India's Multilateral Strategic Leadership 2025: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The 2025-2026 diplomatic calendar signifies India’s transition from a participant in global governance to a 'rule-maker' and institutional leader. Across the 18 threads, there is a clear shift from passive non-alignment to active 'Vishwa Bandhu' (global friend) diplomacy, where India simultaneously leads the Asian Productivity Organization (APO), hosts the Quad, and asserts strategic autonomy in the SCO by refusing joint statements that compromise national security (Pahalgam attack). This period represents the operationalization of 'Multi-alignment' in a polarized world.

Cross-Theme Insight

When viewed together, these threads reveal a 'Double-Pivot' strategy: a geographical pivot toward the 'Global South' (African outreach and Arab League deepening) and an institutional pivot toward 'Specialized Governance' (UN-GGIM Co-chair, UPU leadership, and APO chairmanship). Unlike earlier years where bilateralism was the focus, 2025 shows India using multilateral platforms (like the SCO and Quad) to institutionalize its specific security concerns (counter-terrorism) and economic projects (IMEC), effectively merging regional interests with global frameworks.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like Rajiv Ahir's *Spectrum* (p. 795) describe India’s Quad participation primarily as a 'strategic autonomy' tool against China. However, 2025 reality (Thread 16) shows a recalibration where the partnership faces 'transactional friction' and 'aid cuts,' shifting the focus from purely security-based cooperation to economic burden-sharing. Furthermore, while NCERT's *Contemporary World Politics* (p. 57) focuses on India’s support for UN 'restructuring,' the 2026 data shows India moving toward 'Fiscal Responsibility' as a tool for influence, demonstrated by its prompt $35.187 million payment and inclusion in the UN 'Honour Roll.'

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'Look East/West' to 'Act and Institutionalize.' In 2025-2026, India is no longer just visiting nations but signing 'Strategic Action Plans' (Thread 14) and assuming chairmanships (APO, UN-GGIM) to set global agendas for the next decade.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Recent exams show a high frequency of questions on regional groupings and connectivity. CDS-I 2022 (NID 13005) tested the 'Middle-East Quad' (I2U2), while IAS 2025 (NID 6301) focused on the INSTC corridor, mirroring current threads on IMEC (Thread 8). There is a shift from asking about basic membership (as in CDS-II 2024, NID 14761) to asking about strategic initiatives like SAGAR (CAPF 2024, NID 17341).

Probable Prelims Angles

• India's 2025 Chairmanship of the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and Green Productivity 2.0.
• Details of the IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor) as a 'strategic imperative'.
• India's inclusion in the UN 'Honour Roll' (February 2026) for prompt dues payment.
• The specific theme of Raisina Dialogue 2025: 'Kalachakra' (Wheel of Time).
• Morocco as the only African country with both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines (Thread 11 context).

Mains Answer Framework

• India's 2025-2026 diplomatic engagements signify the rise of a 'Leading Power' that balances strategic rivalries through institutional leadership and Global South advocacy.
• Institutional Leadership: Detail India’s roles in APO, UN-GGIM, and UPU as evidence of 'Rule-shaping'.. Geopolitical Balancing: Contrast the participation in the 25th SCO Summit (Tianjin) with the Washington Quad Foreign Ministers' meet.. Strategic Corridors: Use IMEC and the India-Jordan Business Forum as examples of 'Diplomacy for Development'.
• Conclude by stating that India's 'Vishwa Bandhu' approach is not just a slogan but a structural recalibration of global governance to be more inclusive and multi-polar.

Essay Connections

• Multilateralism in a Fragmented World: Use India’s SCO/Quad balancing act as a case study.
• Africa: The New Frontier of Indian Diplomacy: Use the 2025 five-nation tour and submarine cooperation with South Africa as evidence.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Laxmikanth Chapter 88 to understand the principles of Non-Alignment/Multi-alignment. Then, use the 2025 threads to see how these principles are applied—specifically focusing on how India refuses joint statements (Thread 10) to protect national interests.

Textbook Roadmap

• Rajiv Ahir. SPECTRUM. Chapter 39: Foreign Relations (p. 794-795). Threads 4, 8, and 9 (Look West and Quad balancing).. Sections on 'Act East Policy' and 'Relations with West Asia'.
• NCERT Class XII: Contemporary World Politics. Chapter 4 (p. 57-60). Threads 5, 11, and 17 (UN Reforms and India’s leadership).. India and the UN Reforms.
• M. Laxmikanth. Indian Polity (7th ed.). Chapter 88 (p. 611). Threads 3 and 10 (SCO and Central Asia).. Connect Central Asia Policy.

Revision Bullets

• UN Dues 2026: USD 35.187 million paid within 30 days (1.016% share).
• SCO 2025: 25th Summit in Tianjin, China; India refused joint statement at Defence meet (Pahalgam attack).
• APO Chairmanship: 2025-2026 term; focus on Green Productivity 2.0.
• India-Arab Trade Goal: Double bilateral trade with Jordan to $5 billion in 5 years.
• UN-GGIM Co-chair: India elected for the 2025-2028 term for Asia-Pacific.
• Morocco MoU: Signed in September 2025 for strategic defense alliance.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (18 themes, 81 news items)

India-Arab League Strategic & Diplomatic Deepening

Focus: A concerted series of high-level engagements, military pacts, and cultural agreements between India and Arab League member states in 2025-2026.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the 'Look West' policy in action, showing how India balances strategic partnerships, defense cooperation, and cultural soft power across the Arab world.

9 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [International Relations] — India-Arab League Cooperation
  India hosted the second India-Arab League meeting in New Delhi. The Arab League is a regional body of 22 member countries founded in Egypt in 1945, aiming to coordinate cultural and mutual interests.
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  UPSC Angle: India hosted the second India-Arab League meeting in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: India-Arab League Meeting
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Arab League members: 22
  • Founded: 1945
  • Location of founding: Egypt
• 2026-01-30 [International Relations] — India to host second India-Arab Foreign Ministers meeting
  India hosted the second India-Arab Foreign Ministers meeting on January 30, 2026, ahead of PM Modi's expected visit to Israel, reflecting India's efforts to balance relations with both the Arab world and Israel. Palestine's Foreign Minister Varsen Aghabekian Shahin attended the meeting, requesting India's contribution to Gaza Strip's reconstruction.
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  UPSC Angle: India hosted the second India-Arab Foreign Ministers meeting.

