India's Multi-Aligned Strategic Diplomacy: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India's foreign policy is undergoing a fundamental transformation from the traditional 'Neighborhood First' idealistic focus to a pragmatic 'Multi-aligned' strategy. While regional stability remains a challenge due to a 'turbulent neighborhood' (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan), India is aggressively filling 'diplomatic white spaces' by institutionalizing high-level defense frameworks with major powers (US, Japan) and expanding sectoral diplomacy (agriculture, counter-terrorism) in the Global South.

Cross-Theme Insight

Together, these threads reveal a shift from multilateral stagnation (SAARC) to 'minilateral' efficacy (BIMSTEC, Weimar Triangle, India-Central Asia Dialogue). India is increasingly leveraging its identity as a 'security provider' and 'technology partner' rather than just a development recipient. The recurring 'Khanjar' exercises and the 10-year US Defence Framework signify that India is now more comfortable with deep, institutionalized military-technical integration while maintaining 'Strategic Autonomy' through continued engagement with Russia and Iran (Chabahar).

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., NCERT Class XII, Chapter 4) emphasize 'Non-Alignment' as the bedrock of India's policy of 'distance from two camps' during the Cold War. However, current reality reflects 'Multi-alignment' and 'Strategic Partnership Frameworks' that involve deep technological and intelligence sharing (e.g., 2025 India-US 10-year Defence Framework). Furthermore, while Majid Husain (Geography of India, Chapter 16) presents SAARC as the primary vehicle for regional cooperation, 2026 data shows India actively bypassing SAARC in favor of 'functional platforms' like BIMSTEC to avoid Pakistan-centric deadlock.

How This Theme Is Evolving

In 2025-2026, the trajectory has moved from 'Headline Bilateralism' (summit-level optics) to 'Substantive Technical Interoperability' (DRDO-US JTG meetings, iCET). There is also a marked shift toward 'Agricultural Diplomacy' (Fiji, IFAD), positioning India as a solution provider for Global South food security.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC frequently tests the evolution of regional blocs (e.g., BIMSTEC vs SAARC in CDS 2008, 2014, and IAS 2025) and chronological orders of bilateral treaties (e.g., India-Pakistan 1988 Nuclear Agreement in CDS 2024). Recent trends (IAS 2024/25) show an increased focus on maritime security (SAGAR) and critical minerals (Minerals Security Partnership), reflecting a shift toward geo-economics.

Probable Prelims Angles

• The 1988 India-Pakistan agreement mandates the exchange of nuclear facility lists specifically on January 1st every year.
• BIMSTEC members include Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand (not Pakistan).
• Exercise Khanjar is a bilateral Special Forces exercise between India and Kyrgyzstan.
• India is a member of the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), which targets critical mineral supply chains.
• The Weimar Triangle consists of France, Germany, and Poland; India’s engagement here marks a new European outreach.

Mains Answer Framework

• India's contemporary foreign policy is defined by 'Strategic Autonomy' in a multipolar world, transitioning from being a rule-taker to a rule-shaper through multi-alignment.
• Shift from Bilateralism to Minilateralism: Citing BIMSTEC as a functional alternative to a stalled SAARC.. Security-Technology Convergence: Analyzing the India-US iCET and 10-year Defence Framework as pillars of a 'comprehensive global partnership'.. Economic Diplomacy in the Global South: India's use of agricultural innovation (IFAD/Fiji) and financial instruments to counter rival regional influences.
• Forward-looking conclusion: India's success will depend on its ability to manage the 'turbulent neighborhood' while simultaneously leveraging its status as a 'Vishwa Bandhu' to bridge the East-West and North-South divides.

Essay Connections

• 'India's Role in a Fragmented World' - Use the concept of 'diplomatic white spaces' and filling leadership gaps.
• 'Neighborhood First vs. Neighborhood Fast' - Discuss the stagnation of SAARC vs the dynamism of BIMSTEC.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Start with NCERT/Laxmikanth to understand the foundational principle of Non-Alignment; then bridge to the 2025-2026 threads to analyze how 'Strategic Autonomy' has replaced it. Focus on the specific 'Exercise names' and 'Bilateral Framework dates' for Prelims.

Textbook Roadmap

• NCERT Class XII: Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 4. The origins of Non-Alignment and initial relations with neighbors.. Threads 6 & 10
• M. Laxmikanth: Indian Polity, Chapter 88 (Foreign Policy). Constitutional provisions (Art 51) and the core principles of Indian Foreign Policy.. Thread 12
• Majid Husain: Geography of India, Chapter 16. Geopolitics of South Asia and the establishment of SAARC.. Thread 19

Revision Bullets

• Jan 1, 1988: India-Pakistan Nuclear Facility Exchange agreement signed.
• 13th Edition: Exercise Khanjar 2026 (Assam, India).
• October 2025: Date of the 10-year India-US Defence Framework Agreement.
• 4th India-Central Asia Dialogue: Hosted by New Delhi in June 2025.
• 43: Number of Israel-India Centers of Excellence in Agriculture mentioned in the 2025 agreement.
• May 30, 2019: BIMSTEC leaders invited to PM Modi's swearing-in (symbolic shift from SAARC).

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (22 themes, 85 news items)

India-Israel Strategic Partnership

Focus: India's management of its strategic partnership with Israel across defence, agriculture, and diplomacy while navigating regional conflict.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's 'de-hyphenated' foreign policy, balancing deep sectoral cooperation with Israel against geopolitical sensitivities in the Global South.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [International Relations] — India's backing for Palestine amid Modi-Netanyahu bonhomie
  India is exploring joint development of anti-ballistic missile defense with Israel to expand its missile defence capabilities. This effort is linked to Mission Sudershan Chakra, announced by PM Modi on Independence Day last year. Furthermore, India has backed Palestine against Israel's moves and expansion plans in the West Bank, joining over 100 countries in condemning the “unlawful” settlements.
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  UPSC Angle: India explores joint missile defense development with Israel.

  Key Facts:

  • India is exploring joint development of anti-ballistic missile defence with Israel.
  • The effort is linked to Mission Sudershan Chakra, announced by PM Modi on Independence Day last year.
  • India joined more than 100 countries and international organisations in condemning the “unlawful” settlements in the West Bank.
• 2026-02-23 [International Relations] — India-Israel deepen defence and tech partnership
  India and Israel are set to deepen their strategic relationship, particularly in defence and technology, ahead of PM Modi's visit to Israel on February 25-26. They are expected to announce an updated security agreement focusing on emerging domains like AI, quantum technologies, and cyber security. Israel has emerged as a key supplier of advanced military technology to India, with bilateral defence ties valued at around $10 billion in the coming years.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Israel deepen defence and tech partnership.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi's visit to Israel: February 25-26, 2026
  • Focus areas: Defence, AI, quantum technologies, cyber security
  • Bilateral defence ties valued at around $10 billion in the coming years
  • Israel to share cutting-edge defence technologies with India, including laser defence
  • MoU on security cooperation is anticipated
  • Updated security agreement expected
  • India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) discussions to advance
  • Israeli Ambassador to India: Reuven Azar
  • Approximately 20,000 Indian workers have arrived in Israel since the India-Israel agreement in November 2023
  • India has been Israel's biggest defense customer for years, with 34% of total sales between 2020 and 2024
  • Total arms sales by Israel to India during this period amounted to about $20.5 billion
• 2026-02-21 [International Relations] — India and Israel sign MoU to deepen defence cooperation
  India and Israel signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to deepen defence ties and advance joint initiatives, including future seminars, collaborative industrial programmes, and technology sharing. A strategic seminar brought together representatives from 30 Indian and 26 Israeli defence companies for Business-to-Business (B2B) engagements.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Israel sign MoU to deepen defence cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU: Signed between India and Israel
  • Purpose: To deepen defence ties and advance joint initiatives
  • Seminar: Included representatives from 30 Indian and 26 Israeli defence companies
  • Ramesh K: Director General (DG) of the SIDM, headed the Indian delegation
  • J P Singh: Ambassador of India to Israel
  • Group Captain Vijay Patil: Defence Attaché
  • Brigadier General (Reserve) Yair Kulas: Director of the SIBAT, led the seminar
• 2026-01-16 [International Relations] — India issues advisory for nationals in Israel
  India has issued a safety advisory for its citizens in Israel, urging vigilance and avoidance of non-essential travel due to ongoing violence in Gaza despite ceasefire talks. The Indian Embassy in Israel has advised Indian nationals to adhere strictly to safety guidelines issued by Israeli authorities and the Home Front Command.
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  UPSC Angle: India issues advisory for nationals in Israel.

