India's Multilateral Institutional Leadership & Soft Power: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The items reflect India's strategic transition from a 'rule-taker' to a 'rule-shaper' as the United Nations approaches its 80th anniversary. While the global multilateral order (UNSC) is depicted as being in a state of 'crisis' and 'erosion of credibility,' India is simultaneously institutionalizing its regional footprint through BIMSTEC and its soft power through the global standardization of AYUSH (Ayurveda/Siddha).

Cross-Theme Insight

Together, these threads reveal a 'Double-Track Diplomacy' strategy: track one involves a vocal, high-level offensive for structural reform of legacy institutions (UNSC), while track two involves the creation of modern, performance-driven frameworks in health (AYUSH global standards), regional security (BIMSTEC capacity building), and legislative transparency (National Legislative Index). This suggests that India is not just waiting for global reform but is actively building parallel institutional excellence to justify its claim for leadership.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Textbooks typically present the UN and its Security Council as the pinnacle of global governance with fixed rules (e.g., NCERT World Politics Ch 4, p. 57, describes restructuring as a 'desire' for developing countries). However, the 2025-26 narrative shows a shift from 'desire' to a 'global imperative,' with India specifically targeting the 'provisional' status of UNSC rules that have persisted for 80 years. Additionally, while Laxmikanth (Ch 23, p. 230) defines the Speaker primarily through constitutional duties, current events like the National Legislative Index (NLI) show the office evolving into a performance-evaluation hub for the entire legislative ecosystem.

How This Theme Is Evolving

In 2025-26, the 'neighborhood first' policy has evolved into 'neighborhood institutionalization,' where BIMSTEC is no longer just a forum but a capacity-building platform. Simultaneously, AYUSH has evolved from a domestic cultural asset into a global regulatory and clinical category (e.g., Ayurveda regulation in Brazil and Yoga as a competitive sport in UAE).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

This domain is frequently tested across IAS, CDS, and CAPF exams with a shift from factual member-lists to strategic utility. For instance, IAS 2025 (NID 6331) tested specific founding members of BIMSTEC, while CDS-I 2011 (NID 11686) probed the arguments for India's permanent UNSC seat. Recent trends suggest an increasing focus on the 'soft power' of health, as seen in the 2024 CDS-II (NID 14696) question on Siddha and Sowa-Rigpa systems.

Probable Prelims Angles

• Theme of 6th BIMSTEC Summit: 'Prosperous, Resilient and Open BIMSTEC'.
• Date and significance of 80th UN Anniversary: Oct 24, 2025.
• Sage Agathiyar's birth anniversary as National Siddha Day (Jan 6).
• Key features of the National Legislative Index (NLI) proposed at the 86th AIPOC.
• The 'India House' in Abu Dhabi as a cultural diplomacy milestone.

Mains Answer Framework

• As the United Nations marks its 80th anniversary, the global governance architecture faces a 'credibility crisis,' necessitating a shift from reactive participation to proactive institutional reform by emerging powers like India.
• UNSC Reform as a Global Imperative: Detail India's demand to end 'provisional' rules and address the lack of African and South American permanent representation.. BIMSTEC as an Alternative Multilateralism: Discuss the transition of the Chair to Bangladesh (2025) and its role in bridging the SAARC-ASEAN gap.. Institutionalizing Soft Power: Use the example of India-Brazil Ayurveda cooperation and UNESCO Learning Cities (Warangal, Thrissur, Nilambur) to show global standard-setting.
• India's leadership in the 21st century will be defined by its ability to synchronize domestic legislative excellence (via NLI) with its global aspirations for a 'reformed multilateralism'.

Essay Connections

• Multilateralism in a Multi-polar World: Using UN-80 as a case study for the friction between 1945 institutions and 2025 realities.
• Soft Power as the New Diplomacy: Incorporating the global rise of AYUSH and Yoga as standardized medical systems.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Laxmikanth and NCERT to establish the structural powers of the Speaker and the historical context of the UN; then, overlay the 2025-26 threads to see how these institutions are being tested by modern geopolitical crises and domestic reform indices (NLI).

Textbook Roadmap

• Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth (7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > Speaker of Lok Sabha > p. 230. Thread 11 (Legislative Speaker's Office and the NLI initiative). Powers and functions of the Speaker as the 'guardian of powers and privileges'.
• Contemporary World Politics, NCERT (2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > p. 58. Threads 1 and 2 (UNSC Reforms). Arguments for India's permanent membership and the role of the UN in a unipolar vs multipolar world.
• Exploring Society: India and Beyond, NCERT (Revised 2025) > Ch 6 > p. 150. Threads 4 and 10 (AYUSH Institutional Framework). The administrative structure of the Department of Ayush at the State/UT levels.