  Key Facts:

  • The 2nd India–Arab Foreign Ministers' Meeting is held on Jan 30–31, 2026, in New Delhi.
  • Arab region supplies ~60% of India's crude oil, 70% of natural gas, and >50% of fertilisers.
  • UAE has strategic oil storage in India ($400 million).
  • Qatar LNG deal (2024): 7.5 million tonnes/year for 20 years.
  • ADNOC–IOC LNG contract (2023): 1.2 MTPA for 14 years.
  • The 2nd India-Arab Foreign Ministers' Meeting (IAFMM) will be held on January 31, 2026.
  • The meeting will be held in New Delhi.
  • India is hosting the IAFMM for the first time.
  • The meeting will be co-chaired by India and the UAE.
  • Foreign Ministers of Arab League Member States and the Arab League Secretary General will participate.
  • The first meeting was held in Bahrain in 2016.
  • Five priority verticals of cooperation: economy, energy, education, media, and culture were identified.
  • 2nd India-Arab Foreign Ministers Meeting (IAFMM) on January 31, 2026.
  • To be held in New Delhi.
  • Co-chaired by India and the UAE.
  • First meeting was held in 2016 in Bahrain.
  • Five priority verticals: economy, energy, education, media and culture.
  • India hosted the second India-Arab Foreign Ministers meeting on January 30, 2026
  • PM Modi expected to visit Israel later in January 2026
  • Palestine's Foreign Minister Varsen Aghabekian Shahin attended the meeting
• 2025-12-16 [International Relations] — PM Modi Addresses India-Jordan Business Forum
  Prime Minister Modi and King Abdullah II of Jordan jointly addressed the India-Jordan Business Forum, promoting enhanced economic cooperation, including doubling bilateral trade to $5 billion over 5 years. Discussions also covered education, logistics, transport, and railroad infrastructure, with a focus on people-to-people exchanges and research. A cultural exchange program for 2025-29 was finalized, along with a twinship agreement between Petra and the Allora caves of Maharashtra to promote social relations, tourism, and culture.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Jordan Business Forum aims to double bilateral trade to $5B.

  Key Facts:

  • India and Jordan formalised diplomatic relations in 1950
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Jordan in December 2025, after a gap of 37 years
  • India is Jordan's third-largest trading partner
  • Total India-Jordan trade reached US$ 2.875 billion in FY 2023–24, with India's exports to Jordan amounting to US$ 1,465 billion
  • Five memoranda of understanding were finalized covering culture, renewable energy, water management, digital public infrastructure and a twinning arrangement between the historic sites of Petra and Ellora
  • Modi proposed enhancing bilateral trade to $5 billion over the next five years
  • Prime Minister Modi
  • King Abdullah II of Jordan
  • India-Jordan Business Forum
  • Bilateral trade target: $5 billion over 5 years
  • Cultural Exchange Program: 2025-29
  • Twinship agreement: Petra and Allora caves
  • PM Modi's visit marked the 75th anniversary of India–Jordan diplomatic relations (1950–2025).
  • Five MoUs were signed covering renewable energy, water management, culture, digital solutions, and heritage twinning (Petra–Ellora).
  • India proposed bilateral trade target of USD 5 billion in 5 years.
• 2025-11-24 [International Relations] — Joint Military Cooperation Between India and Oman
  The 13th edition of the Joint Military Cooperation Committee (JMCC) between India and Oman was held in New Delhi on November 24, 2025, highlighting Oman's position as India's closest defense partner in the Gulf region. Oman is the first Gulf nation with which all three wings of India's armed forces conduct joint exercises.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Oman hold 13th Joint Military Cooperation Committee.

  Key Facts:

  • Joint Military Cooperation Committee (JMCC)
  • New Delhi
  • November 24, 2025
  • Indian Coast Guard (ICG)
  • Royal Oman Police Coast Guard (ROPCG)
  • Muscat
  • April 29–30, 2025
  • Director General S. Paramesh
  • Colonel Abdul Aziz Al Jabari
• 2025-11-10 [International Relations] — India and Saudi Arabia Sign MoU on Cultural Cooperation
  On November 10, 2025, India's Union Minister of Culture and Tourism, Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, signed a bilateral MoU on Cultural Cooperation with H.H. Prince Badr Bin Abdullah Bin Farhan Al Saud, the Saudi Minister of Culture, in Riyadh. This agreement aims to promote cultural exchange and strengthen bilateral relations between the two countries.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Saudi Arabia sign MoU on Cultural Cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU signing date: November 10, 2025
  • Signatories: Gajendra Singh Shekhawat (India), H.H. Prince Badr Bin Abdullah Bin Farhan Al Saud (Saudi Arabia)
  • Purpose: Cultural Cooperation
  • Location: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• 2025-10-17 [International Relations] — Secretary, Ministry of Minority Affairs Meeting with Saudi Arabia
  Secretary, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, Dr. Chandra Shekhar Kumar, held a meeting with H.E. Dr. Abdulfattah bin Sulaiman Mashat, Vice Minister, Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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  UPSC Angle: Secretary, Ministry of Minority Affairs meeting with Saudi Arabia.

  Key Facts:

  • Dr. Chandra Shekhar Kumar, Secretary, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India
  • H.E. Dr. Abdulfattah bin Sulaiman Mashat, Vice Minister, Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• 2025-09-23 [International Relations] — India and Morocco Sign Defence Cooperation
  India and Morocco have signed a Defence Cooperation Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to boost strategic alliance. Morocco borders Algeria to the east and southeast, Western Sahara to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and is the only African country with coastal exposure to both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Morocco sign Defence Cooperation MoU.

  Key Facts:

  • India and Morocco sign Defence Cooperation MoU
  • Morocco borders Algeria, Western Sahara, Atlantic Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea
  • Only African country with Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines
  • The MoU was signed on September 22, 2025.
  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced the opening of a new Defence Wing at the Embassy of India in Rabat.
  • The MoU establishes an institutional framework for expanding ties, including collaboration in the defence industry, joint exercises, military training and capacity building.
  • Areas of cooperation include counter-terrorism, maritime security, cyber defence, peacekeeping operations, military medicine and expert exchanges.
• 2025-09-12 [International Relations] — India Backs UN Resolution for Two-State Solution in Palestine
  India voted in favor of a UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the 'New York Declaration' for a peaceful settlement of the Palestine issue and the implementation of a two-state solution. The resolution, introduced by France, received overwhelming support, with 142 nations voting in favor, 10 against, and 12 abstentions.
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  UPSC Angle: India backs UN resolution for two-state solution in Palestine.

  Key Facts:

  • India voted in favor of a UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the 'New York Declaration'.
  • The resolution supports the implementation of the two-state solution for Palestine.
  • France introduced the resolution.
  • 142 nations voted in favor.
  • 10 nations voted against, including Argentina, Hungary, Israel, and the US.
  • 12 nations abstained.
  • The 'New York Declaration' was circulated at a high-level international conference held in July at the UN headquarters and co-chaired by France and Saudi Arabia.
• 2025-09-10 [International Relations] — India-UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Reviewed
  Foreign Secretary Shri Vikram Misri met with Her Excellency Reem Al Hashimy, UAE Minister of State for International Cooperation, in New Delhi to review the India-UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. They discussed various sectors of bilateral cooperation, including political, trade & investment, energy, defense and security, education, consular, culture, and people-to-people ties, and exchanged views on global and regional issues.
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  UPSC Angle: India-UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership reviewed.