  Key Facts:

  • India issues safety advisory for nationals in Israel
  • Advisory urges vigilance and avoidance of non-essential travel
  • Gaza violence continues despite ceasefire talks
  • Embassy of India in Israel urged all Indian nationals to remain vigilant
  • Follow safety guidelines issued by Israeli authorities and the Home Front Command
  • India issued a safety advisory for its citizens in Israel
  • Violence has escalated in Gaza
  • Citizens cautioned against unnecessary travel to Israel
• 2025-11-17 [International Relations] — India-Israel Joint Working Group on Defence Cooperation
  In November 2025, India and Israel held the 17th meeting of their Joint Working Group on defence cooperation, focusing on expanding strategic ties in defence and security. Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Saar and India's External Affairs Minister Dr S. Jaishankar engaged in discussions in New Delhi. The two sides agreed on a defence pact to facilitate the sharing of advanced technologies and promote co-development and co-production of key weapon systems and military hardware, covering strategic dialogue, training, and defence industrial partnerships, including Science & Technology, research and development, technological innovation, artificial intelligence, and cyber security.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Israel Joint Working Group on Defence Cooperation held 17th meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting: 17th India-Israel Joint Working Group (JWG) on defence cooperation
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Participants: Gideon Saar, Dr S. Jaishankar
  • Focus: expanding strategic ties, sharing advanced technologies, co-development and co-production of key weapon systems and military hardware.
  • Priority areas: Science & Technology, research and development, technological innovation, artificial intelligence, and cyber security
• 2025-11-05 [International Relations] — Jaishankar Highlights Trust and Reliability in India-Israel Ties
  External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar affirmed that India and Israel's relationship is characterized by trust and reliability. This statement underscores the continued strengthening of diplomatic and strategic ties between the two countries. The relationship is especially important considering India's balanced West Asia policy amidst global volatility.
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  UPSC Angle: Jaishankar highlights trust and reliability in India-Israel ties.

  Key Facts:

  • India-Israel ties are defined by trust and reliability
  • S. Jaishankar is the External Affairs Minister
• 2025-07-10 [International Relations] — India Shifts Tone on Israel to Safeguard Global South Ties
  India has shifted its tone on Israel to maintain influence within the Global South, criticizing Israel's actions in Gaza at BRICS forums. This recalibration reflects India's strategic balancing act between its ties with Israel and its aspirations for leadership within the Global South.
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  UPSC Angle: India shifts tone on Israel to safeguard Global South ties.

  Key Facts:

  • India criticized Israel's actions in Gaza at the BRICS foreign ministers' meet in June 2024 and the July 2025 BRICS summit.
  • These statements also condemned strikes on Iran.
  • India aims to regain support from Global South nations.
• 2025-04-09 [International Relations] — India-Israel Sign Agriculture Agreement
  India and Israel signed a Comprehensive Agriculture Agreement to enhance collaboration in agriculture, food security, and modern farming, explicitly focusing on soil and water management, agricultural production, and post-harvest technologies, while India recognized the pivotal role of 43 Centres of Excellence in agricultural project successes.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Israel sign agriculture agreement for collaboration in agriculture.

  Key Facts:

  • Comprehensive Agriculture Agreement signed between India and Israel
  • Areas of focus: soil and water management, agricultural production, post-harvest technology
  • India recognizes 43 Centres of Excellence
  • India and Israel signed a Comprehensive Agriculture Agreement.
  • Agreement includes cooperation in soil and water management.

Strategic Defence and Security Dialogues

Focus: High-level bilateral and multilateral defence engagements between India and key partners (US, Japan, Israel, Australia) aimed at institutionalizing security frameworks.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's multi-aligned foreign policy approach, strengthening defence interoperability and intelligence sharing across the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-28 [International Relations] — Australia & India to Strengthen Maritime Security
  A new report by the United States Studies Centre (USSC) at the University of Sydney suggests that Australia's limited engagement in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) leaves it vulnerable to maritime threats, but a stronger partnership with India could offer mutual benefits. The report recommends formalizing cooperation between the Indian Coast Guard and the Australian Maritime Border Command and prioritizing non-traditional security threats.
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  UPSC Angle: Australia & India to Strengthen Maritime Security.

  Key Facts:

  • Report: Securing the Indian Ocean: Elevating the India-Australia maritime partnership
  • Author: USSC 2025 Maitri Fellow Rushali Saha
  • Recommendations: Formalize cooperation between Indian Coast Guard and Australian Maritime Border Command, prioritize maritime security
  • Australia–India Cyber and Critical Technology Partnership to support collaborative research projects
• 2026-01-06 [International Relations] — India-US Defence and Security Cooperation
  Defence and security cooperation remain a resilient pillar of India–U.S. relations, strengthened by a decade-long Defence Framework Agreement signed in October 2025, enhancing coordination, information sharing, and technological collaboration. Regular joint military exercises—Yudh Abhyas, Tiger Claw, and Malabar—continue to enhance interoperability and trust between armed forces.
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  UPSC Angle: India-US defence cooperation strengthened by Defence Framework Agreement.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence Framework Agreement signed in October 2025
  • Enhances coordination, information sharing, and technological collaboration
  • Regular joint military exercises: Yudh Abhyas, Tiger Claw, and Malabar
  • Aims to enhance interoperability and trust between armed forces
  • Central to maintaining Indo-Pacific stability and deterrence
• 2025-11-20 [International Relations] — 7th Colombo Security Conclave NSA-Level Meeting
  The 7th National Security Adviser (NSA) level meeting of the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) was held in New Delhi, India. NSA Mr. Ajit Doval hosted counterparts from Member States including Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, with Seychelles participating as an Observer State and Malaysia as a Guest. The meeting focused on strengthening regional security in the Indian Ocean Region and cooperation under five pillars.
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  UPSC Angle: 7th Colombo Security Conclave NSA-Level Meeting held in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • 7th National Security Adviser (NSA) level meeting of the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) was held in New Delhi, India on November 20, 2025.
  • NSA Mr. Ajit Doval hosted his counterparts from Member States including Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
  • Seychelles participated as an Observer State, and Malaysia as a Guest.
  • The signing ceremony for the Founding Documents of the CSC was held in Sri Lanka in August 2024.
  • Five pillars of cooperation: Maritime Safety and Security; Countering Terrorism and Radicalisation; Combating Trafficking and Transnational Organised Crime; Cyber Security and Protection of Critical Infrastructure and Technology; and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief.
  • Republic of Seychelles to accede to the CSC as a full member.
  • Ibrahim Latheef, National Security Adviser, Republic of Maldives led the delegation of Maldives.
  • Rahul Rasgotra, National Security Adviser, Republic of Mauritius led the delegation of Mauritius.
  • Air Vice Marshal Sampath Thuyacontha (Retd.), Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka led the delegation of Sri Lanka.
  • Dr. Khalil-ur-Rehman, National Security Adviser, People's Republic of Bangladesh led the delegation of Bangladesh.
• 2025-07-25 [International Relations] — India and Israel to deepen defence ties
  India and Israel have agreed to develop an institutional framework to deepen their defence ties. Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh and Director General of Israel's Ministry of Defence, Major General (Res) Amir Baram, held a bilateral meeting in New Delhi, agreeing to strengthen bilateral defence cooperation with a long-term perspective.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Israel to deepen defence ties; institutional framework.

  Key Facts:

  • India and Israel agreed to develop an 'institutional framework' to deepen defence ties.
  • Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh held a bilateral meeting with Director General, Israel's Ministry of Defence, Major General (Res) Amir Baram in New Delhi.
  • The two sides agreed to strengthen bilateral defence cooperation with a 'long-term perspective'.
  • The Israel DG condemned the April 22 terrorist attack in Pahalgam.
  • Singh reiterated India's zero-tolerance approach to terrorism and condemned the October 7, 2023 terror attacks on Israel.
  • The two sides reviewed the progress of ongoing defence collaboration activities since the last Joint Working Group meeting held in India in July 2024.
• 2025-05-05 [International Relations] — India-Japan Defence Cooperation
  On May 5, 2025, Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh met with Japan's Minister of Defense Mr. Gen Nakatani in New Delhi to discuss and strengthen the defence and security aspects of the India-Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership, condemning terrorism and pledging to enhance bilateral relations for regional peace.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Japan defence cooperation strengthens security aspects.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence Minister: Rajnath Singh
  • Japanese counterpart: Gen Nakatani
  • Focus: Terrorism, bilateral defence ties, China's military posturing in Indo-Pacific
  • Context: Heightened tensions with Pakistan after Pahalgam attack
  • Nakatani condemned the Pahalgam terror attack
  • Date: May 5, 2025
  • Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh
  • Minister of Defense of Japan Mr. Gen Nakatani
  • Meeting held in New Delhi
  • Date: May 05, 2025
  • Reviewed defence and security pillars of the India-Japan Special Strategic and Global Partnership
  • Condemned terrorism in all its forms
  • Emphasized the need for global cooperation against terrorism
• 2025-03-19 [International Relations] — Five Eyes Alliance
  Intelligence chiefs and national security advisors from several countries, including members of the Five Eyes alliance, gathered in New Delhi. The UKUSA Agreement (1946) formalized this Strategic Intelligence-Sharing Alliance, with expanded membership including Canada (1949), Australia & New Zealand (1956).
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  UPSC Angle: Intelligence chiefs from Five Eyes alliance gathered in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Five Eyes alliance: UKUSA Agreement (1946) formalized intelligence-sharing
  • Members: Canada (1949), Australia & New Zealand (1956)
  • Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (2016): Ensures non-political oversight
• 2025-03-17 [International Relations] — India, US Focus on Defence Ties
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and U.S. Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard met on March 17, 2025, to discuss enhancing India-US strategic ties, especially in defence and information sharing. Gabbard also met with National Security Advisor Ajit Doval to discuss cooperation in dealing with security challenges.
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  UPSC Angle: India, US discuss enhancing strategic ties, especially in defence.