Revision Bullets

• BIMSTEC Chair (2025-2027): Bangladesh (succeeding Thailand).
• UN 80th Anniversary Theme: 'Prosperous, Resilient and Open' (for the Summit).
• 9th Siddha Day: January 3, 2026 (Chennai).
• AIIA Foundation: 9th Foundation Day celebrated in 2025; treated 30 lakh+ patients.
• Bilateral mechanisms: India-Netherlands JTIC and India-Italy JCEC (14 billion euro trade).
• UNESCO Learning Cities (India): Warangal, Thrissur, Nilambur (2022 cohort).

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (13 themes, 47 news items)

BIMSTEC Institutional Strengthening and Diplomacy

Focus: Administrative milestones, leadership transitions (Chairmanship), capacity building, and high-level diplomatic engagements reinforcing the organization's framework.

UPSC Value: Useful for studying the organizational maturation of BIMSTEC and India's strategic emphasis on institutionalizing the bloc.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Training Program Held in New Delhi
  The Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), in collaboration with the BIMSTEC Secretariat, organized a two-day "Training and Capacity Building Programme on Global and Regional Issues for BIMSTEC Countries" on January 13-14, 2026, in New Delhi. The program aimed to enhance knowledge and foster a common understanding of key global and regional economic issues among BIMSTEC member countries. 76 participants from BIMSTEC member states attended the program in hybrid mode.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC training program held to build capacity on global issues.

  Key Facts:

  • Training program held in New Delhi on 2026-01-13 and 2026-01-14
  • Organized by RIS and BIMSTEC Secretariat
  • 76 participants from BIMSTEC member states
  • Aimed to enhance knowledge on global and regional economic issues
• 2026-01-07 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC for India: Objectives and Cooperation
  BIMSTEC strengthens India's Act East and Neighborhood First policies, enhances connectivity in the Northeast, and promotes economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asia. India emphasizes cooperation in security, counter-terrorism, transnational crime, energy, and disaster management.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC strengthens India's Act East policy and promotes regional connectivity.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Focus: Security, Counter-Terrorism, Transnational Crime, Energy, Disaster Management
  • Act East Policy: Strengthens ties with Southeast Asia
  • Neighborhood First Policy: Reinforces cooperation with immediate neighbors
  • Northeast Region: Enhances connectivity to the Bay of Bengal
• 2025-07-16 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Expert Group Meeting on Human Resource Development
  The 2nd Meeting of the BIMSTEC Expert Group on Human Resource Development was held in Colombo on July 16, 2025. The meeting finalized the BIMSTEC Plan of Implementation of the Plan of Action for Human Resource Development (2025–2029), aiming to strengthen regional cooperation in HRD, with Sri Lanka as the lead member state for this sector.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC Expert Group finalizes plan for human resource development.

  Key Facts:

  • 2nd Meeting of the BIMSTEC Expert Group on Human Resource Development held on 16 July 2025 in Colombo
  • Finalized the BIMSTEC Plan of Implementation of the Plan of Action for Human Resource Development (2025–2029)
  • Sri Lanka is the lead member State for cooperation in HRD sector
• 2025-06-16 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Commemorates 28th Anniversary
  The BIMSTEC Secretariat commemorated its 28th Anniversary with a reception on June 16, 2025. The anniversary included a march past, display of artifacts, and cultural performances from member states. BIMSTEC aims to promote economic development and resilience through regional cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC Commemorates 28th Anniversary.

  Key Facts:

  • BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) was established on June 6, 1997.
  • The 28th Anniversary was commemorated on June 16, 2025.
  • H.E. Mr. Wahiduddin Mahmud, Honourable Adviser, Ministry of Planning of Bangladesh, was the Chief Guest.
  • BIMSTEC comprises seven Member States: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
• 2025-04-21 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Secretary General Addresses UNESCAP Session
  The BIMSTEC Secretary General participated in the 81st Session of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) in Bangkok, Thailand, from April 21-25, 2025. During a high-level dialogue, the Secretary General highlighted challenges to sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region, including climate change impacts, digital divides, and trade disruptions.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC Secretary General addresses UNESCAP session.

  Key Facts:

  • BIMSTEC Secretary General participated in the 81st Session of UNESCAP from April 21-25, 2025.
  • The session was held in Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Challenges highlighted include climate change impacts, digital divides, and disruptions in global trade.
• 2025-04-05 [International Relations] — Bangladesh Assumes BIMSTEC Chair
  Bangladesh assumed the Chair of BIMSTEC on April 4, 2025, for the next two years, succeeding Thailand. Chief Advisor Muhammad Yunus emphasized inclusivity and action-orientation for BIMSTEC. The Sixth BIMSTEC Summit in Bangkok had the theme “Prosperous, Resilient and Open BIMSTEC”.
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  UPSC Angle: Bangladesh assumes BIMSTEC Chair.

  Key Facts:

  • New BIMSTEC Chair: Bangladesh
  • Tenure: Two years
  • Succeeding: Thailand
  • Chief Advisor: Muhammad Yunus
  • Sixth BIMSTEC Summit theme: “Prosperous, Resilient and Open BIMSTEC”
  • PM Modi and Bangladesh's Chief Advisor Muhammad Yunus met on April 4, 2025.
  • The meeting occurred on the sidelines of the BIMSTEC regional summit in Bangkok.