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting held on September 10, 2025, in New Delhi.
  • Participants: Foreign Secretary Shri Vikram Misri and UAE Minister of State for International Cooperation, Her Excellency Reem Al Hashimy.
  • Bilateral trade between India and the UAE stood at $100.05 billion for FY 2024-25.
  • A vibrant Indian diaspora of over 4.3 million resides in the UAE.

India's Strategic Diplomacy and Policy Priorities in the SCO (2025-2026)

Focus: Items tracking India's participation across the 2025-2026 SCO cycle, including its role as host, its transition to the Chinese and Kyrgyz chairmanships, and its specific focus on counter-terrorism and regional connectivity.

UPSC Value: Understanding India's engagement with Eurasian multilateralism and its use of international forums to institutionalize national security concerns like cross-border terrorism is vital for the International Relations syllabus.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — Kyrgyzstan to Chair 2026 SCO Summit
  Kyrgyzstan will assume the chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2026, with the next summit scheduled to take place in Bishkek. The lakeside city of Cholpon-Ata has been designated the SCO's tourism and cultural capital for 2025-2026.
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  UPSC Angle: Kyrgyzstan to Chair 2026 SCO Summit.

  Key Facts:

  • Kyrgyzstan will assume the chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2026.
  • The next SCO summit is scheduled to take place in 2026 in Bishkek.
  • Cholpon-Ata has been designated the SCO's tourism and cultural capital for 2025-2026.
• 2026-01-28 [International Relations] — SCO Activities and Cooperation
  India maintains close relationships with Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) countries, based on mutual trust and goodwill. India was granted full membership in 2017 and has been actively participating in SCO activities.
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  UPSC Angle: India's relationship and activities within the SCO.

  Key Facts:

  • First meeting of the Council of National Coordinators (CNC) for 2026 opened in Beijing
  • Kyrgyz Republic is chairing the SCO in 2026
  • The theme of the 2023 SCO Summit was 'Towards a SECURE SCO'
  • Members endorsed creating an SCO Development Bank
• 2026-01-23 [International Relations] — 25th SCO Summit Held in Tianjin, China with Indian Participation
  The 25th summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is being held in Tianjin, China, with participation from India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The theme of the summit is “Upholding the Shanghai Spirit: SCO on the Move”, with China declaring 2025 as the “SCO Year of Sustainable Development”.
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  UPSC Angle: 25th SCO Summit held in Tianjin, China with Indian participation.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: 25th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit
  • Location: Tianjin, China
  • Host: China, President Xi Jinping chairs
  • Theme: “Upholding the Shanghai Spirit: SCO on the Move”
  • India's Participation: Prime Minister Narendra Modi attending
• 2025-10-18 [International Relations] — Discussion of the SCO and BRICS
  China suggests that India and China can together provide alternatives in global governance through the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and BRICS.
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  UPSC Angle: SCO and BRICS as alternatives in global governance.

  Key Facts:

  • China
  • India
  • SCO
  • BRICS
• 2025-09-01 [International Relations] — India at the 25th SCO Summit in Tianjin
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in the 25th Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in Tianjin, China, where discussions focused on SCO Development Strategy, global governance reforms, counter-terrorism, and economic cooperation. Modi emphasized India's commitment to strengthening cooperation under the SCO framework through Security, Connectivity, and Opportunity, and called for decisive action against terrorism, terror financing, and radicalization. He also proposed a Civilizational Dialogue Forum to enhance cultural understanding and welcomed centers dealing with organized crime and cyber security.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Modi participated in the 25th SCO Summit in Tianjin.

  Key Facts:

  • The 25th SCO Summit took place in Tianjin, China from August 31 to September 1, 2025.
  • India seeks greater action under the three pillars – Security, Connectivity and Opportunity.
  • India supports projects like Chabahar port and the International North-South Transport Corridor.
  • Modi proposed commencing a Civilizational Dialogue Forum within the SCO.
  • The SCO members condemned the Pahalgam terror attack that occurred on April 22.
  • SCO leaders
  • No double standards on terrorism will be acceptable
  • terrorism in all its forms and colours should be opposed
  • China is hosting the SCO summit
  • Tianjin Declaration will focus on working together, supporting SCO's growth, and protecting peace in the region
  • PM Modi met Chinese President Xi Jinping at the SCO Summit in Tianjin
  • India and China share a 3,488 km long border that is not clearly demarcated
  • The boundary is divided into three sectors: Western Sector (Ladakh), Middle Sector (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), and Eastern Sector
  • Both sides expressed satisfaction with disengagement achieved in 2023
  • Plans for direct flights and easier visa facilities, Revival of Kailash Mansarovar Yatra and tourist exchanges were discussed
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi redefined the SCO as Security, Connectivity and Opportunity
  • PM Modi raised the issue of the terrorist attack in Pahalgam
  • The Registrar General of India (RGI) has sought a Rs 14,618.95-crore budget to conduct the Census 2027
• 2025-07-03 [International Relations] — India to host SCO summit
  India is scheduled to host the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit in New Delhi on July 3–4. The agenda is expected to focus on counter-terrorism, stability in Afghanistan, and connectivity efforts. Russian President Vladimir Putin is expected to attend.
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  UPSC Angle: India to host SCO summit focusing on counter-terrorism and connectivity.

  Key Facts:

  • India will host the SCO Summit in New Delhi on July 3–4.
  • The summit will focus on counter-terrorism, Afghan stability, and connectivity efforts.
  • Russian President Vladimir Putin is expected to visit.
• 2025-06-28 [International Relations] — India's strong stance against terrorism at SCO Summit 2025
  At the SCO summit 2025 in Qingdao, China, India's Defence Minister refused to sign the joint statement at the Defence Ministers' meeting due to the omission of the Pahalgam terror attack, highlighting India's commitment to combating terrorism and strategic autonomy. The move underscores India's zero-tolerance policy toward terrorism and its commitment to shared principles and mutual respect in international relations.
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  UPSC Angle: India's stance against terrorism at SCO Summit 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • India refused to endorse the joint declaration at the SCO Defence Ministers' meeting in China.
  • The meeting was hosted by Beijing in Qingdao.
  • India objected to the omission of references to terrorism.
  • India pushed for including terrorism concerns, but one country blocked the consensus.
  • The Pahalgam terror attack on April 22 was omitted from the statement.
  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh represented India.
  • India declined to sign the joint statement at the SCO Defence Ministers' Meeting 2025.
  • The meeting took place in Qingdao, China.
  • The reasons were the omission of the Pahalgam terror attack and the inclusion of Balochistan-related concerns.
  • India demanded stronger language against state-sponsored cross-border terrorism.
  • India's Defence Minister refused to sign the joint statement at the SCO summit 2025 Defence Ministers' meeting in Qingdao, China.
  • The joint statement omitted the mention of the Pahalgam terror attack.
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) has ten full member states: India, China, Russia, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, and Belarus.
• 2025-04-11 [International Relations] — SCO Discusses Investment Promotion
  From April 9-11, 2025, the 9th meeting of the Joint Working Group (JWG) of SCO member states on investment promotion and the Conference on Industrial Cooperation for Sustainable Development "China-SCO" took place in Tianjin, China. Participants discussed deepening regional investment cooperation, mechanisms for coordinating investment policies, and creating a comfortable environment for cross-border investments.
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  UPSC Angle: SCO discusses investment promotion and industrial cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • The 9th meeting of the Joint Working Group (JWG) of SCO member states on investment promotion took place from April 9-11, 2025.
  • The meeting was held in Tianjin, China.
  • Deputy Secretary-General of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Sohail Khan, participated in the meeting.
  • Representatives from Belarus, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan participated.
  • Representatives from India and Pakistan joined online.

India's 2025 Strategic Diversification in Africa

Focus: India's shift towards specialized, multi-sectoral partnerships in Africa, spanning maritime security, trilateral trade corridors, biodiversity, and educational diplomacy.

UPSC Value: Analyzes the evolution of India's 'Look Africa' policy from general trade to strategic depth, regional security cooperation, and institutional capacity building.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-24 [International Relations] — India's Africa Policy Focuses on Energy Security and Sea Lanes
  India's Africa policy plays a key role in ensuring energy security and the safety of sea lanes for trade, particularly with Nigeria and Mozambique. Securing sea lanes, enhancing maritime domain awareness, and strengthening capacity-building with littoral states are extensions of energy policy. Nigeria has been among India's top crude suppliers, with bilateral trade between the two countries hovering at $11–15 billion annually.
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  UPSC Angle: India's Africa policy focuses on energy security and sea lanes.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Africa policy focuses on energy security and sea lanes
  • Engagement with Nigeria and Mozambique is key
  • Nigeria is among India's top crude suppliers
  • Bilateral trade between India and Nigeria: $11–15 billion annually
• 2025-12-15 [International Relations] — India-Ethiopia Relations
  India and Ethiopia maintain long-term collaboration in tele-education, with cooperation from IIT Delhi and many Ethiopian students pursuing studies in India through government-funded programs.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Ethiopia maintain long-term collaboration in tele-education.

  Key Facts:

  • Collaboration: tele-education
  • Partner: IIT Delhi
  • Details: many Ethiopian students pursuing studies in India through government-funded programs
  • 1956: India supported the establishment of the Harar Military Academy in Ethiopia
• 2025-11-26 [International Relations] — India and Southern Africa Strengthening Biodiversity Cooperation
  The Parks & Biodiversity Partnership program is supported by AFD to strengthen biodiversity cooperation between India and Southern Africa.
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  UPSC Angle: Parks & Biodiversity Partnership strengthens biodiversity cooperation between India and Southern Africa.

  Key Facts:

  • Parks & Biodiversity Partnership program.
  • Supported by AFD.
  • Focus on biodiversity cooperation between India and Southern Africa.
• 2025-08-19 [International Relations] — India-Africa-UAE (IAU) Trilateral Framework
  Against the backdrop of BRICS 2026 in India, a stronger India–Africa–UAE (IAU) trilateral framework is emerging with the entry of new members including the UAE, Egypt, and Ethiopia in the group. This partnership aims to strengthen economic cooperation and connectivity, particularly in trade, investment, and infrastructure development.
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  UPSC Angle: Emergence of stronger India–Africa–UAE (IAU) trilateral framework.

  Key Facts:

  • Framework: India-Africa-UAE (IAU) trilateral
  • New members: UAE, Egypt, and Ethiopia
  • Focus: Strengthening economic cooperation and connectivity
  • Areas: Trade, investment, and infrastructure development
  • Initiative: Bharat Africa Setu, conceptualised in 2025, launched by India and DP World (UAE) to double India–Africa trade by leveraging logistics, export finance, and certification services
• 2025-06-25 [International Relations] — India-South Africa Submarine Cooperation Agreements
  India and South Africa signed two agreements in the domain of submarine cooperation during the 9th Joint Defence Committee (JDC) meeting held in Johannesburg, South Africa. Cooperation with South Africa enhances India's reach across the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, bolstering its blue-water naval presence. The agreements also enhance training, surveillance, and joint R&D to address threats like piracy and trafficking.
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  UPSC Angle: India-South Africa submarine cooperation agreements signed.

  Key Facts:

  • Agreements signed: Two agreements in submarine cooperation
  • Meeting: 9th Joint Defence Committee (JDC) meeting
  • Location: Johannesburg, South Africa
  • Benefits: Enhances naval presence in Indian and Atlantic Oceans
  • Cooperation areas: Training, surveillance, joint R&D
  • Threats addressed: Piracy, trafficking, strategic rivalries
  • Agreements: Two agreements on submarine cooperation
  • Focus: Blue-water naval presence, training, surveillance, joint R&D
  • Shared Security Beyond Submarines: These agreements bolster not just rescue, but also training, surveillance, and joint R&D—a key to addressing threats like piracy, trafficking, and strategic rivalries
• 2025-05-28 [International Relations] — EAM's address at Africa Day Celebrations
  External Affairs Minister (EAM) addressed the Africa Day Celebrations, emphasizing India's commitment to partnering with African nations, driven by principles of open sea lanes, zero tolerance for terrorism, and peace building. India is Africa's fourth-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade of nearly US$ 100 billion and investments of nearly US$ 75 billion across the continent.
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  UPSC Angle: EAM addresses Africa Day, emphasizing partnership and open sea lanes.

  Key Facts:

  • India is Africa's fourth-largest trading partner
  • Bilateral trade of nearly US$ 100 billion
  • Indian companies have invested nearly US$ 75 billion in Africa
  • Recent transitions from SAGAR to MAHASAGAR
  • Launch of AIKEYME 2025
  • 3.5 million strong Indian diaspora in Africa has played a vital role as a living bridge

India's Strategic Engagement with the United Nations (2025-2026)

Focus: A comprehensive view of India's multifaceted contributions to the UN system, encompassing financial dues, development funding for the Global South, and extensive peacekeeping operations.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing India's role as a responsible global stakeholder and its soft power diplomacy, relevant for GS Paper 2 (International Institutions).