  Key Facts:

  • Rajnath Singh
  • Tulsi Gabbard
  • March 17, 2025
  • India-US strategic ties
  • Defence and information sharing
  • Ajit Doval
  • Security challenges

India's Global Agricultural Diplomacy and South-South Cooperation

Focus: India's active engagement in sharing agricultural resources, rural development models, and innovation with international organizations and developing nations.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's transition from a food-aid recipient to a provider of food security solutions and a leader in South-South cooperation.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-15 [International Relations] — IFAD–India Day Event
  The Government of India showcased the country's pioneering achievements in various fields (such as rural development) at the IFAD–India Day event held in Rome. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is an international financial institution and a specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1977 to eradicate poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries. India is a founding member of IFAD.
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  UPSC Angle: India showcases achievements at IFAD–India Day event in Rome.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: IFAD–India Day
  • Location: Rome
  • IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development
  • Established: 1977
  • Objective: eradicate poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries
  • India: a founding member of IFAD
  • IFAD Headquarters: Rome, Italy
  • IFAD Membership: 180 Member States
• 2025-11-23 [International Relations] — Ethiopia to Adopt India's Rural Development Program
  Ethiopia announced its plan to adopt India's flagship rural development program, the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission, to strengthen its own productive safety net program.
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  UPSC Angle: Ethiopia to adopt India's DAY-NRLM rural development program.

  Key Facts:

  • Ethiopia to adopt India's Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission
• 2025-10-02 [International Relations] — South-South and Triangular Cooperation
  India plays a significant role in South-South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC), with the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC) created in 1974 to promote economic cooperation among developing countries. The India-UN Development Partnership Fund (2017) finances demand-driven SSTC projects across developing countries.
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  UPSC Angle: India's role in South-South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC).

  Key Facts:

  • UNOSSC creation: 1974
  • India-UN Development Partnership Fund establishment: 2017
  • Buenos Aires Plan of Action (BAPA): 1978
  • Nairobi Outcome Document: 2009
• 2025-09-24 [Agriculture] — Launch of MAITRI 2.0
  The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched MAITRI 2.0 in New Delhi to foster India–Brazil collaboration in agricultural innovation and technology. It is a two-way learning platform for co-creation between Indian and Brazilian innovators to build a stronger, innovative, and inclusive agri-food ecosystem for global food security.
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  UPSC Angle: ICAR launched MAITRI 2.0 for India–Brazil agricultural collaboration.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched by: ICAR
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Inaugurated by: Dr. M.L. Jat (Secretary, DARE & DG, ICAR)
  • Edition: 2nd (first launched in 2019)
  • Purpose: To foster India–Brazil collaboration in agricultural innovation and technology
• 2025-08-26 [International Relations] — India-WFP Collaboration
  The Government of India and the World Food Programme (WFP) signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) to collaborate in addressing global hunger. India will provide WFP fortified rice to support nutritional needs of vulnerable populations in food-insecure regions.
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  UPSC Angle: India and WFP collaborate to address global hunger with fortified rice.

  Key Facts:

  • India and WFP signed a Letter of Intent (LoI).
  • India will provide WFP fortified rice.
• 2025-08-13 [International Relations] — India Hands Over Cowpea Seeds to Fiji
  India handed over 5 metric tons of cowpea seeds to Fiji as humanitarian assistance under the 'Act East Policy' to enhance farming sustainability and food security in Fiji. The seeds were delivered in Nadi city, and local farmers are expected to benefit through improved yields and greater crop diversity.
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  UPSC Angle: India hands over cowpea seeds to Fiji under 'Act East Policy'.

  Key Facts:

  • 5 metric tons of cowpea seeds handed over to Fiji
  • Delivered in Nadi city
  • Under India's 'Act East Policy'
  • Seeds left Delhi for Fiji on July 26, 2025
  • India sent 5 tonnes of cowpea seeds to Fiji
  • Humanitarian aid
  • Part of India's Act East Policy

India-Kyrgyzstan Defence Relations and Exercise 'Khanjar'

Focus: Reports on the 12th and 13th editions of the India-Kyrgyzstan joint special forces exercise 'Khanjar' and the associated security dialogue.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the specific trajectory of India-Kyrgyzstan military cooperation and the recurring details of the Khanjar exercise series.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-05 [Defense & Security] — India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise 'Khanjar' Commences
  The 13th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise 'Khanjar' began on February 4, 2026, in Missamari, Assam, and is scheduled to continue until February 17. The exercise involves 20 personnel from the Indian Army's Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) and an equal number from Kyrgyzstan's ILBRIS Special Forces Brigade. The aim is to exchange best practices in counter-terrorism and special forces operations in urban and mountainous terrain, enhancing interoperability and promoting regional peace.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise 'Khanjar' commences.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise 'Khanjar' 2026 commenced on February 4 and will continue until February 17 in Missamari, Assam.
  • The 13th edition of the exercise.
  • Indian Army contingent: 20 personnel from the Parachute Regiment (Special Forces).
  • Kyrgyzstan contingent: 20 personnel from ILBRIS Special Forces Brigade.
  • The previous edition was held in Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan, in March 2025.
  • Exercise Khanjar was first conducted in 2011.
  • Exercise Khanjar-XIII is being held in Misamari, Sonitpur district of Assam.
  • The exercise is 14 days long.
  • The Indian contingent is represented by troops from the Parachute Regiment (Special Forces).
  • The Kyrgyzstan contingent is represented by the ILBRIS Special Forces Brigade (Scorpion Brigade).
  • Exercise focuses on joint operations in urban warfare and counter-terrorism scenarios under the United Nations mandate.
• 2026-01-08 [Defense & Security] — Joint Military Exercise KHANJAR-XIII between India and Kyrgyzstan
  The 13th edition of the joint military Exercise KHANJAR between India and Kyrgyzstan has commenced at Misamari, Sonitpur district of Assam. The exercise focuses on urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under UN mandates, reflecting growing defense cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise KHANJAR-XIII between India and Kyrgyzstan focuses on urban warfare.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: KHANJAR-XIII (13th edition)
  • Participating countries: India and Kyrgyzstan
  • Location: Misamari, Sonitpur district, Assam
  • Focus: Urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under United Nations mandates
  • Exercise Khanjar-XIII is being conducted at Misamari in the Sonitpur district of Assam
  • It is an annual joint Special Forces military exercise conducted by India and Kyrgyzstan
  • The exercise focuses on urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under United Nations mandates
• 2025-10-19 [International Relations] — India-Central Asia Security Dialogue Focuses on Counter-Terrorism
  India and Central Asian countries are engaging in security dialogues focusing on counter-terrorism, energy security, and sustainable development. They cooperate in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the India-Central Asia Dialogue. India and Kyrgyzstan conduct the annual Khanjar Special Forces Exercise.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Central Asia security dialogue focuses on counter-terrorism.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • Central Asia
  • Security Dialogue
  • Counter-terrorism
  • Energy security
  • Sustainable development
  • Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
  • Khanjar Exercise
  • Established diplomatic relations in 1992
  • Strategic Partnership during PM Modi's 2019 visit to Bishkek
• 2025-03-11 [Defense & Security] — India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Military Exercise 'Khanjar-XII' Begins in Tokmok
  The joint military exercise 'Khanjar-XII' between India and Kyrgyzstan has commenced in Tokmok, emphasizing the defense partnership and its significance in fostering peace, stability, and security. The exercise aims to fortify defense ties and address common concerns of international terrorism and extremism.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Kyrgyzstan joint military exercise 'Khanjar-XII' begins.

  Key Facts:

  • 12th edition of the exercise
  • India and Kyrgyzstan joint exercise
  • Held in Kyrgyzstan
  • March 10-23, 2025
  • Troops from The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) represent the Indian contingent.
  • The Kyrgyzstan contingent is represented by Kyrgyz Scorpion Brigade.
  • The last edition of the exercise was conducted in India in January 2024.
  • The first edition of KHANJAR took place in 2011.
  • Khanjar-XII
  • Tokmok
  • India
  • Kyrgyzstan
• 2025-03-05 [Defense & Security] — India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Military Exercise 'KHANJAR XII' Commences
  The 12th edition of the counter-terrorism and special operations exercise, KHANJAR, between India and Kyrgyzstan, was held in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh, from March 5 to March 9, 2025. The drill focused on urban combat, mountain warfare, and hostage rescue missions. Exercise Khanjar also reflects the growing India-Kyrgyzstan defence partnership, contributing to regional security cooperation and closer military ties.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Kyrgyzstan joint military exercise 'KHANJAR XII' held in Himachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • The 12th edition of the counter-terrorism and special operations exercise, KHANJAR, between India and Kyrgyzstan, was held in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh, from March 5 to March 9, 2025.
  • The drill was focused on urban combat, mountain warfare, and hostage rescue missions.
  • Indian Army with Special Forces, INSAS rifles, SIG Sauer 716 rifles, UAVs and Kyrgyzstan with AK-74 rifles and armored.