Push for UNSC Reform during UN 80th Anniversary

Focus: A concerted diplomatic offensive by India and allies to demand UNSC structural expansion specifically leveraging the UN's 80th anniversary milestone.

UPSC Value: Illustrates how nations utilize symbolic milestones (UN 80th) to amplify demands for structural multilateral reform.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [International Relations] — India calls for UN Security Council expansion
  India called for reforms to multilateralism and expansion of the UN Security Council to reflect current geopolitical realities. India's statement was made at the UN General Assembly Plenary on January 15, 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: India calls for UN Security Council expansion and reforms.

  Key Facts:

  • India supports reforming the Security Council so that it reflects contemporary geo-political realities
• 2025-12-25 [International Relations] — India Ready for Greater Role as UN Turns 80 Amid Global Crises
  As the UN marked its 80th anniversary in 2025 amidst global conflicts and financial crises, India expressed its readiness to assume a greater role, advocating for reformed multilateralism. External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar highlighted the UN's state of crisis and the erosion of its credibility due to resistance to reform, emphasizing India's willingness to take on greater responsibilities in an expanded UNSC.
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  UPSC Angle: India ready for greater UN role, advocating reformed multilateralism.

  Key Facts:

  • The UN marked its 80th anniversary in 2025.
  • India called for reformed multilateralism at the UN.
  • S Jaishankar stressed the UN is in a state of crisis at the UN General Assembly in September 2025.
  • India is ready to assume greater responsibilities in an expanded UNSC.
  • The US clawed back over USD 1 billion in funding to the UN in 2025.
  • The UN ended 2024 with USD 760 million in unpaid assessments.
  • The UN has yet to receive USD 877 million in contributions due for 2025, bringing total arrears to around USD 1.586 billion.
• 2025-11-24 [International Relations] — IBSA Summit 2025 Highlights UNSC Reforms
  At the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Leaders' Summit, the Prime Minister of India emphasized that United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reforms are no longer optional but a global imperative. India proposed institutionalizing an IBSA National Security Advisers (NSA)-level meeting to deepen trilateral security cooperation and stressed close coordination on counter-terrorism.
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  UPSC Angle: IBSA Summit 2025 highlights UNSC reforms.

  Key Facts:

  • India proposed IBSA National Security Advisers (NSA)-level meeting
  • India announced proposal for an IBSA Digital Innovation Alliance
  • Sharing of digital public infrastructure like UPI and CoWIN
  • Focus on Cybersecurity frameworks and Women-led technology initiatives
• 2025-11-14 [International Relations] — India Calls for UNSC Reform and Transparency
  India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Ambassador P. Harish, addressed the UNSC Open Debate on Working Methods, emphasizing the need to change the provisional status of the Security Council's Rules of Procedure, which remain provisional despite the UN's 80th anniversary. He advocated for a stronger voice for troop-contributing countries in mandate formulation for UN peacekeeping operations and cautioned against extending mandates that have outlived their utility. India supports expansion in both permanent and non-permanent categories, with better representation for under-represented regions achieved through time-bound, text-based negotiations.
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  UPSC Angle: India calls for UNSC reform and transparency.

  Key Facts:

  • Ambassador P. Harish is India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations.
  • The UNSC Open Debate on Working Methods took place on November 14, 2025.
  • India supports expansion in both permanent and non-permanent categories in UNSC.
  • India reiterated that troop- and police-contributing countries must have a stronger voice in mandate formulation.
• 2025-10-24 [International Relations] — UN Chief Advocates for Urgent Security Council Reform
  UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for immediate reform of the Security Council, including expanding its membership to give Africa a permanent voice, during an open debate commemorating the Council's 80th anniversary. He emphasized that this reform is essential for maintaining global order and safety.
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  UPSC Angle: UN Chief calls for Security Council reform, including African representation.

  Key Facts:

  • António Guterres
  • Security Council's 80th Anniversary
  • Expanding membership
  • Africa has no permanent voice

AYUSH System Observances and Institutional Milestones

Focus: Official days, festivals, and institutional anniversaries promoted by the Ministry of Ayush to highlight traditional medicine systems (Siddha, Ayurveda, Homeopathy).