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-06 [International Relations] — India Pays UN Dues, Included in Honour Roll
  The United Nations placed India on its Honour Roll in February 2026 for paying its annual UN dues promptly within the stipulated time. India paid USD 35.187 million towards its 2026 UN regular budget contribution, earning recognition for payment within 30 days. India's assessed share is 1.016% of the UN's regular budget, which amounts to USD 3.45 billion, covering UN operations excluding peacekeeping missions.
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  UPSC Angle: India placed on UN Honour Roll for paying dues promptly.

  Key Facts:

  • India paid USD 35.187 million towards its 2026 UN regular budget contribution
  • India's assessed share is 1.016% of the UN's regular budget
  • UN regular budget: USD 3.45 billion
  • India's total contribution to the UN budget stands at USD 38.223 million, after adjusting USD 3.091 million towards staff income tax offsets
• 2025-12-20 [International Relations] — India's Role in UN Peacekeeping Operations
  India is a major troop contributor to UN peacekeeping operations, with over 2,90,000 Indian peacekeepers having served in more than 50 missions worldwide. Currently, around 5,000 Indian personnel are deployed across nine active UN missions. Nearly 180 Indian peacekeepers have lost their lives in the service of global peace.
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  UPSC Angle: India is a major troop contributor to UN peacekeeping operations.

  Key Facts:

  • Major troop contributor: India remains one of the largest contributors of uniformed personnel to UN peacekeeping operations
  • Scale of participation: Over 2,90,000 Indian peacekeepers have served in more than 50 missions worldwide
  • Current deployments: Around 5,000 Indian personnel are deployed across nine active UN missions
  • Sacrifice and commitment: Nearly 180 Indian peacekeepers have sacrificed their lives in service of global peace
• 2025-09-25 [International Relations] — UN India Partnership Development Fund
  India along with the United Nations came up with the UN India Partnership Development Fund with a corpus of around $150 million US. The fund was primarily to be used by countries in the global south.
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  UPSC Angle: UN India Partnership Development Fund with a corpus of $150 million.

  Key Facts:

  • UN India Partnership Development Fund has a corpus of around $150 million US.
  • The fund was primarily to be used by countries in the global south.
• 2025-06-10 [International Relations] — UN in India Digest May-June 2025
  The UN in India released its May-June 2025 digest, highlighting 75 years of India's legacy in UN peacekeeping, tracking India's human development progress, and UN agencies joining hands to empower tribal communities. The digest covers the work #TeamUNinIndia has been carrying out for the #SDGs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: UN in India digest highlights 75 years of India in UN peacekeeping.

  Key Facts:

  • 75 years of India's legacy in UN peacekeeping
  • India's human development progress
  • UN agencies empowering tribal communities
  • #TeamUNinIndia
  • #SDGs
• 2025-05-29 [International Relations] — 75 Years of India's Contribution to UN Peacekeeping
  On International Day of UN Peacekeepers, a symposium was organized by USI in honor of all peacekeepers and to pay tribute to fallen heroes, recognizing India's significant contribution over the last 75 years. Over 20 lakh men and women from 125 countries have served under the UN flag in more than 71 UN peacekeeping operations. As of April 30, 2025, 4,433 peacekeepers have lost their lives, with 182 from India, the highest among troop-contributing countries.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's 75 years of contribution to UN Peacekeeping.

  Key Facts:

  • International Day of UN Peacekeepers: May 29, 2025
  • Symposium organized by: USI
  • Years of Indian contribution to UN peacekeeping: 75 (1950-2025)
  • Total peacekeepers served: Over 20 lakh
  • Countries contributed: 125
  • UN peacekeeping operations: More than 71
  • Peacekeepers lost their lives: 4,433
  • Indian peacekeepers lost: 182 (highest among troop contributors)
  • First UN peacekeeping mission: United Nation Truth Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in Palestine, began in 1948
  • Theme for International Day of UN Peacekeepers 2025: The future of peace operations reflects on the evolving nature of peace operations

Africa as the Center of Global Multilateralism (2025-2026)

Focus: A series of major high-level diplomatic summits (G20, WTO, Climate) hosted physically across African nations between late 2025 and early 2026.

UPSC Value: Highlights the shifting geography of global governance and Africa's increasing agency in setting agendas for trade, climate, and finance.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-04 [International Relations] — African Union Summit 2026
  The African Union Summit 2026 will be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with key agendas including peace and security, economic integration through the AfCFTA, sustainable agriculture, climate resilience, and digital transformation. The AU Theme of the Year 2026 is “Water as a Vital Resource for Life, Development and Sustainability,” reflecting its strategic importance. The 39th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union will be held from February 14-15, 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: African Union Summit 2026 agendas: peace, AfCFTA, agriculture, climate.

  Key Facts:

  • Summit location: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • Theme: “Water as a Vital Resource for Life, Development and Sustainability”
  • Key agendas: peace and security, economic integration, sustainable agriculture, climate resilience, and digital transformation
  • 39th Ordinary Session of the Assembly: February 14-15, 2026
• 2026-01-04 [International Relations] — WTO Reform and Ministerial Conference
  The World Trade Organization (WTO) is facing increasing pressure to reform, with the 14th Ministerial Conference (MC14) in Yaoundé, Cameroon from March 26-29, 2026, expected to be a critical juncture. Key issues include addressing systemic barriers impacting developing countries, revisiting the dispute settlement mechanism, and the incorporation of the plurilateral Agreement on Electronic Commerce.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: WTO facing pressure to reform, MC14 in Cameroon.

  Key Facts:

  • 14th WTO Ministerial Conference (MC14): March 26-29, 2026, in Yaoundé, Cameroon
  • Key issues: Reforming dispute settlement mechanism, addressing barriers for developing countries
  • Plurilateral Agreement on Electronic Commerce: request for incorporation into WTO legal architecture
• 2025-11-24 [International Relations] — G20 Summit 2025 Concludes in South Africa
  The 2025 G20 Summit, the first held on African soil, concluded in Johannesburg, South Africa, under the theme “Solidarity, Equality, Sustainability”. The G20 Leaders' Declaration was adopted, reaffirming commitments to climate action, debt sustainability, and support for vulnerable developing countries, even with a U.S. boycott.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: G20 Summit 2025 concludes in South Africa; Leaders' Declaration adopted.