India's Multi-Aligned Bilateral Strategic Partnerships

Focus: Formal diplomatic engagements where India establishes or renews 'Strategic Partnership' status with diverse global powers to enhance cooperation in defense, economy, and security.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's 'strategic autonomy' and multi-alignment policy by deepening ties with competing global powers (US, Russia, EU, and Middle East) simultaneously.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [Defense & Security] — India and UAE Strategic Defense Partnership
  India and the UAE are planning a strategic defense partnership.
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  UPSC Angle: India and the UAE are planning a strategic defense partnership.

  Key Facts:

  • UAE: United Arab Emirates
• 2025-11-01 [International Relations] — India-U.S. 10-Year Defence Partnership Framework
  India and the United States have announced a 10-year Defence Partnership Framework to deepen collaboration across all defence domains—land, maritime, air, space, and cyberspace. The agreement was signed in Kuala Lumpur by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and U.S. Secretary of War Pete Hegseth on the sidelines of the 12th ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus). The framework aims to boost India's defence production capabilities and military modernization under the 'Make in India, Make for the World' initiative.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and US announced 10-year Defence Partnership Framework.

  Key Facts:

  • Signed in Kuala Lumpur on the sidelines of the 12th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and U.S. Secretary of War Pete Hegseth.
  • Builds on the 2013 Joint Principles for Defence Cooperation and the 2016 recognition of India as a Major Defence Partner (MDP).
  • LEMOA (2016): Enabled reciprocal access to military facilities for logistics support.
  • COMCASA (2018): Facilitated secure communications between the two militaries.
  • BECA (2020): Enabled the exchange of geospatial intelligence and mapping data.
  • SOSA (2024): Ensured the security of supply chains in critical defence materials.
  • India and U.S. signed a 10-year defense partnership
  • 10-year Defence Partnership Framework
  • Domains: land, maritime, air, space, and cyberspace
  • Signed in Kuala Lumpur
  • Signatories: Rajnath Singh and Pete Hegseth
  • Make in India, Make for the World
• 2025-09-19 [International Relations] — India and Saudi Arabia strategic partnership
  During a weekly press briefing, the MEA spokesperson highlighted that India and Saudi Arabia have a wide-ranging strategic partnership, which has deepened in the last several years considerably, and that this strategic partnership will keep in mind mutual interest and sensitivity activities.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Saudi Arabia have a wide-ranging strategic partnership.

  Key Facts:

  • India and Saudi Arabia have a wide ranging strategic partnership
  • The India- Saudi Arabia strategic partnership has deepened in the last several years considerably
  • The strategic partnership will keep in mind mutual interest and sensitivity activities
  • India and Saudi Arabia will fight cross-border terrorism
  • India and Saudi Arabia have a wide-ranging strategic partnership.
  • The strategic partnership has deepened considerably in the last several years.
  • The strategic partnership will keep in mind mutual interest and sensitivity activities, including fighting cross-border terrorism.
• 2025-05-28 [International Relations] — Indo-German Strategic Partnership
  India and Germany are celebrating 25 years of strategic partnership, which now addresses contemporary global challenges.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and Germany celebrating 25 years of strategic partnership.

  Key Facts:

  • India and Germany celebrate 25 years of strategic partnership.
• 2025-04-12 [International Relations] — India and Russia Agree on New Strategic Projects
  India and Russia have agreed on 6 new strategic projects, which aimed to enhance bilateral investment cooperation. The co-chairs of the session signed a protocol which highlighted these projects of strategic importance to both countries and reviewed the outcomes of the 7th session of IRWG-PIP. These initiatives aim to enhance mutual investments, strengthen sector-specific partnerships, and foster deeper economic ties.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and Russia agree on 6 new strategic projects.

  Key Facts:

  • India and Russia agreed on 6 new strategic projects.
  • Event: 8th Session of the India-Russia Working Group on Priority Investment Projects (IRWG-PIP)
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Co-chairs: Amardeep Singh Bhatia (India) and Vladimir Ilichev (Russia)

India's Regional Foreign Policy Dynamics

Focus: Analysis of India's diplomatic engagement and challenges within its immediate neighborhood (SAARC) and extended neighborhood (ASEAN).

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding India's 'Neighborhood First' and 'Act East' policies against the backdrop of regional instability and stagnation.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-01 [International Relations] — Instability in India's Neighborhood
  India faces a turbulent neighborhood with political upheaval in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Unresolved border disputes and increasing Chinese influence add to regional instability. Terrorist activities are observed in Afghanistan, along its borders, and along the India–Pakistan–Afghanistan corridor.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Instability in India's neighborhood: political upheaval, border disputes, China.

  Key Facts:

  • Bangladesh: Anti-India protests in Dhaka; Awami League barred from February 2026 elections
  • Nepal: Unresolved border dispute over Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura; interim administration prepares for March 2026 elections
  • Pakistan: Kashmir terrorism persists; Indus Waters Treaty suspended
  • China's infrastructure projects and political influence networks are embedding deeper across India's periphery
  • 4,096.6-km-long borders with Bangladesh
• 2025-11-13 [International Relations] — SAARC Stagnant Due to India-Pakistan Rivalry
  According to an analysis published on November 13, 2025, SAARC is unable to progress due to the ongoing India-Pakistan rivalry and power imbalance. India's attempts to marginalize Pakistan's role and its boycott of the 19th SAARC summit in Islamabad highlight its lack of commitment to the organization. Unlike ASEAN, trade among SAARC countries remains low.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SAARC is stagnant due to India-Pakistan rivalry.

  Key Facts:

  • SAARC formed in 1985 remains stagnant
  • 19th SAARC summit scheduled for Islamabad in November 2016 was boycotted by Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan and India
  • Trade among SAARC countries is only 10% compared to 65% in ASEAN
  • India has 77% of the population, area and resources of South Asia
• 2025-08-25 [International Relations] — India to Reform and Reengage Southeast Asia
  India's geopolitical moment mirrors 1991, demanding reforms and a renewed Look East policy. India approached ASEAN mainly to balance China, while ASEAN expected India as a second geo-economic partner. The 2025 ISEAS survey shows limited Indian influence, with reservations about India's capacity at 35.8%.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India to reform and reengage Southeast Asia.

  Key Facts:

  • India's geopolitical moment mirrors 1991
  • 2025 ISEAS survey shows 35.8% reservations about India's capacity
  • 30.1% of those who trust India view it as a responsible stakeholder
• 2025-07-16 [International Relations] — India-ASEAN Relations
  India and ASEAN have engaged in multiple dialogues and signed agreements to strengthen their partnership. These include cyber policy dialogues, cruise dialogues, and MOUs between organizations like the International Solar Alliance and the ASEAN Centre for Energy, to promote cooperation in various sectors. India is also co-chairing the ADMM Plus EWG on Counter Terrorism with Malaysia for the cycle 2024-2027.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and ASEAN strengthen partnership through dialogues and agreements.

  Key Facts:

  • 1st ASEAN-India Track 1.0 Cyber Policy Dialogue held in Singapore on 16 October 2024
  • ASEAN-India Cruise Dialogue held in Sabang, Aceh, Indonesia on 29-30 October 2024
  • Another ASEAN-India Cruise Dialogue held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on 30 June-01 July 2025
  • MOU between International Solar Alliance (ISA) and ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) signed on 08 October 2024
  • MoI between National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management (AHA Centre) signed on 24 October 2024
  • India and Malaysia co-chairing the ADMM Plus EWG on Counter Terrorism for the cycle 2024-2027
  • 32nd ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) held on 11 July 2025 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Institutional Strategic Security Dialogues in New Delhi

Focus: High-level conferences and forums organized by the Indian Armed Forces and Ministry of Defence in New Delhi to foster civil-military synergy, strategic leadership, and technological modernization.

UPSC Value: Understanding the institutional mechanisms for national security policy formulation and the integration of technology and civil-military cooperation in India's defense architecture.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-03 [Defense & Security] — Exercise 'Veer Yuva' Forum Held in New Delhi
  The Indian Army, in collaboration with the Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), hosted the Young Leaders Forum (Veer Yuva) in New Delhi. The forum, themed “Empowering Youth for India's National Security and Development,” brought together young leaders from the military, academia, entrepreneurship, NCC, and CAPFs. It served as a pre-event to the upcoming Chanakya Defence Dialogue (CDD) 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Exercise 'Veer Yuva' Forum held in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Young Leaders Forum (Veer Yuva) held in New Delhi
  • Hosted by: Indian Army and CLAWS
  • Theme: “Empowering Youth for India's National Security and Development”
  • Pre-event to Chanakya Defence Dialogue (CDD) 2025
• 2025-09-24 [Defense & Security] — Combined Operational Review and Evaluation Programme (CORE)
  The Combined Operational Review and Evaluation Programme (CORE) is a five-day initiative organized by Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQ IDS) in New Delhi to strengthen civil-military engagement and strategic leadership in national security. It serves as a platform for civil-military engagement on national security, bringing together senior officers from the Indian Armed Forces and officers from the Ministries of Defence, External Affairs, and Home Affairs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CORE program strengthens civil-military engagement.