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the government's promotion of the AYUSH sector, specific health observances, and the growth of institutes like AIIA.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-02 [Society & Culture] — 9th Siddha Day Celebrations
  The Ministry of Ayush will inaugurate the 9th Siddha Day celebrations on January 3, 2026, at Kalaivanar Arangam, Chennai, ahead of National Siddha Day (January 6), commemorating the birth anniversary of Sage Agathiyar, the father of Siddha medicine. Siddha is one of the six AYUSH systems, originating from the ancient Tamil civilization in South India, based on the balance of Uyir Thathukkal (Vatham, Pitham, Kabham) and the use of herbs, minerals, and metals.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • 9th Siddha Day celebrations on January 3, 2026, at Kalaivanar Arangam, Chennai.
  • Commemorates the birth anniversary of Sage Agathiyar.
  • Siddha is one of the six AYUSH systems.
  • Originates from the ancient Tamil civilization in South India.
  • Based on the balance of Uyir Thathukkal (Vatham, Pitham, Kabham).
  • Uses herbs, minerals, and metals.
• 2025-10-18 [Society & Culture] — All India Institute of Ayurveda Celebrates 9th Foundation Day
  The All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) celebrated its 9th Foundation Day at its New Delhi campus, marking its growth as a Centre of Excellence in Ayurvedic education, research, and patient care. Over nine years, AIIA has treated over 30 lakh patients, launched seven Health & Wellness Centres, and signed 73 national & international MoUs to promote global Ayurveda collaboration.
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  UPSC Angle: All India Institute of Ayurveda celebrates 9th Foundation Day.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: 9th Foundation Day
  • Institute: All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA)
  • Location: New Delhi campus
  • Patients Treated: Over 30 lakh
  • Health & Wellness Centres Launched: 7
  • MoUs Signed: 73 national & international
• 2025-09-23 [Schemes & Programs] — India Celebrates Ayurveda Day 2025
  The 10th edition of Ayurveda Day was celebrated on September 23, 2025, at the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), Goa, with outreach across India and 150+ countries. Key initiatives include the launch of 'Desh ka Swasthya Parikshan', the DRAVYA Portal, and the APTA Portal. The event aims to promote Ayurveda as a global public good, combining traditional knowledge with modern validation.
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  UPSC Angle: 10th edition of Ayurveda Day celebrated on September 23, 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • 10th edition of Ayurveda Day celebrated on September 23, 2025.
  • Celebration at All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), Goa.
  • Outreach across India and 150+ countries.
  • Key Launches: Desh ka Swasthya Parikshan, DRAVYA Portal, and APTA Portal.
  • National Dhanwantari Ayurveda Awards to promote excellence.
• 2025-05-15 [Society & Culture] — Ayurveda Day to be Observed on September 23
  From 2025 onwards, Ayurveda Day will be observed annually on 23rd September, coinciding with the autumnal equinox, symbolizing balance, which is core to Ayurvedic philosophy.
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  UPSC Angle: Ayurveda Day to be observed annually on September 23.

  Key Facts:

  • New Ayurveda Day Date: 23rd September
  • Coincides with autumnal equinox
  • Symbolizes balance, core to Ayurvedic philosophy
• 2025-04-10 [Society & Culture] — World Homeopathy Day 2025
  World Homeopathy Day is observed on April 10, marking the birth anniversary of Dr. Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy. The day aims to honor homeopathy's contributions to medicine and raise awareness about this alternative healing system. In India, the Ministry of AYUSH promotes awareness and research in homeopathy on this day.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Observed on April 10
  • Marks the birth anniversary of Dr. Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann
  • Homeopathy is based on the principle of “like cures like”
  • Ministry of AYUSH observes the day to promote awareness and research in homeopathy in India

UN 80th Anniversary and Reform Agenda

Focus: Diplomatic events, sessions, and policy statements surrounding the 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA80), specifically focusing on the anniversary theme and calls for structural reform.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the diplomatic narrative of the 'Global South' and India's specific demands for UNSC expansion during a milestone UN year.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-05 [International Relations] — India's Stance on UN Reforms and Global Crises
  As the UN turns 80 in 2025, India calls for reforms and expresses readiness to take on a greater role in an expanded UNSC. External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar highlighted the UN's state of crisis, pointing to conflicts, development setbacks, and human rights violations. India supports sustainable financing for the UN system and advocates for effective resource utilization.
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  UPSC Angle: India calls for UN reforms and greater UNSC role.

  Key Facts:

  • UN marks its 80th anniversary in 2025
  • India calls for UN reforms and greater role in expanded UNSC
  • S Jaishankar highlights UN's state of crisis
  • India supports sustainable UN financing
• 2025-10-24 [International Relations] — UN Day and 80th Anniversary
  October 24, 2025, marks the celebration of United Nations Day and the 80th anniversary of the UN's establishment. The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established to promote peace, security, human rights, and development across the world, comprising 193 member states.
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  UPSC Angle: October 24, 2025, marks UN Day and 80th anniversary.

  Key Facts:

  • October 24, 2025, marks the celebration of United Nations Day and the 80th anniversary of the UN's establishment
  • The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization
  • Promotes peace, security, human rights, and development
  • Comprises 193 member states
• 2025-09-22 [International Relations] — UN General Assembly convenes amidst global crises; India's role
  World leaders are convening at the UN General Assembly amidst conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and the Israel-Hamas war, along with challenges including climate change and inequality. The UN faces its own crises due to funding cuts, but Secretary-General Guterres is urging leaders to collaborate on solutions. External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will address the UNGA on September 27, as PM Modi will not be attending the session.
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  UPSC Angle: UN General Assembly convenes amidst global crises; India's role.

