre. This visit underscores the strong maritime partnership between India and Singapore, aiming to enhance naval cooperation and promote mutual understanding. The ship's crew will engage in bilateral and multilateral activities with the Republic of Singapore Navy and other participating navies.More details
UPSC Angle: INS Kiltan participates in IMDEX Asia 2025 in Singapore.
Key Facts:
- INS Kiltan arrived in Singapore on May 7, 2025
- Participating in IMDEX Asia 2025 at Changi Exhibition Centre
- Part of Indian Navy's operational deployment
- Bilateral/multilateral activities with Republic of Singapore Navy and other navies
Naval Diplomacy and International Cooperation
Focus: Bilateral and multilateral naval exercises and operational engagements designed to strengthen maritime partnerships and security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
UPSC Value: Illustrates India's 'Act East' policy and the SAGAR vision through defense diplomacy and interoperability with regional and global partners.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-16 [International Relations] — India Enhances Naval Engagements with US Navy in Indo-Pacific
The Indian Navy is increasing its operational engagements with the US Navy in the Indo-Pacific region. This enhancement aims to promote maritime security and cooperation between the two nations.More details
UPSC Angle: India enhances naval engagements with US Navy in Indo-Pacific.
Key Facts:
- Indian Navy enhancing operational engagements
- Partner: US Navy
- Region: Indo-Pacific
- 2025-08-01 [Defense & Security] — INS Satpura Participates in SIMBEX-25
INS Satpura reached Singapore to participate in the 32nd edition of SIMBEX-25, a maritime bilateral exercise between the Indian Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). The exercise aims to reinforce the strategic maritime partnership between the two countries.More details
UPSC Angle: INS Satpura participates in SIMBEX-25, India-Singapore maritime exercise.
Key Facts:
- 32nd edition of SIMBEX-25 held in Singapore.
- 2025-03-17 [Defense & Security] — Bongosagar 25 Concludes in Bay of Bengal
Bongosagar 25, a joint naval operation exercise between India and Bangladesh, took place in the Bay of Bengal. This aligns with India's SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision.More details
UPSC Angle: Bongosagar 25 exercise aligns with India's SAGAR vision.
Key Facts:
- Bongosagar 25
- Joint naval operation exercise
- Between India and Bangladesh
- Location: Bay of Bengal
- Aligns with India's SAGAR vision
Evolution of Indian Naval Strategic Posture
Focus: Items focusing on the strategic importance, diplomatic utility, and active surveillance capabilities of the Indian Navy in the Indian Ocean and broader Indo-Pacific.
UPSC Value: Illustrates the shift in India's security paradigm from continental to maritime focus and its role as a net security provider in the IOR.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-11-01 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy Monitoring Chinese Vessels in Indian Ocean
Vice Chief of the Naval Staff Vice-Admiral Sanjay Vatsayan stated that the Indian Navy is closely monitoring every Chinese vessel entering the Indian Ocean Region, including naval and research ships. The Navy is aware of their movements, underscoring continuous surveillance of extra-regional powers.More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Navy monitoring Chinese vessels in Indian Ocean Region.
Key Facts:
- Indian Navy monitoring Chinese vessels in Indian Ocean Region
- Continuous surveillance of extra-regional powers
- Statement by Vice-Admiral Sanjay Vatsayan
- 2025-09-04 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy Participates in Multilateral Drill in Egypt
INS Trikand reached Egypt to take part in a multilateral drill. Participation in such exercises boosts India's naval diplomacy and aligns with India's Indo-Pacific vision.More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Navy Participates in Multilateral Drill in Egypt.
Key Facts:
- Ship: INS Trikand
- Event: Multilateral drill in Egypt
- Boosts India's naval diplomacy
- 2025-03-19 [International Relations] — India's Underutilization of Military Power in Foreign Policy
India's strategic community debates the underutilization of military power, especially naval power, in foreign policy. K M Panikkar's 1945 essay highlighted the Indian Ocean's strategic importance to India, but this perspective hasn't been integrated into foreign and security policy.More details
UPSC Angle: India's underutilization of military power in foreign policy.
Key Facts:
- K M Panikkar highlighted the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean to India in his 1945 essay
- Indian Ocean Region (IOR) lacks effective forums and institutions for security and development challenges
- Various attempts to create cooperative frameworks largely failed due to lack of political will and strategic coherence
- Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) has seen some success
Evolution of India's Maritime Strategic Posture
Focus: These items document the Indian Navy's transition from tactical deployments and international exercises to a fundamental policy reassessment of its role as a primary defense line.
UPSC Value: This thread highlights the intersection of indigenization, maritime diplomacy, and strategic doctrine, which is essential for analyzing India's 'Net Security Provider' role in the Indian Ocean Region.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-10-04 [Defense & Security] — India to Decide Navy's Future Role and Maritime Investment
India needs stronger naval systems and must decide whether the Navy will act as a support system or a first line of defense. The decision will influence investment and privatization in the maritime sector, especially concerning areas like Sir Creek.More details
UPSC Angle: India to decide Navy's future role and maritime investment strategy.
Key Facts:
- India
- Navy
- maritime sector
- Sir Creek
- Admiral Mr Deshati
- 2025-05-11 [Defense & Security] — INS Vikrant Deployed to Arabian Sea Amidst India-Pakistan Tensions
Amidst rising tensions between India and Pakistan, the Indian Navy has deployed INS Vikrant, India's first indigenously designed and manufactured aircraft carrier, to the Arabian Sea. INS Vikrant was commissioned into the Indian Navy in 2022 and has an overall indigenous content of 76%.More details
UPSC Angle: INS Vikrant deployed to Arabian Sea amidst India-Pakistan tensions.