  Key Facts:

  • Organised by: Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQ IDS)
  • Participants: Senior officers from Indian Armed Forces and officers from Ministries of Defence, External Affairs, and Home Affairs
  • Themes: Evolving regional and global security challenges and the impact of technological transformation on the nature of warfare
• 2025-04-03 [Defense & Security] — Raksha Mantri Addresses Army Commanders' Conference
  Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh addressed the senior leadership of the Indian Army during the Army Commanders' Conference in New Delhi from 01st Apr to 04th April 2025. The conference focused on security scenarios, border situations, organizational restructuring, and modernization through indigenization.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Raksha Mantri addressed Army Commanders' Conference.

  Key Facts:

  • Army Commanders' Conference
  • New Delhi, 01st Apr to 04th April 2025
  • Addressed by Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh
  • Focused on security, borders, restructuring, indigenization
• 2025-03-05 [Defense & Security] — Rajnath Singh Inaugurates DRDO-MHA Collaboration Conference
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the DRDO-MHA Collaboration Conference-cum-Exhibition in New Delhi, emphasizing the need for adaptive security policies to address evolving threats like cyber warfare and transnational crime. The two-day conference aims to equip CAPF officers with the latest technological advancements for internal security and disaster relief.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO-MHA Collaboration Conference focuses on adaptive security policies.

  Key Facts:

  • Conference: DRDO-MHA Collaboration Conference-Cum-Exhibition on 'Advanced Technologies for Internal Security and Disaster Relief Operations'
  • Organised by: Directorate of Low Intensity Conflict (DLIC) under DRDO
  • Venue: DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi
  • Focus: Equipping CAPF officers with latest advancements in technology
  • Emphasis on: Addressing emerging security challenges like cyber warfare, hybrid warfare, and transnational organised crime

India's Bilateral Diplomacy and the Structural Challenges to SAARC Revival

Focus: A collection of items illustrating the dichotomy between diplomatic efforts to revive South Asian regionalism (SAARC) and the persistent security, financial, and border tensions between India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive view of 'Neighborhood First' challenges, specifically how bilateral security concerns and terror-financing issues (India-Pakistan) impede multilateral cooperation within the SAARC framework.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-22 [International Relations] — Pakistan's Air Strikes in Kabul and Rising Militancy
  Pakistan conducted air strikes in Kabul targeting TTP bases on October 9, 2025, while Afghan Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi was in India, which led to retaliatory attacks and casualties on both sides before a fragile ceasefire was established by Qatar. Militant attacks have significantly increased in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and nearby tribal areas in the past four years, with over 2,400 lives lost in 2025 alone due to militancy-related violence.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Pakistan's Air Strikes in Kabul and Rising Militancy.

  Key Facts:

  • Pakistan conducted air strikes in Kabul on October 9, 2025
  • Afghan Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi was in India when the air strikes happened
  • Qatar facilitated a fragile ceasefire
  • Over 2,400 lives were lost due to militancy-related violence in Pakistan in 2025
• 2025-08-25 [International Relations] — India Pushes for SAARC Revival Amid Regional Tensions
  Bangladesh's interim government chief, Muhammad Yunus, has renewed his push to revive the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which has been inactive since the 2016 Uri attack. India has attempted to revitalize SAARC, including a COVID-19 Emergency Fund with a $10 million contribution.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India pushes for SAARC revival amid regional tensions.

  Key Facts:

  • Muhammad Yunus is pushing to revive SAARC
  • SAARC summit has not been held since 2014
  • India contributed $10 million to SAARC's Covid-19 Emergency Fund in 2020
  • SAARC members include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
• 2025-05-03 [International Relations] — India Urges Review of Financial Aid to Pakistan
  India is intensifying efforts to combat terror financing, actively engaging with international financial institutions to curb the misuse of funds supporting terrorist activities. India is urging institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and Asian Development Bank (ADB) to review their financial aid to Pakistan to ensure that development funds are not diverted towards financing terrorism. India is advocating for Pakistan's re-entry into the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list, emphasizing the need for stringent monitoring of its financial systems to prevent terror financing.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India urges review of financial aid to Pakistan.

  Key Facts:

  • India urges IMF, World Bank, ADB to review financial aid to Pakistan
  • India advocates for Pakistan's re-entry into FATF grey list
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • World Bank
  • Asian Development Bank (ADB)
  • Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
• 2025-04-08 [International Relations] — Bangladesh Sends High Commissioner to New Delhi Mission
  Days after a meeting between PM Modi and Muhammad Yunus in Bangkok, Bangladesh has sent a High Commissioner to New Delhi, signaling strengthened diplomatic relations.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Bangladesh sends High Commissioner to New Delhi after Modi-Yunus meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • Modi-Yunus meeting in Bangkok
  • Bangladesh
  • High Commissioner to New Delhi

Deepening India-US Strategic & Technical Cooperation

Focus: A progression of bilateral engagements moving from trade figures to high-level defense frameworks and technical collaboration.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-sectoral deepening of India-US ties, specifically linking trade interdependence with defense interoperability.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-05 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Hosts 24th Indo-US Joint Technical Group Plenary Meeting
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) hosted the 24th Indo-US Joint Technical Group (JTG) Plenary Meeting in New Delhi on February 3 and 4, 2026. The meeting reviewed ongoing India–US defence science and technology cooperation and discussed ways to advance collaboration in critical and emerging technologies under the India-US Major Defence Partnership.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO hosts 24th Indo-US Joint Technical Group Plenary Meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting Dates: February 3-4, 2026
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Host: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • Participants: Senior officials, scientists, and technocrats from US Department of War, Department of State, DRDO, Indian Tri-Services, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs, and National Security Council Secretariat
  • Reviewed: India–US defence science and technology cooperation
  • Discussed: Collaboration in critical and emerging technologies under the India-US Major Defence Partnership
  • Finalized: A project agreement aimed at furthering joint research and development initiatives
• 2025-09-27 [International Relations] — India-US Defence Partnership
  Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and US Secretary of War Pete Hegseth signed a framework for India-US Major Defence Partnership in October 2025. The 24th India-US Joint Technical Group Plenary reviewed cooperation in defence science and technology.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-US sign framework for Major Defence Partnership.

  Key Facts:

  • Framework for India-US Major Defence Partnership signed in October 2025 by Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh and the US Secretary of War Mr Pete Hegseth.
  • 24th India-US Joint Technical Group Plenary reviewed cooperation in defence science & technology.
• 2025-08-13 [Economy] — India-US Agricultural Trade Surges
  Bilateral agricultural trade between India and the US is thriving, with US exports to India expected to exceed $3.5 billion and Indian exports to the US likely to top $7.5 billion this year. India has overtaken China as the largest market for US tree nuts, importing over $1.1 billion worth in 2024 and $759.6 million in just the first half of 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-US agricultural trade surges; export/import values.

  Key Facts:

  • US farm exports to China plunged 51.3% in January–June 2025 compared to the same period in 2024
  • Shipments to India rose by 49.1%
  • US exports to India expected to exceed $3.5 billion
  • Indian exports to the US likely to top $7.5 billion this year
  • India is the largest market for US tree nuts, importing over $1.1 billion worth in 2024 and $759.6 million in the first half of 2025

Strategic, Scientific, and Diplomatic Developments

Focus: High-level updates concerning India's defense capabilities, scientific initiatives, and international diplomatic engagements.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking GS-2 (International Relations) and GS-3 (Science & Technology, Security) developments regarding national power projection.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [International Relations] — MEA Press Releases and Events on January 2026
  The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) had an active January 2026, marked by several key diplomatic engagements including visits from the Foreign Minister of Spain, the President of the United Arab Emirates, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Key appointments were also announced, and Republic Day celebrations were held at Indian missions abroad.
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  UPSC Angle: MEA press releases and events in January 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • Visit of Foreign Minister of Spain to India on January 21, 2026.
  • Visit of Secretary (West), Ministry of External Affairs to Ashgabat, Turkmenistan on January 21, 2026.
  • Amit Kumar Mishra appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Georgia.
  • Muanpuii Saiawi appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to New Zealand.
  • Visit of His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates, to India on January 18, 2026.
  • Visit of Mr. Toshimitsu Motegi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan to India (January 15-17, 2026).
  • State Visit of President of the European Council and President of the European Commission to India (January 25-27, 2026).
  • Launch of BRICS India 2026 Logo, Theme and Website by the External Affairs Minister on January 13, 2026.
  • 38th India – France Strategic Dialogue (January 13, 2026).
• 2026-01-16 [Science & Technology] — CSIR Initiatives and Developments in January 2026
  CSIR organizations are actively involved in various initiatives, including skill development programs, conferences, and collaborations. CSIR-CIMFR conducted a safety assessment of a hydrogen compressor-dispenser, and CSIR-IIIM is focused on MAPs research and outreach. Additionally, CSIR-NIIST will see the foundation stone laid for an Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship Hub on January 23, 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CSIR Initiatives and Developments in January 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • CSIR-CIMFR conducted a safety assessment of a hydrogen compressor-dispenser
  • CSIR-IIIM reviewed MAPs research and outreach programmes
  • CSIR-CSMCRI hosted an international conference on transformative approaches in chemistry (NeF-TAC 2026)
  • CSIR-IMMT signed an MoU with Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) for copper and critical minerals recovery
  • PM Modi scheduled to lay the foundation stone for the CSIR-NIIST Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship Hub on January 23, 2026
• 2026-01-04 [Defense & Security] — Suryastra
  News Summary of 4 January 2026 includes discussion of Suryastra.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Suryastra

Strategic Recalibration of Indian Foreign Policy

Focus: Items documenting a doctrinal shift in India's diplomacy from traditional alignment to 'diplomatic white spaces', geo-economics, and strategic abstention.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the transition of India's foreign policy from idealism to transactional realism and multi-alignment.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [International Relations] — India's diplomacy shifts to 'diplomatic white spaces'
  India's diplomacy in 2026 is shifting from headline bilateralism to leveraging “diplomatic white spaces”, where leadership gaps exist and small, focused coalitions can deliver results that large forums increasingly cannot. India's momentum in 2026 will come from filling leadership gaps.
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  UPSC Angle: India focusing on smaller coalitions to address leadership gaps.