  Key Facts:

  • World leaders are convening at the UN General Assembly on September 22, 2025.
  • The UN's regular operating budget for 2026 needs to be cut by 15% to $3.2 billion.
  • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will address the UNGA on September 27.
  • The theme for the UNGA session is “Better together: 80 years and more for peace, development and human rights”.
• 2025-09-22 [International Relations] — 80th UN General Assembly Focuses on Global Challenges
  The 80th United Nations General Assembly (UNGA80) commenced on September 22, 2025, in New York, addressing pressing global challenges under the theme "Better together: 80 years and more for peace, development and human rights". World leaders are convening to discuss issues such as climate change, sustainable development goals (SDGs), nuclear disarmament, inequality, AI governance, and conflicts worldwide. The session marks the UN's 80th anniversary.
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  UPSC Angle: 80th UN General Assembly focuses on global challenges.

  Key Facts:

  • The 80th UN General Assembly (UNGA80) commenced on September 22, 2025.
  • The theme is "Better together: 80 years and more for peace, development and human rights".
  • The session marks the UN's 80th anniversary.

Evolution and Institutional Strengthening of the Legislative Speaker's Office

Focus: Items detailing the historical legacy, international diplomatic representation, and modern performance-evaluation initiatives led by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Presiding Officers.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding the constitutional role of the Speaker, the history of parliamentary democracy in India, and contemporary reforms to improve legislative efficiency.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [Polity & Governance] — National Legislative Index (NLI) to Assess Legislatures
  Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla announced the initiation of a National Legislative Index (NLI) at the 86th All India Presiding Officers Conference to objectively assess and compare the performance of Parliament and State Legislatures using predefined indicators. The NLI is a proposed performance-evaluation framework to objectively measure and compare the functioning of legislatures.
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  UPSC Angle: National Legislative Index (NLI) to assess legislatures.

• 2025-08-25 [History & Heritage] — All India Speakers' Conference Marks 100th Anniversary
  The All India Speakers' Conference was held in New Delhi, marking the 100th anniversary of Vitthalbhai Patel's election as the first Indian Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly. The Central Legislative Assembly (CLA) was the lower house of the Indian Legislature in British India, established by the Government of India Act 1919. Vitthalbhai Patel was born on 27 September 1873.
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  UPSC Angle: All India Speakers' Conference marks 100th anniversary.

  Key Facts:

  • Marks 100th anniversary of Vitthalbhai Patel's election
  • CLA established by the Government of India Act 1919
  • Vithalbhai Patel born on 27 September 1873
  • First Indian to hold the post of the President/Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925
• 2025-04-11 [International Relations] — Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Assembly
  Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla delivered the keynote address at the 150th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The IPU, established in 1889, serves as a global platform for national parliaments to promote democratic values and international cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: Lok Sabha Speaker addresses 150th Assembly of Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU).

  Key Facts:

  • Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla addressed 150th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
  • Location: Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  • IPU established in 1889
  • Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
  • Composed of 181 national Member Parliaments and 15 Associate Members
  • Motto: For democracy. For everyone
  • Founders: William Randal Cremer and Frederic Passy

Institutional Frameworks for Bilateral Economic Cooperation

Focus: Formal establishment or activation of bilateral institutional mechanisms like Joint Commissions, Committees, and strategic Roadmaps to structure economic ties.

UPSC Value: Understanding the institutional architecture of India's foreign trade policy and how bilateral mechanisms facilitate market access and resolve trade barriers.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-24 [International Relations] — India and Netherlands establish Joint Trade and Investment Committee
  India and the Netherlands have established the India–Netherlands Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC) to deepen bilateral trade, investment, and economic cooperation. The JTIC aims to identify and eliminate trade barriers while promoting two-way investments, particularly for MSMEs, and enhance cooperation in key sectors, including the transfer of technical know-how and technological innovation.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Netherlands established Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC).

  Key Facts:

  • India and the Netherlands established the India–Netherlands Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC).
• 2025-12-13 [International Relations] — India-Italy Joint Commission for Economic Cooperation
  India and Italy signed the protocol for the India–Italy Joint Commission for Economic Cooperation (JCEC), outlining a concrete roadmap for economic partnership. The trade between India and Italy is approximately 14 billion euros, with India exporting approximately 9 billion euros to Italy and importing approximately 5 billion euros.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Italy sign protocol for economic cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • India–Italy Joint Commission for Economic Cooperation (JCEC) protocol signed.
  • India-Italy trade is approximately 14 billion euros.
  • India exports approximately 9 billion euros to Italy.
  • India imports approximately 5 billion euros from Italy.
• 2025-03-04 [International Relations] — India-Australia Economic Ties Growing
  Trade relations between India and Australia have grown significantly, underpinned by the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA). Over the past five years, India's exports to Australia have increased by 66%, nearly double the global growth rate of India's exports at 35%. Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese launched the new Roadmap for Australia's Economic Engagement with India.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Australia trade relations growing due to ECTA.