  Key Facts:

  • Summit held in Johannesburg, South Africa
  • Theme: Solidarity, Equality, Sustainability
  • G20 Leaders' Declaration adopted
  • Commitments to climate action, debt sustainability, and support for vulnerable developing countries
  • African Union's permanent membership in the G20 was recognized
  • Declaration prioritised adaptation finance and renewable energy expansion
  • G20 Troika for 2025–26: Brazil (past), South Africa (current), and the United States (incoming)
• 2025-10-17 [Environment & Ecology] — G20 Climate and Environmental Sustainability Ministerial Meeting
  The G20 Climate and Environmental Sustainability Working Group (ECSWG) Ministerial Meeting took place on October 16-17, 2025, in Cape Town. The meetings brought together delegates from G20 member states, invited guest countries, international organizations, and research institutions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: G20 Climate and Environmental Sustainability Ministerial Meeting in Cape Town.

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting: G20 Climate and Environmental Sustainability Working Group (ECSWG) Ministerial Meeting
  • Dates: October 16-17, 2025
  • Location: Cape Town, South Africa
• 2025-08-26 [International Relations] — Africa Climate Summit Preperations
  Preparations for the Second Africa Climate Summit (ACS2) are advancing rapidly in coordination with the upcoming Climate Week 2-2025 (CW2). Together, these events will position Africa at the center of global climate discussions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Preparations for the Second Africa Climate Summit are advancing.

  Key Facts:

  • The Second Africa Climate Summit (ACS2) preparations are advancing rapidly
  • Coordinated with the upcoming Climate Week 2-2025 (CW2)
  • Hosted at the AICC

India's Geopolitical Balancing Act (Late 2025)

Focus: India's simultaneous high-level engagement with rival geopolitical blocs (Quad/West vs. SCO/Russia) within the same six-month window.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's strategy of multi-alignment, managing defence ties with Russia and SCO membership while simultaneously strengthening the Quad partnership.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-10 [International Relations] — India and US Ambassadors Meet in China
  India's Ambassador to China, Pradeep Kumar Rawat, met with US Ambassador to China, David Perdue, to discuss expanding engagement and shared interests. Ambassador Perdue reaffirmed the Quad's role in maintaining a “free and open” Indo-Pacific during a December 2025 meeting with Quad ambassadors in Beijing.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Meeting between Pradeep Kumar Rawat and David Perdue in China
  • Quad comprises: United States, Australia, Japan, and India
  • Perdue reaffirmed Quad's role in maintaining a “free and open” Indo-Pacific in December 2025
• 2025-11-17 [International Relations] — Lavrov and Jaishankar Meet in Moscow
  On November 17, 2025, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met in Moscow to discuss bilateral cooperation and international issues. The meeting, held in conjunction with the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Heads of State Council meeting, covered political cooperation, key bilateral relations, and collaboration within the SCO, BRICS, UN, and G20. Jaishankar also virtually inaugurated two Indian Consulates in Kazan and Ekaterinburg.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Lavrov and Jaishankar meet in Moscow to discuss bilateral cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • Date: November 17, 2025
  • Location: Moscow
  • Participants: Sergey Lavrov, S. Jaishankar
  • Forum: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Heads of State Council meeting
  • Consulates inaugurated: Kazan, Ekaterinburg
• 2025-08-07 [International Relations] — India-Russia Defence Cooperation
  National Security Advisor Ajit Doval visited Russia for an annual meeting with his counterpart Sergei Shoigu and was scheduled to meet President Vladimir Putin. Discussions were expected to cover crude oil sourcing, defence supplies, including S-400 missile systems, and the upgrade of Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets. Russia has assured the delivery of the remaining two S-400 air defence systems by 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-Russia defence cooperation discussed.

  Key Facts:

  • Ajit Doval visited Moscow on August 7, 2025.
  • Vladimir Putin will visit India soon.
  • Summit-level meeting dates are almost finalized.
  • Ajit Doval
  • Sergei Shoigu
  • Vladimir Putin
  • S-400 missile systems
  • Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets
  • S-400 delivery by 2026
• 2025-07-15 [International Relations] — SCO Foreign Ministers Meet in China
  The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Council of Foreign Ministers met in Tianjin, China to discuss cooperation and address regional and global challenges. India's External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar attended and held talks with his Russian and Iranian counterparts. Discussions focused on strengthening multilateral collaboration, addressing regional security, and reinforcing diplomatic engagement among member states.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SCO Council of Foreign Ministers met in Tianjin, China.

  Key Facts:

  • The SCO Council of Foreign Ministers meeting took place on July 15, 2025, in Tianjin, China.
  • India's External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar attended.
  • Confirmed attendees included Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi.
  • Jaishankar held separate talks with his counterparts from Russia and Iran.
  • The SCO has 10 member states.
  • The SCO welcomed Iran as a new member.
  • Meeting held in Tianjin, China.
  • S Jaishankar met with foreign ministers of Russia and Iran.
  • Jaishankar's first trip to China since 2020.
• 2025-07-02 [International Relations] — India at Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting
  The Quad Foreign Ministers, including India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar, met in Washington D.C. on July 1, 2025, to discuss maritime security, economic prosperity, and emerging technologies in the Indo-Pacific region. They launched the Quad Critical Minerals Initiative and addressed maritime law enforcement cooperation. A joint statement condemned the April 22, 2025 terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Quad Foreign Ministers met to discuss maritime security and economic prosperity.

  Key Facts:

  • Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting
  • Washington, D.C.
  • July 1, 2025
  • Participants: United States, India, Japan, and Australia
  • Key discussion points: Maritime security, economic prosperity, emerging technologies
  • Launch of Quad Critical Minerals Initiative
  • First-ever Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission launched
  • Condemnation of Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, 2025
  • S. Jaishankar: India has every right to defend its people against terrorism.
  • Quad Foreign Ministers-level meeting took place in Washington D.C..
  • Penny Wong (Australian Foreign Minister): Quad partners mobilized quickly after the March 28 earthquake in Myanmar.

Development and Strategic Articulation of IMEC

Focus: Items specifically track the diplomatic engagement, identified challenges, and strategic reaffirmation of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) between April 2025 and January 2026.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracing the evolution of IMEC from a diplomatic talking point to a strategic imperative, including the specific hurdles (conflict zones) and proposed solutions (green corridors) involved.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [International Relations] — India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
  India has described the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) as a strategic imperative, underlining its importance for trade resilience, geopolitical outreach, and long-term economic integration with Europe and West Asia.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IMEC: Strategic importance for trade resilience and geopolitical outreach.

  Key Facts:

  • India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
• 2025-10-19 [International Relations] — Challenges and Way Forward for India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
  The India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) faces challenges including conflict zones, and requires adaptive routing, multilateral financing, and green corridor development. Alternate ports like Jeddah, Dammam, and Suez should be explored. An IMEC Fund should be established under the G20 India–EU Partnership, linking with the EU's Global Gateway Green Energy Projects and India's National Green Hydrogen Mission. Formalise IMEC Secretariat under G20’s Connectivity Agenda 2030.
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  UPSC Angle: IMEC faces challenges including conflict zones and financing.