  Key Facts:

  • Europe is about standards, BRICS about practical delivery, and the Quad about public goods.
• 2025-07-21 [International Relations] — India's UN Voting Pattern Shift
  India's voting behavior at the United Nations has changed, with abstentions reaching an all-time high in 2025. An analysis of over 5,500 resolutions from 1946 to June 2025 shows that 'yes' votes by India have fallen to 56%, the lowest since 1955, while abstentions have surged to 44%. This reflects a strategic recalibration in India's foreign policy and evolving position as a middle power.
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  UPSC Angle: India's UN voting pattern shift shows increased abstentions.

  Key Facts:

  • Share of 'yes' votes by India: 56% (lowest since 1955).
  • Share of abstentions by India: 44% (all-time high).
  • Analysis based on over 5,500 UN resolutions between 1946 and June 2025.
• 2025-03-14 [International Relations] — India's Diplomacy Adapts to Changing Great-Power Dynamics
  India's 'multi-aligned' foreign policy is adapting to changes in great-power dynamics, emphasizing geo-economics and trade agreements with the US, EU, and UK by the end of 2025. India seeks a continued role for Russia in a multipolar world and sees opportunities in the fractured transatlantic alliance.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's foreign policy adapts to great-power dynamics, emphasizing geo-economics.

  Key Facts:

  • Focus on geo-economics
  • Finalizing trade agreements with US, EU, and UK by the end of 2025
  • Seeks Russia's continued role in a multipolar world

India's Global Diplomatic Engagement

Focus: High-level diplomatic engagements and statements by Indian leadership focusing on European relations and global geopolitics.

UPSC Value: Essential for tracking India's evolving multi-aligned foreign policy rhetoric and engagement with the West.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-09 [International Relations] — External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar's Visit to Europe
  External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar began his first official visit for 2026 in Europe, with stops in Paris and Luxembourg, amidst shifts in global politics. In Paris, he participated in the India-Weimar Triangle meeting with his French, German, and Polish counterparts, marking the first time a non-European partner was invited to the Weimar Triangle meeting at the Foreign Minister level.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • EAM S Jaishankar's Europe visit: 2026
  • Visited Paris and Luxembourg
  • Participated in India-Weimar Triangle meeting in Paris with French, German, and Polish counterparts
  • First time a non-European partner was invited to the Weimar Triangle meeting at the Foreign Minister level
  • Weimar Triangle format launched: 1991 (Germany, France, and Poland)
  • S Jaishankar's first official visit for 2026 began in Europe.
  • Visited Paris and Luxembourg.
  • Met with French, German and Polish counterparts for the India-Weimar Triangle meeting in Paris.
  • The Weimar Triangle format was launched in 1991.
  • The Weimar Triangle includes France and Poland.
  • First time a non-European partner had been invited to the Weimar Triangle meeting format at the Foreign Minister level.
  • External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met with French President Emmanuel Macron.
  • Discussed contemporary global developments.
  • Jaishankar's first official visit for 2026 began in Europe.
• 2025-06-11 [International Relations] — Jaishankar Discusses Stronger India-EU Ties with European Parliament
  External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met with leaders of the European Parliament to discuss and promote stronger India-European Union relations. The meeting occurred during his visit to Belgium and Luxembourg on June 10, 2025. Jaishankar also acknowledged their understanding of India's right to defend itself against terrorism.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting date: June 10, 2025
  • Location: Belgium and Luxembourg
  • Participants: S. Jaishankar and European Parliament leaders
  • Discussion: Strengthening India-EU relations
• 2025-03-17 [International Relations] — PM Modi Discusses China, Russia, and US with Lex Fridman
  PM Narendra Modi, in an interaction with podcaster Lex Fridman, stated that India and China are working to restore conditions to how they were before 2020, focusing on ensuring differences do not turn into disputes. He also commented on the Russia-Ukraine war, suggesting resolution requires negotiation between both countries.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Narendra Modi
  • Lex Fridman
  • India and China
  • Restore conditions before 2020
  • Russia-Ukraine war
  • Negotiation for resolution

India's Engagement with Global Nuclear and Non-Proliferation Frameworks

Focus: Diplomatic actions and legal statuses involving India regarding the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and bilateral nuclear transparency measures.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's position as a 'responsible nuclear power' despite being a non-signatory to the NPT, and its use of bilateral mechanisms to manage nuclear risks.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-02 [International Relations] — India-Pakistan Exchange Lists of Nuclear Facilities and Prisoners
  India and Pakistan exchanged lists of nuclear installations and prisoners as part of a bilateral agreement designed to prevent attacks on each other's atomic facilities and reduce escalation risks. The agreement, signed in 1988, mandates yearly exchange (1st January) of lists of covered nuclear facilities to ensure transparency and confidence-building. It covers nuclear power plants, research reactors, fuel fabrication, reprocessing, enrichment facilities, and related sites.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-Pakistan exchange lists of nuclear facilities and prisoners.

  Key Facts:

  • Agreement: Bilateral pact to prevent attacks on nuclear facilities
  • Signatories: India and Pakistan
  • Signed: 1988
  • Mandate: Annual exchange (1st January) of lists of covered nuclear facilities
  • Scope: Nuclear power plants, research reactors, fuel fabrication, reprocessing, enrichment facilities, and related sites
• 2025-09-20 [International Relations] — India and Norway Discuss Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
  India and Norway reviewed global developments related to disarmament and non-proliferation, including discussions on the Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Both countries reaffirmed their commitment to non-proliferation norms and agreed to hold the next dialogue in New Delhi.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and Norway discuss disarmament and non-proliferation efforts.

  Key Facts:

  • India and Norway discussed Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
  • Both countries reaffirmed their commitment to non-proliferation norms.
  • The next dialogue will be held in New Delhi.
• 2025-06-21 [International Relations] — Iran Considers Withdrawing from Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
  Iran's Foreign Ministry confirmed that its Parliament is drafting legislation to withdraw from the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) Treaty. Article 10 of the NPT allows a country to withdraw if it believes extraordinary events have threatened its supreme national interest. India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Israel never joined the treaty.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Iran considers withdrawing from Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

  Key Facts:

  • Iran considering withdrawal from NPT.
  • Article 10 of NPT allows withdrawal under certain conditions.
  • India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Israel are not NPT signatories.

India's Diplomatic Expansion in the Global South

Focus: India's proactive establishment of new institutional and diplomatic frameworks, such as resident embassies, parliamentary groups, and high-level state visits, to deepen engagement with Latin American and African nations.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's strategic shift towards diversifying foreign relations and strengthening South-South cooperation through multifaceted bilateral mechanisms beyond traditional major powers.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-08 [International Relations] — Indian Embassy Inaugurated in Quito, Ecuador
  Union MoS Margherita and his counterpart Gabriela Sommerfeld jointly inaugurated the resident Embassy of India in Quito, the capital city of Ecuador, reflecting India's commitment to strengthening its partnership with Ecuador.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India inaugurated its embassy in Quito, Ecuador.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Embassy inaugurated in Quito, Ecuador
  • Jointly inaugurated by Union MoS Margherita and Gabriela Sommerfeld
  • Reflects India's commitment to strengthening partnership with Ecuador
• 2025-10-17 [International Relations] — India-Panama Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group Established
  The Embassy of India in Panama announced the establishment of a 20-member India-Panama Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group at the National Assembly of Panama, marking a new phase in bilateral relations.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-Panama Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group established to boost bilateral relations.