  Key Facts:

  • India's exports to Australia have increased by 66% in the past five years
  • Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese launched the new Roadmap for Australia's Economic Engagement with India
  • Roadmap identifies four main sectors for growth: clean energy, education and skills, agribusiness, and tourism
  • Additional Sectors: investment, technology, sports, culture and arts, resources, defence, space, and health

India's Engagement with United Nations Specialized Frameworks

Focus: The items highlight the participation of Indian entities (cities and the national government) in specialized UN-led institutional frameworks, ranging from urban development networks (UNESCO, WHO) to global security missions (Peacekeeping).

UPSC Value: This grouping is significant for GS Paper 2 (International Relations) as it illustrates India's commitment to global standards and its multi-dimensional role within the UN's institutional architecture.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-09 [Society & Culture] — Saudi UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities
  UNESCO recognized Riyadh, AlUla, and Riyadh Al-Khabra for meeting global benchmarks of community-wide learning. Saudi's total GNLC membership is now 8 cities, aligning with Saudi Vision 2030 and the Human Capability Development Program. India has three GNLC cities (2022 cohort): Warangal (Telangana), Thrissur (Kerala), Nilambur (Kerala).
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  UPSC Angle: Saudi cities recognized by UNESCO for learning initiatives align with Vision 2030.

  Key Facts:

  • UNESCO recognized Riyadh, AlUla, and Riyadh Al-Khabra
  • Saudi's total GNLC membership: 8 cities
  • India has three GNLC cities (2022 cohort): Warangal (Telangana), Thrissur (Kerala), Nilambur (Kerala)
• 2025-10-12 [International Relations] — India and UN Peacekeeping
  India is a major contributor to the UN Peacekeeping Force. Each member state contributes according to an assessed scale, with the US and China being the main contributors. Currently, there are 11 peacekeeping operations led by the Department of Peace Operations, including the United Nations military observer group in India and Pakistan observing the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir.
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  UPSC Angle: India is a major contributor to the UN Peacekeeping Force.

  Key Facts:

  • US is the largest contributor
  • China is the second largest contributor
  • Japan is the third largest contributor
  • Germany is the fourth largest contributor
  • UK is the fifth largest contributor
  • United Nations military observer group in India and Pakistan observes the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir
• 2025-05-09 [Schemes & Programs] — Kozhikode Joins WHO Global Network for Age-friendly Cities
  Kozhikode city has received global recognition by becoming a member of the World Health Organization's Global Network for Age-friendly Cities and Communities (GNAFCC). This network focuses on making urban environments accessible and inclusive for older adults.
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  UPSC Angle: Kozhikode joins WHO Global Network for Age-friendly Cities.

  Key Facts:

  • Kozhikode is now a member of the WHO's Global Network for Age-friendly Cities and Communities (GNAFCC).
  • An age-friendly city ensures accessible public spaces, affordable housing, healthcare access, and social support.

Global and Domestic Institutionalization of Ayurveda

Focus: The systematic expansion of Ayurveda through international regulatory frameworks, specialized clinical research centers, and integration into mainstream healthcare infrastructure.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic promotion of Ayush as a component of India's soft power and its integration into the national healthcare and insurance ecosystem.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-16 [International Relations] — India-Brazil Partnership in Traditional Healthcare
  The Ambassador of India to Brazil, H.E. Shri Dinesh Bhatia, inaugurated a conference emphasizing the strengthening India–Brazil partnership in traditional healthcare. Discussions included ancestral healing knowledge, Ayurveda regulation in Brazil, and the expanding global relevance of traditional medicine systems.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Brazil partnership in traditional healthcare is strengthening.

  Key Facts:

  • Conference inaugurated by the Ambassador of India to Brazil, H.E. Shri Dinesh Bhatia.
  • Discussions included ancestral healing knowledge and Ayurveda regulation in Brazil.
• 2025-10-11 [Schemes & Programs] — All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA)
  The All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) is strengthening its efforts in integrating Ayush systems with mainstream healthcare by advancing insurance coverage and promoting evidence-based research. AIIA Director Prof. (Dr.) Pradeep Kumar Prajapati met with Prof. Bejon Kumar Misra and Dr. Sanjay Srivastava to discuss enhancing Ayush insurance schemes through the newly launched Project Management Unit (PMU) and fostering collaborative research with institutions like MRIIRS.
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  UPSC Angle: AIIA integrates Ayush systems with mainstream healthcare.

  Key Facts:

  • AIIA Director: Prof. (Dr.) Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
  • Focus: Integrating Ayush systems with mainstream healthcare
  • Newly launched: Project Management Unit (PMU)
• 2025-09-29 [Schemes & Programs] — India's First Integrative Oncology Centre at AIIA Goa
  India's first Integrative Oncology Research and Care Centre (IORCC) was inaugurated at the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) in Goa by the Ministry of Ayush. The inauguration occurred on the 10th National Ayurveda Day.
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  UPSC Angle: India's first Integrative Oncology Centre inaugurated at AIIA Goa.