  Key Facts:

  • India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
  • Challenges: conflict zones
  • Adaptive Routing: Jeddah, Dammam, Suez
  • IMEC Fund: G20 India–EU Partnership
  • Green Corridor Development: EU's Global Gateway, India's National Green Hydrogen Mission
  • IMEC Secretariat: G20’s Connectivity Agenda 2030
• 2025-04-17 [International Relations] — India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) Potential
  The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry emphasized the potential of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) as a modern-day Silk Route. The IMEC aims to connect Asia with Europe through the Middle East. The MoU was signed at the G20 Summit (2023) in New Delhi.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: IMEC has potential as a modern-day Silk Route.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU signed by leaders from India, the European Union, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and the US at the G20 Summit (2023) in New Delhi.
• 2025-04-14 [International Relations] — India-Italy Strategic Partnership
  Deputy Prime Minister of Italy, Antonio Tajani, visited India to strengthen bilateral cooperation, focusing on trade, defense, clean energy, and technology, particularly the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC). Discussions aimed to deepen cooperation under the Joint Strategic Action Plan (JSAP) 2025-29.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-Italy Strategic Partnership focuses on trade, defense, energy, technology.

  Key Facts:

  • Antonio Tajani: Deputy Prime Minister of Italy
  • Focus areas: Trade, defence, clean energy, and technology
  • India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC): Key focus of discussions
  • Joint Strategic Action Plan (JSAP) 2025-29: Framework for deepening cooperation

India's 2025 African Outreach

Focus: A concerted diplomatic push by India throughout 2025 to engage African nations through high-level visits and summits.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's strategic focus on the Global South and resource partnerships beyond the immediate neighborhood.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-22 [International Relations] — India-Africa economic ties: focus on long-term partnerships
  An editorial in The Hindu discusses the need for India to shift from short-term transactional trade with Africa to durable and sustainable partnerships, especially given the uncertainties in Western markets. Prime Minister Modi's visits to Namibia and Ghana in July 2025, and Ethiopia in December 2025, signal a renewed focus on these ties.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India needs long-term partnerships with Africa, not short-term trade.

  Key Facts:

  • India is Africa's fourth-largest trading partner
  • Bilateral trade nearing $100 billion
  • Exports in FY24 stood at $38.17 billion, led by Nigeria, South Africa, and Tanzania
  • Key Indian exports include petroleum products, engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, rice, and textiles
  • India aims to double trade with Africa by 2030
  • The African Union became a permanent member of the G20 in 2023
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi's July 2025 visits to Namibia and Ghana, along with Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina, and Brazil
  • December 2025 visit to Ethiopia
• 2025-11-13 [International Relations] — President Murmu's State Visit to Botswana: Strengthening Bilateral Ties
  President Droupadi Murmu's state visit to Botswana, the first by an Indian Head of State, underscores India's commitment to strengthening ties with Botswana and expanding partnerships within the African region. Botswana has agreed to partner with India in reintroducing cheetahs to India under Project Cheetah.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: President Murmu's state visit to Botswana strengthens bilateral ties.

  Key Facts:

  • President Droupadi Murmu's state visit to Botswana is the first ever state visit by a head of state from India to Botswana.
  • Minister of State for Railways Anjal Shaki Shiv Sumana and two member of parliaments Mr Wasaba and Shrimati DK Arnaji participated at the talks from the Indian delegation.
  • Bswana has agreed to partner with India in our efforts to reintroduce chitha in India under project cheetah.
  • President of India's state visit to Botswana
  • MOU signed in the health sector
  • India will send essential ARB medicines to Botswana
  • India has a bilateral trade of roughly about half a billion dollars with Botswana
• 2025-10-29 [International Relations] — India-Africa Summit Focuses on Cooperation
  The India-Africa Summit took place with Prime Minister Narendra Modi interacting with heads of state. Union External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj met with counterparts from African nations, including Kenya, South Sudan, Malawi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The summit aimed to deepen ties and explore opportunities for collaboration between India and African countries.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-Africa Summit focuses on cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • India-Africa Summit
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi interacted with heads of state
  • Sushma Swaraj met with counterparts from Kenya, South Sudan, Malawi, and Democratic Republic of Congo
  • 54 representatives from the African Union attended
• 2025-07-09 [International Relations] — MEA Special Briefing on PM's Namibia Visit
  During the Prime Minister's visit to Namibia, discussions covered trade, economic interests, and investments, with trade currently at $600 million in India's favor and Indian investments around $800 million. Namibia is interested in procuring defense equipment from India, which has offered a line of credit for defense and civil projects. The Prime Minister's visit, the first in 27 years, elevated relations to a higher strategic level, with Namibia joining the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure and the Global Biofuel Alliance, and UPI being extended to Namibia.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Visit after 27 years by an Indian Prime Minister
  • Trade is about $600 million in favor of India
  • Investments from India are about $800 million
  • Namibia interested in procurement of equipment from India
  • Line of credit offered for defense
  • Namibia joining the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
  • Namibia joining the Global Biofuel Alliance
  • UPI extended to Namibia
  • Condemnation of terrorism, including the Falgam terrorist attack
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Namibia on July 9, 2025
  • First Indian Prime Minister to visit Namibia in nearly three decades
  • Invited by Namibian President Dr. Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
  • Aims to strengthen bilateral ties and explore new areas of cooperation
  • Areas of cooperation: trade, defence, energy, critical minerals, digital infrastructure, and unified payment interoperability
  • Namibia looking to sign the global biofuel alliance
  • 2025 marks 35 years of diplomatic relations between India and Namibia
  • Agreement in 2022 led to training of 17 members by the Namibian Police Forensic Science Institute
  • India contributed to Namibia's independence
  • Trade is about $600 million in favor of India marginally

India's 2025 Strategic Diplomatic Outreach

Focus: High-level bilateral and multilateral engagements in 2025 focused on formalizing long-term cooperation through strategic action plans, summits, and joint working groups.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's 'multi-aligned' foreign policy and the institutionalization of bilateral ties through structured frameworks rather than ad-hoc agreements.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-11 [International Relations] — Prime Minister Modi Discusses Strategic Action Plan with Italian Deputy PM
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Italy's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani to discuss proactive steps to implement the Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Italy discuss implementing Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029.

  Key Facts:

  • Narendra Modi
  • Antonio Tajani
  • Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029
• 2025-08-09 [International Relations] — PM Modi and President Putin Discuss Strategic Partnership
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin discussed the upcoming 23rd Annual India Russia Summit and their strategic partnership during a telephone conversation on Friday night. They also addressed the Ukraine conflict amidst worsening ties with the United States over India's oil imports from Russia.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: PM Modi and President Putin discussed the upcoming India Russia Summit.