  Key Facts:

  • India-Panama Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group
  • 20 members
  • National Assembly of Panama
• 2025-05-03 [International Relations] — MEA Special Briefing on Angola President's visit to India
  The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) held a special briefing on the State visit of the President of Angola to India, highlighting discussions between the two leaders on various areas of cooperation, including space, digital public infrastructure, agriculture, and defense. India offered Angola low-cost satellite launch technologies and assistance in setting up Janoshidi units for healthcare and traditional medicine.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • President of Angola visited India
  • Discussion on supplying vaccines and medicines to Angola and setting up Janoshidi units
  • Exploration of introducing traditional medicine in Angola
  • Angola has a satellite mission control center currently assisted by the Russians and the French
  • India offered low-cost satellite launch technologies to Angola
  • Discussion on digital public infrastructure and its benefits for governance
  • India has been assisting African countries with lines of credit and grants
  • Angola needs to service and overhaul Soviet-era defense equipment
  • India offered training for Angolan experts in India in the defense area
  • Angola seeks assistance in agriculture to become self-sufficient in food production

International Security and Counter-Terrorism Diplomacy

Focus: High-level diplomatic engagements and multilateral meetings hosted or attended by India focusing on counter-terrorism and security cooperation.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking India's evolving role as a security provider and coordinator in the Global South and international forums.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-29 [International Relations] — India to Host UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Meeting
  India will host diplomats from the 15-nation UN Security Council for a special meeting on counter-terrorism. The meeting will focus on the increasing threat posed by the misuse of new and emerging technologies, including the internet, social media, terrorism financing, and unmanned aerial systems. The UN Security Council previously renewed the mandate of the Executive Directorate until December 31, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: India to host UN Security Council counter-terrorism meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • India hosting UN Security Council counter-terrorism meeting
  • Meeting date: October 29, 2025
  • Focus: Misuse of new and emerging technologies for terrorism
  • Specific areas: Internet and social media, terrorism financing, unmanned aerial systems
  • UN Security Council renewed Executive Directorate mandate until December 31, 2025
  • 15-nation UN Security Council members to attend
  • India chairs the Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee for 2022
• 2025-08-29 [International Relations] — India and Saudi Arabia Enhance Defence Cooperation
  The 7th meeting of the India-Saudi Arabia Joint Committee on Defence Cooperation (JCDC) was held in New Delhi to review and enhance bilateral defence ties. India offered training assistance to Saudi Armed Forces and proposed joint production and equipment partnerships.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Saudi Arabia enhance defence cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • 7th meeting of India-Saudi Arabia Joint Committee on Defence Cooperation (JCDC) held in New Delhi
  • Discussion areas: Training cooperation, industrial partnerships, maritime collaboration, and joint military exercises
  • India offered training assistance to Saudi Armed Forces
  • Explored cooperation in cyber security, IT, disaster management, and tactical communications
  • India highlighted indigenous defence production capabilities
• 2025-05-17 [International Relations] — India to Host First BIMSTEC Home Ministers' Meeting
  India will host the first BIMSTEC Home Ministers' Meeting, focusing on cyber security, trafficking, terrorism, and satellite collaboration. India's commitment includes a 21-point action plan, aligning with doctrines like 'Neighbourhood First,' 'Act East,' MAHASAGAR Vision, and the Indo-Pacific framework, which positions India as a stabilising force.
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  UPSC Angle: India to host first BIMSTEC Home Ministers' Meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • India will host the first BIMSTEC Home Ministers' Meeting.
  • Focus areas: cyber security, trafficking, terrorism, and satellite collaboration.

Pragmatic Re-engagement with Strained Regional Neighbors

Focus: India's efforts to resume or upgrade diplomatic contact with regional actors (Pakistan, Maldives, Taliban) following periods of significant friction, non-recognition, or political transition.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates a shift in India's 'Neighborhood First' policy toward pragmatic, functional engagement to ensure regional stability and counter-terrorism cooperation.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-15 [International Relations] — Jaishankar to visit Pakistan for SCO Summit
  External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar is expected to visit Pakistan on October 15-16 to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 'Heads of Government' meeting in Islamabad. Pakistan holds the rotating chairmanship of the SCO Council of Heads of Government. This visit marks the first time Pakistan has invited an Indian leader in eight years.
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  UPSC Angle: Jaishankar to visit Pakistan for SCO 'Heads of Government' meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • S. Jaishankar will visit Pakistan on October 15-16.
  • He will attend the SCO 'Heads of Government' meeting in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan holds the rotating chairmanship of the SCO Council of Heads of Government.
• 2025-05-27 [International Relations] — Maldivian Foreign Minister Visits India
  Maldivian Foreign Minister Abdulla Khaleel is on a three-day visit to India (May 25–27, 2025) to hold bilateral talks with External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar, signaling growing diplomatic engagement after a period of tension.
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  UPSC Angle: Maldivian Foreign Minister visits India for bilateral talks.

  Key Facts:

  • Maldivian Foreign Minister Abdulla Khaleel
  • Three-day visit to India (May 25–27, 2025)
  • External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar
• 2025-05-16 [International Relations] — Jaishankar engages with Taliban's Acting Foreign Minister
  In a first, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar held a telephonic conversation with Amir Khan Muttaqi, the Taliban's acting Foreign Minister in Afghanistan. This interaction occurred after the Taliban condemned the terror strike in Pahalgam on April 22, which resulted in 26 deaths, signaling a potential shift in India's approach towards the Taliban administration.
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  UPSC Angle: Jaishankar engages with Taliban's Acting Foreign Minister.

  Key Facts:

  • S. Jaishankar
  • Amir Khan Muttaqi
  • Taliban
  • Afghanistan
  • Pahalgam terror strike
  • April 22
  • 26 deaths

India's Diplomatic Engagement in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

Focus: High-level diplomatic interactions and official statements from India regarding the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the scheduling of bilateral summits with Russia.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's policy of strategic autonomy and its role as a potential facilitator for peace in the Eurasian region through sustained high-level engagement.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-01 [International Relations] — Prime Minister's Meeting with the President of Russia
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with the President of Russia, emphasizing the importance of the close cooperation between the two countries for global peace, stability, and prosperity. They discussed the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and efforts towards establishing peace.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Modi met with the President of Russia.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi met with the President of Russia
  • India and Russia have always stood shoulder-to-shoulder even in the most difficult situations
  • Both leaders discussed the ongoing conflict in Ukraine
  • 140 crore Indians are eagerly waiting to welcome the President of Russia for the 23rd Summit in December this year
• 2025-08-10 [International Relations] — MEA: Trump-Putin Meeting Can Help End Ukraine Conflict
  The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated that a meeting between Trump and Putin could help end the Ukraine conflict.
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  UPSC Angle: Trump-Putin meeting's potential impact on Ukraine conflict resolution.

  Key Facts:

  • MEA
  • Trump
  • Putin
  • Ukraine conflict
• 2025-05-05 [International Relations] — Putin Accepts PM Modi's Invitation to Visit India
  Russian President Vladimir Putin condemned the Pahalgam terror attack during a phone conversation with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and accepted Modi's invitation to attend the annual India-Russia summit later in 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Putin accepts Modi's invitation to India amid Pahalgam attack.

  Key Facts:

  • Leaders: Vladimir Putin, Narendra Modi
  • Event: Putin accepted invitation to India-Russia annual summit
  • Putin condemned the Pahalgam terror attack
  • Date: May 5, 2025

India's Multi-Aligned Strategic Diplomacy

Focus: High-level diplomatic engagements by the Indian leadership focusing on economic partnerships, energy security, and technological collaboration across diverse geopolitical regions including West Asia and Europe.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's shift towards pragmatic multi-alignment, balancing relations with West Asian energy partners and European economic blocs to secure national interests in trade and technology.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-28 [International Relations] — PM Modi and Finland's President Discuss Bilateral Ties
  PM Narendra Modi spoke with Finland's President Alexander Stubb on bilateral ties, the India-EU FTA, emerging technologies, and global issues. Stubb reaffirmed Finland's support for an early, mutually beneficial India-EU FTA.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Modi and Finland's President discuss bilateral ties and India-EU FTA.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Narendra Modi spoke with Finland's President Alexander Stubb
  • Discussed bilateral ties, India–EU FTA, emerging technologies, and global issues
  • Stubb reaffirmed Finland's support for an early, mutually beneficial India–EU FTA
• 2025-05-07 [International Relations] — India Steps Up West Asia Outreach Amid Pakistan Tensions
  Amid tensions with Pakistan, the Indian government increased its outreach to West Asia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke with Qatari Emir Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani. The External Affairs Minister will meet Iranian Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi in Delhi.
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  UPSC Angle: India's outreach to West Asia amid tensions with Pakistan.