Key Facts:
- Ship: INS Vikrant
- Type: Aircraft carrier
- Features: Indigenously designed and manufactured
- Commissioned: 2022
- Indigenous content: 76%
- Deployment: Arabian Sea
- 2025-04-07 [Economy] — India Considers Duty Reductions Amid US Trade Tensions
In response to new tariffs from the U.S., India is considering reducing duties on $23 billion worth of American goods to ease trade tensions and stabilize the rupee. The Indian Navy announced it will host a major naval exercise, Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME), involving multiple African nations, strengthening India's defense ties and boosting maritime security in the Indian Ocean.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- India considering a reduction in duties on $23 billion worth of American goods
- Indian Navy will host Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME)
India's International Defense Cooperation and Interoperability Initiatives
Focus: India's participation in bilateral and multilateral military exercises to strengthen regional partnerships and enhance joint operational capabilities.
UPSC Value: Evaluating India's 'Act East' and 'Neighborhood First' policies through the lens of joint military diplomacy and regional security partnerships.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-18 [Defense & Security] — Pacific Angel 25
Pacific Angel 25, an exercise to strengthen regional preparedness for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations, was launched on September 9, 2025, at Katunayake Air Base, Sri Lanka. The exercise includes participation from nearly 90 US personnel and 120 Sri Lanka Air Force members, along with troops and observers from India, Australia, Bangladesh, Japan, and Maldives.More details
UPSC Angle: Pacific Angel 25: Disaster relief exercise in Sri Lanka.
Key Facts:
- Launched: September 9, 2025
- Location: Katunayake Air Base, Sri Lanka
- Participants: US, Sri Lanka, India, Australia, Bangladesh, Japan, Maldives
- Objective: Strengthen regional disaster relief preparedness
- 2025-07-26 [Defense & Security] — Indian Officers Participate in TS25 Exercise
Six Indian officers are participating as Staff Planners in the TS25 exercise, which involves 19 countries and complex joint training across air, land, sea, space, and cyber domains. This marks a shift from previous observer roles, reflecting India's growing role in regional defense cooperation and its commitment to strengthening military interoperability and partnerships in the Indo-Pacific.More details
UPSC Angle: Indian officers participate in TS25 exercise involving 19 countries.
Key Facts:
- Six Indian officers participating as Staff Planners in TS25 exercise
- TS25 involves 19 countries
- Joint training across air, land, sea, space, and cyber domains
- Reflects India's growing role in regional defense cooperation
- 2025-03-09 [Defense & Security] — India-Japan Joint Military Exercise 'Dharma Guardian' Concludes
The sixth edition of the joint military exercise between India and Japan, Dharma Guardian, concluded on March 9, 2025. The exercise, held in Japan, aimed to enhance interoperability between the forces during urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a UN mandate.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Japan Joint Military Exercise 'Dharma Guardian' Concludes.
Key Facts:
- Exercise name: Dharma Guardian
- Participating countries: India and Japan
- Location: East Fuji Manoeuvre Training area, Japan
- Dates: February 24 to March 9, 2025
- Objective: Enhance interoperability in joint urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under UN mandate.
India's International Maritime Boundary and Resource Disputes
Focus: Legal and diplomatic challenges involving India's maritime borders, fishing rights, and continental shelf claims with neighboring countries like Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding UNCLOS, bilateral maritime treaties, and the intersection of resource management with national sovereignty in International Relations.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2025-09-11 [International Relations] — Katchatheevu Dispute
The Katchatheevu dispute between India and Sri Lanka is rooted in shared waters and historical fishing practices, complicated by modern mechanized trawlers. A 1974 agreement ceded Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka, but the Palk Straits fisheries dispute persists, requiring cooperation to align livelihoods, ecology, and law.More details
UPSC Angle: Katchatheevu dispute involves shared waters and historical fishing practices.
Key Facts:
- The Palk Straits fisheries dispute and Katchatheevu is between India and Sri Lanka.
- India ceded Katchatheevu Island to Sri Lanka under the 1974 Maritime Boundary Agreement (MBA).
- 2025-04-27 [International Relations] — India Expands Continental Shelf Claim
India has expanded its claim in the Central Arabian Sea regarding its 'extended continental shelf' by nearly 10,000 sq.km, seeking to resolve a maritime boundary dispute with Pakistan. Countries can claim an extended continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles if supported by scientific evidence, potentially influencing resource control and maritime rights.More details
UPSC Angle: India expands continental shelf claim, impacting maritime boundary dispute with Pakistan.
Key Facts:
- Expanded claim by nearly 10,000 sq.km
- Location: Central Arabian Sea
- Aims to resolve maritime boundary dispute with Pakistan
- Continental shelf claim
- Arabian Sea
- India's ECS claim expanded by 10,000 sq km
- Modifications to avoid disputes with Pakistan
- Submissions to the CLCS occurred in April 2025
- India has expanded its claim in the Central Arabian Sea by nearly 10,000 sq.km.
- This expansion relates to its 'extended continental shelf'.
- The aim is to resolve a maritime boundary dispute with Pakistan.
- Countries can claim an extended continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles if supported by scientific evidence.
- 2025-04-07 [International Relations] — The Hindu analysis of India and Sri Lanka relations
The Hindu discusses the relations between India and Sri Lanka. In 1974, India gave the island of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka. There are disputes about fishing.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 1974
- Katchatheevu island
- fishing disputes
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