  Key Facts:

  • Integrative Oncology Research and Care Centre (IORCC): First in India
  • Location: All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), Goa
  • Inaugurated by: Ministry of Ayush
  • Occasion: 10th National Ayurveda Day

Multilateral Institutional Engagement in National Health Governance

Focus: High-level interactions between multilateral organizations (WHO, World Bank) and national health ministries to establish policy frameworks, conduct diplomacy, and fund system-wide health service enhancements.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-layered nature of global health governance, where international treaties and diplomatic consultations inform and support national-level development projects and institutional capacity building.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-14 [International Relations] — Ministry of Health and World Bank Collaboration in Cambodia
  The Ministry of Health in Cambodia is collaborating with the World Bank to enhance health service quality.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Cambodia
  • Ministry of Health
  • World Bank
  • Enhance health service quality
• 2025-05-23 [International Relations] — Meeting between the Minister of Health and Mass Media and the Director-General of the World Health Organization
  On May 23, 2025, a meeting took place in Geneva, Switzerland, between the Minister of Health and Mass Media and the Director-General of the World Health Organization.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • May 23, 2025
  • Minister of Health and Mass Media
  • Director-General of the World Health Organization
  • Geneva, Switzerland
• 2025-05-22 [International Relations] — WHO Adopts Pandemic Agreement
  The World Health Assembly formally adopted the WHO Pandemic Agreement, a global treaty designed to improve preparedness and ensure equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics during future pandemics. The treaty aims to build a coordinated global response mechanism and becomes enforceable once ratified by 60 countries.
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  UPSC Angle: World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Pandemic Agreement.

  Key Facts:

  • Adopted by the World Health Assembly on May 22, 2025
  • A legally binding international treaty under Article 19 of the WHO Constitution
  • Second such treaty after the 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
  • Aims to ensure equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics
  • Requires ratification by 60 countries to become enforceable
  • Adopted by 124 countries, with 11 abstentions

Global Institutionalization and Diplomatic Promotion of Yoga

Focus: The items track the transition of Yoga from a cultural practice to a standardized global health benchmark and a formal tool for bilateral and multilateral diplomacy.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the strategic use of soft power and cultural diplomacy in India's foreign policy and its influence on global health governance.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-09 [International Relations] — UAE to Establish India House in Abu Dhabi
  The UAE plans to establish an India House in Abu Dhabi to promote cultural ties, art, student exchanges, and shared history. The UAE also aims to declare yoga as a competitive sport.
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  UPSC Angle: UAE to establish India House in Abu Dhabi to promote cultural ties.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Abu Dhabi
  • Purpose: to promote cultural ties, art, student exchanges, and shared history
  • UAE aims to declare yoga as a competitive sport
  • Second Joint Steering Committee Meeting of the India-UAE Cultural Council (October 8-9) focused on youth engagement, sports, education, tourism, archival collaboration, and arts/academic exchanges
• 2025-08-31 [Society & Culture] — WHO, India to draft global benchmarks for yoga practice
  The World Health Organization (WHO) and India will jointly draft global benchmarks for yoga practice. This initiative aims to standardize yoga practices worldwide.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO, India to draft global benchmarks for yoga practice.

  Key Facts:

  • WHO
  • India
  • global benchmarks for yoga practice
• 2025-06-21 [Society & Culture] — PM Modi promotes yoga for global harmony
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the role of yoga in guiding the world towards cooperation and solutions, advocating it as a tool to achieve balance and wholeness. He made these remarks on the 11th International Day of Yoga.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Narendra Modi: Prime Minister of India
  • Event: 11th International Day of Yoga
  • Statement: Yoga should guide the world from conflict to cooperation and from stress to solutions

Global Validation of Indian Healthcare Achievements

Focus: Instances where Indian healthcare initiatives or sectors received specific recognition from international bodies or global markets.

UPSC Value: Provides concrete examples of India's growing soft power and adherence to global standards in the health sector (GS-2/GS-3).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-03 [Schemes & Programs] — Ministry of Health Sets Guinness World Records in Women's Health Campaign
  The Union Health Ministry achieved three Guinness World Records under the 'Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan' (SNSPA) campaign, recognizing India's commitment to preventive and women-centric healthcare. The records include most registrations for a health platform in one month (3.21 crore), most breast cancer screenings signed up online in one week (9.94 lakh), and most vital signs screenings signed up online in one week at the state level (1.25 lakh).
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  UPSC Angle: Health Ministry sets Guinness World Records in women's health campaign.