  Key Facts:

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke to Qatari Emir Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani
  • External Affairs Minister will meet Iranian Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi in Delhi
• 2025-04-19 [International Relations] — PM Modi and Musk discuss tech innovation; PM to visit Saudi Arabia
  Prime Minister Modi and Elon Musk discussed technological innovation, highlighting the immense potential in the sector. Additionally, PM Modi is scheduled to visit Saudi Arabia next week to discuss trade, energy, and defense ties.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Modi and Elon Musk discuss tech innovation.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi
  • Elon Musk
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Trade
  • Energy
  • Defense

Shashi Tharoor's Role in India's Foreign Policy and Security Discourse

Focus: Items focusing on Shashi Tharoor's specific diplomatic appointments, his controversial remarks on military actions while abroad, and his subsequent reflections on India's security doctrine.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the influence of individual political figures on national security narratives and the intersection of domestic politics with international diplomacy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-20 [International Relations] — Shashi Tharoor on India-Pakistan Relations
  Shashi Tharoor reflects on India's response to the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the challenges of cross-border terrorism, and the evolution of India's security doctrine, including diplomatic pressure and military operations like Balakot and Operation Sindoor. He urges pragmatic engagement for normalized relations, while addressing trade ties with Europe and the futility of external pressure over India's policy on Russian oil.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Reference to 26/11 Mumbai attacks
  • Discussion of cross-border terrorism
  • Mention of Balakot and Operation Sindoor
  • Call for pragmatic engagement with Pakistan
• 2025-05-29 [Polity & Governance] — Congress vs. Tharoor over Surgical Strikes Remarks
  A dispute arose between the Congress party and Shashi Tharoor after Tharoor's comments in Panama regarding the 2016 surgical strikes across the Line of Control (LoC). Tharoor clarified that his remarks pertained to actions responding to terrorist attacks and not conventional warfare.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Shashi Tharoor
  • Congress party
  • 2016 surgical strikes
  • Line of Control (LoC)
  • Panama
  • Uri terror attacks
• 2025-05-19 [International Relations] — Soft Power and Diplomatic Delegations
  India's use of diplomatic delegations to different countries and questions their effectiveness in altering foreign policies hardwired to geopolitical perspectives. The selection of Shashi Tharoor may attract intra-political criticism, but Mr. Tharoor's vast experience at the United Nations and his knowledge on the subject matter will be immensely helpful.
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  UPSC Angle: Effectiveness of diplomatic delegations in altering foreign policy.

  Key Facts:

  • Shashi Tharoor selected by the government

India's Strategic Financial Diplomacy

Focus: India's deployment of specific financial instruments, such as lines of credit and debt rollovers, to bolster bilateral relations and secure strategic interests in the Global South.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the 'Economic Diplomacy' component of India's foreign policy and the use of financial aid as a tool for geopolitical influence and regional stability.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-01 [International Relations] — Growing Maldivian Tilt Towards China
  The docking of Chinese military vessels in Malé and Chinese-funded infrastructure construction near India's strategic assets indicate a growing Maldivian tilt towards China, despite India's economic and military support. India offered a ₹4,850 crore line of credit for infrastructure projects and rolled over $50 million worth of Treasury Bills to ease Maldives' debt pressures.
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  UPSC Angle: Maldives tilting towards China; infrastructure near India's strategic assets.

  Key Facts:

  • India offered a ₹4,850 crore line of credit for infrastructure projects.
  • India rolled over $50 million worth of Treasury Bills.
  • India's development assistance to the Maldives increased by 50% in 2024.
  • Both countries maintained strong security ties, as seen in the continuation of trilateral “Dosti” exercise with Sri Lanka in 2024.
• 2025-05-14 [International Relations] — India Rolls Over Treasury Bill to Maldives
  India has rolled over a $50 million Treasury Bill to support the Maldivian economy. Treasury Bills are short-term debt instruments issued by the government to meet funding needs, with tenors of 91, 182, and 364 days, and are considered risk-free investment instruments.
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  UPSC Angle: India rolls over $50 million Treasury Bill to Maldives.

  Key Facts:

  • Short-term debt instrument issued by the government to meet funding needs
  • Zero-coupon securities issued at a discount and redeemed at face value upon maturity
  • Tenure: 91 day, 182 day and 364 day
  • Issuer in India: Reserve Bank of India (on behalf of the Government of India)
  • Auctions are held at RBI's electronic platform called E-Kuber
• 2025-05-07 [International Relations] — India to Provide Loan to Angola
  India has agreed to provide Angola with a $200 million line of credit (loan) to modernise its armed forces. Angola will use the amount to buy defence equipment, transport vehicles, ammunition, and other assets from Indian public and private sector defence companies. Angola has also expressed interest in getting India's help in modernising and servicing Angolan Russian weapon systems, such as SU-30 fighter jets.
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  UPSC Angle: India provides $200 million loan to Angola for defense equipment.

  Key Facts:

  • India to provide Angola with a $200 million loan
  • Purpose: To modernize Angola's armed forces
  • Angola interested in India's help modernising Russian weapon systems, such as SU-30 fighter jets

Counter-Terrorism as a Pillar of India's Multilateral Engagement

Focus: India's systematic integration of counter-terrorism as the primary security pillar across regional (BIMSTEC), global (UN), and minilateral (Quad) diplomatic platforms.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates how India leverages multilateralism to build international consensus on its core national security concerns and 'zero tolerance' stance.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-01 [International Relations] — India to Host Next Quad Summit
  India plans to host the next Quad Summit and is formulating proposals to ensure its productivity; the External Affairs Minister stated that India has every right to defend its people against terrorism, expecting Quad partners' understanding and appreciation.
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  UPSC Angle: India plans to host the next Quad Summit.

  Key Facts:

  • India plans to host the next Quad Summit
  • India asserts right to defend against terrorism
• 2025-05-21 [International Relations] — India Addresses UN on Maritime Security, Countering Terrorism
  India's Permanent Representative to the UN, Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish, addressed the UNSC, emphasizing that maritime security and countering terrorism are central to India's national security and economic interests. India is evolving its strategy in response to new threats and geopolitical shifts in the Indo-Pacific region and is actively pursuing its role as a responsible maritime power.
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  UPSC Angle: India addresses UN on maritime security, countering terrorism.

  Key Facts:

  • India views maritime security and countering terrorism as central to its national security and economic interests
  • India is evolving its strategy in response to new threats and geopolitical shifts in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • India's Permanent Representative to the UN Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish
• 2025-05-17 [International Relations] — India Leads Security Pillar at BIMSTEC, Focus on Counter-Terrorism
  BIMSTEC aims to create stability and enable rapid economic development in the Bay of Bengal region, with India leading the security pillar, which includes counter-terrorism, transnational crime, disaster management, and energy security. BIMSTEC excludes Pakistan, providing India a functional platform for regional cooperation, particularly aligned with India's 'Act East' and 'Neighbourhood First' policies.
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  UPSC Angle: India leads the security pillar at BIMSTEC, focusing on counter-terrorism.

  Key Facts:

  • BIMSTEC excludes Pakistan.
  • 7 Priority Areas/Pillars, each led by 1 Member country.
  • India is the Lead Country for Security pillar.
  • Security pillar sub-sectors: Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime, Disaster Management and Energy Security.
  • BIMSTEC aligns closely with India's 'Act East' and 'Neighbourhood First' policies.
  • BIMSTEC promotes India’s interests in Bay of Bengal.
  • BIMSTEC helps in securing maritime trade routes and anti-piracy operations.
  • BIMSTEC helps in disaster management.

Institutionalized Strategic Consultations and Multilateralism

Focus: India's use of established bilateral and multilateral frameworks (BRICS, Central Asia Dialogue, Foreign Office Consultations) to maintain strategic influence across Eurasia.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's commitment to institutionalized diplomacy as a means to manage relations with major powers like Russia and secure interests in Central Asia.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-17 [International Relations] — External Affairs Minister interacts with BRICS counterparts in New Delhi
  The External Affairs Minister met with his BRICS counterparts in New Delhi, highlighting the grouping's value for international cooperation. This interaction underscores India's active role in BRICS and its commitment to multilateral diplomacy.
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  UPSC Angle: External Affairs Minister interacts with BRICS counterparts in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • External Affairs Minister interacts with BRICS counterparts in New Delhi
• 2025-06-07 [International Relations] — 4th India-Central Asia Dialogue
  India hosted the 4th India-Central Asia Dialogue in New Delhi, focusing on regional security, critical minerals, connectivity, counter-terrorism, and economic integration. The dialogue is a multilateral platform with foreign ministers from India and Central Asian countries, launched in 2019 to deepen strategic, political, and economic cooperation. The Central Asian nations condemned the recent terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, and expressed interest in joint exploration of rare earth and critical minerals with India.
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  UPSC Angle: 4th India-Central Asia Dialogue focused on regional security.

  Key Facts:

  • Host: India
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Focus: Regional security, critical minerals, connectivity, counter-terrorism, economic integration
  • Participants: India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  • Launched: 2019 in Samarkand
  • India–Central Asia trade was under $2 billion in 2022–23
  • 4th India-Central Asia Dialogue held in New Delhi
  • Chaired by EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar
  • Focus areas: regional security, critical minerals, connectivity, counter-terrorism, economic integration
  • Discussion on enhancing digital payment systems and interbank cooperation
  • Support for India's permanent UNSC membership
• 2025-03-07 [International Relations] — India-Russia Foreign Office Consultations in Moscow
  Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Andrey Rudenko in Moscow to discuss bilateral ties and regional issues. They reviewed progress on decisions from the 22nd Annual Summit in Moscow (July 2024), the BRICS Summit meeting in Kazan, and the 25th session of the Intergovernmental Commission in New Delhi (November 2024). Misri also met with other high-ranking Russian officials.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Russia Foreign Office Consultations in Moscow.

  Key Facts:

  • Foreign Secretary: Vikram Misri
  • Russian Deputy Foreign Minister: Andrey Rudenko
  • Location: Moscow
  • Date: March 07, 2025
  • 22nd Annual Summit: Moscow, July 2024
  • 16th BRICS Summit: Kazan
  • 25th session of the India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission: New Delhi, November 2024
  • Meetings with: Maxim Oreshkin, Yury Ushakov, Alexey Gruzdev