  Key Facts:

  • 3 Guinness World Records achieved under 'Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan' (SNSPA)
  • Most people to register for a health care platform in one month: 3,21,49,711 (Over 3.21 Crore)
  • Most people to sign up for a breast cancer screening online in one week: 9,94,349 (Over 9.94 lakh)
  • Most people to sign up for vital signs screening online in one week (at state level): 1,25,406 (Over 1.25 lakh)
• 2025-09-23 [Economy] — Transformation of India's AYUSH Sector
  India's AYUSH sector has seen significant growth, driven by over 92,000 MSMEs. Manufacturing has risen from ₹21,697 crore (2014–15) to over ₹1.37 lakh crore, while services generated ₹1.67 lakh crore. Exports of AYUSH and herbal products worth $1.54 billion reach 150+ countries, and Ayurveda gains formal recognition abroad.
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  UPSC Angle: India's AYUSH sector has seen significant growth.

  Key Facts:

  • Over 92,000 MSMEs in the AYUSH sector
  • Manufacturing rose from ₹21,697 crore (2014–15) to over ₹1.37 lakh crore
  • Services generated ₹1.67 lakh crore
  • Exports of AYUSH products worth $1.54 billion to 150+ countries
  • Ayurveda gains formal recognition abroad
• 2025-05-31 [Schemes & Programs] — India Receives WHO Certification for Trachoma Elimination
  India received the Certification of Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem by the WHO. The certification was presented by Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General (DG) of WHO during the WHA 78.
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  UPSC Angle: India receives WHO certification for Trachoma elimination.

  Key Facts:

  • India certified for trachoma elimination by WHO.
  • Certification presented by Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

Institutional Observance of Global Health and Wellness Days

Focus: Events organized by various Indian national and military bodies to commemorate designated international health days, specifically International Day of Yoga and World Homoeopathy Day.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper II (Social Justice and Health) regarding the promotion of traditional medicine systems and the role of public institutions in health advocacy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-21 [Society & Culture] — NMC Organizes Yoga Event
  The National Medical Commission (NMC) organized a Yoga event on Saturday, 21st June 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Yoga event organized by NMC on June 21, 2025
• 2025-06-21 [Defense & Security] — INS Teg Celebrates International Day of Yoga
  INS Teg commemorated International Day of Yoga through a joint yoga session involving Indian Navy personnel, the NCG, and members of the Indian diaspora.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • INS Teg commemorated International Day of Yoga on June 21, 2025
  • Joint yoga session involved Indian Navy personnel, the NCG, and members of the Indian diaspora
• 2025-04-10 [Schemes & Programs] — World Homoeopathy Day 2025 Convention
  The World Homoeopathy Day 2025 Convention will be inaugurated on April 10th in Gandhinagar, with the theme 'Education, Practice, and Research,' and is expected to host around 10,000 delegates.
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  UPSC Angle: World Homoeopathy Day 2025 Convention theme: Education, Practice, and Research.

  Key Facts:

  • World Homoeopathy Day 2025 Convention
  • April 10th
  • Gandhinagar
  • theme 'Education, Practice, and Research'
  • 10,000 delegates

Ministerial Oversight of Economic Institutional Frameworks

Focus: A series of high-level institutional engagements by the Union Finance Minister focused on enhancing the administrative, digital, and financial frameworks of the Indian economy.

UPSC Value: It provides a comprehensive view of the Finance Ministry's role in strengthening India's economic architecture through investment oversight, data-driven policy tools, and enforcement infrastructure.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-10 [Economy] — Finance Minister Chairs 6th NIIF Governing Council Meeting
  Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman chaired the 6th meeting of the Governing Council of the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) in New Delhi. The meeting reviewed fund performance, strategic partnerships, and new fund launches. NIIF's Assets Under Management (AUM) have exceeded ₹30,000 crore, catalysing additional capital worth ₹1.17 lakh crore.
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  UPSC Angle: Finance Minister chairs 6th NIIF Governing Council Meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • Nirmala Sitharaman
  • 6th meeting
  • Governing Council
  • National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)
  • New Delhi
  • Assets Under Management (AUM)
  • ₹30,000 crore
  • US$4.9 billion
  • additional capital
  • ₹1.17 lakh crore
• 2025-06-04 [Economy] — Finance Minister Inaugurates New DRI Headquarters
  Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurated the new headquarters building of the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) in New Delhi. Sitharaman emphasized DRI’s critical role in safeguarding India from threats such as smuggling, drug trafficking, and illicit trade.
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  UPSC Angle: Finance Minister inaugurates new DRI Headquarters.

  Key Facts:

  • Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurated the new headquarters of the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) in New Delhi.
  • The Minister described DRI as the key guardian of India's economic frontier.
• 2025-04-03 [Economy] — Launch of NITI NCAER States Economic Forum Portal
  The Union Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, launched the "NITI NCAER States Economic Forum " portal. Developed by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), the portal serves as a data repository on state-level social, economic, and fiscal indicators from 1990-91 to 2032-23.
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  UPSC Angle: Launch of NITI NCAER States Economic Forum portal.

  Key Facts:

  • NITI NCAER States Economic Forum Portal
  • Developed by NITI Aayog and NCAER
  • Covers data from 1990-91 to 2032-23