  Key Facts:

  • Leaders discussed the upcoming 23rd Annual India Russia Summit.
  • Addressed their strategic partnership.
  • Discussed the Ukraine conflict.
• 2025-07-01 [International Relations] — PM Modi's Five-Nation Tour to Focus on Defence and Africa
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled to embark on a five-nation tour from July 2-9, 2025, with a focus on defence cooperation, outreach to Africa, and multilateral engagements. The tour includes visits to Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina, Brazil, and Namibia, with discussions in Brazil expected to cover defence production and potential cooperation related to India's Akash missile system.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi's five-nation tour from July 2-9, 2025
  • Tour includes Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina, Brazil, and Namibia
  • Discussions with Brazil to include defence production and India's Akash surface-to-air missile system
  • PM Modi
  • five-nation tour
  • July 2-9
  • Ghana
  • Trinidad and Tobago
  • Argentina
  • Brazil
  • Namibia
  • defence
  • Africa outreach
  • multilaterals
  • Akash surface-to-air missile system
• 2025-06-06 [International Relations] — India, Italy to Enhance Cooperation in Agriculture, Energy
  Following Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal's visit to Italy, India and Italy have agreed to enhance cooperation in agriculture and energy sectors. Joint Working Groups will be established in the automobile and space sectors to further collaboration.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India and Italy to enhance cooperation in agriculture and energy.

  Key Facts:

  • Piyush Goyal
  • Italy
  • agriculture
  • food processing
  • energy sectors
  • Joint Working Groups
  • automobile
  • space sectors
  • India and Italy to strengthen cooperation in agriculture and food processing.
  • Joint Working Groups to be set up in the automobile and space sectors.

India's 2025 Multilateral Engagements in Sustainable Development and Productivity

Focus: A series of high-level international summits and leadership appointments in 2025 where India drives the agenda for sustainable development, green productivity, and global economic cooperation.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's strategic use of multilateral platforms to champion sustainable growth and environmental productivity frameworks on the global stage.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-06 [International Relations] — Global Confluence Summit 2025 in Bengaluru
  The Global Confluence Summit 2025, a gathering by The Global Council for the Promotion of International Trade, is scheduled to take place on December 5th and 6th, 2025, in North Bengaluru. The summit aims to foster dialogue, innovation, and partnerships among global leaders across various sectors of the modern global economy.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • The Global Confluence Summit 2025 will be held on December 5th and 6th, 2025.
  • The summit will take place in North Bengaluru.
  • It is organized by The Global Council for the Promotion of International Trade.
  • The summit will feature six specialized summits addressing different pillars of the global economy: The Global MSME Summit 2025 (GMSMES2025), The Global Women in Business and Leadership Summit 2025 (GWBLS2025), The Global Cooperative Development Summit 2025 (GCDS2025), The Global Procurement & SCM Excellence Summit 2025 (GPSCMS2025), The Global Sustainable Development Summit 2025 (GSDS2025), The Global Business Services Summit 2025 (GBSS2025).
  • The summit will include the presentation of national and global awards for 2025, including National MSME Awards 2025.
• 2025-11-04 [Environment & Ecology] — GRIHA Summit 2025 Focuses on Innovation for Sustainable Development
  The 17th GRIHA Summit, focusing on innovative solutions for sustainable development, was held between November 3 and 4, 2025. Dr. Vibha Dhawan, Director General of TERI and President of GRIHA Council, emphasized the importance of innovation to counter fragile ecosystems during her opening remarks at the Inaugural Session.
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  UPSC Angle: GRIHA Summit 2025 focused on innovation for sustainable development.

  Key Facts:

  • The 17th GRIHA Summit was held between November 3 and 4, 2025.
  • Dr Vibha Dhawan, Director General, TERI, and President, GRIHA Council, gave the opening remarks.
• 2025-06-13 [International Relations] — Global Leaders Summit 2025 focuses on diplomacy and sustainable development
  The Global Leaders Summit 2025 was held in Hyderabad, bringing together government leaders, diplomats, and visionaries to discuss global diplomacy, sustainable development, international cooperation, and strategic innovation. The summit included delegates from Germany, Russia, Bulgaria, Malta, and Argentina, as well as members of international organizations. Discussions included strengthening ties in healthcare, IT, food security, and disaster preparedness, particularly through humanitarian missions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Global Leaders Summit 2025 focused on diplomacy and sustainable development.

  Key Facts:

  • The Global Leaders Summit 2025 was held on June 13, 2025, at Taj Deccan, Hyderabad.
  • The summit featured Shri Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka (Deputy Chief Minister of Telangana), Shri D. Sridhar Babu (Cabinet Minister for IT & Industries), and Shri Ponnam Prabhakar (Cabinet Minister for Transport & BC Welfare).
  • International delegates included parliamentarians and diplomats from Germany, Russia, Bulgaria, Malta, and Argentina.
  • Key organizations represented included the International Diplomatic Organization, European Trade Council, and The Diplomatic Club.
• 2025-05-23 [International Relations] — India assumes APO chairmanship for 2025-26
  India assumed the Chairmanship of the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) for the 2025-26 term during the 67th session of the Governing Body Meeting (GBM) of the APO in Jakarta, Indonesia. India reaffirmed its commitment to driving the APO Vision 2030 and expanding the Green Productivity 2.0 framework and emphasized fostering regional collaboration in promoting digital transformation, sustainability, innovation, and entrepreneurship.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India assumes APO chairmanship for 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • India assumed Chairmanship of APO
  • Term: 2025-26
  • 67th session of the Governing Body Meeting (GBM)
  • Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Driving the APO Vision 2030
  • Expanding the Green Productivity 2.0 framework
  • India assumed APO Chairmanship for 2025-26
  • 67th Governing Body Meeting (GBM) of APO held from May 20 to 22, 2025
  • Location: Jakarta, Indonesia

India's Multilateral Diplomatic Successes

Focus: India's successful election or re-election to leadership and governance positions within various international and intergovernmental organizations during late 2025.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's growing diplomatic influence, its commitment to multilateralism, and its increasing representation in global governance frameworks.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-02 [International Relations] — India Re-Elected to UNESCO Executive Board
  India has been re-elected to the UNESCO Executive Board for 2025–29.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India re-elected to the UNESCO Executive Board for 2025–29.

  Key Facts:

  • India Re-Elected to UNESCO Executive Board for 2025–29
• 2025-10-25 [International Relations] — India Re-elected as Vice-Chair of COP10 Bureau
  India was re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of the Bureau for the Asia-Pacific (Group IV) at the 10th Session of the Conference of Parties (COP10) to the International Convention against Doping in Sport, held at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris. The session marked the Convention's 20th anniversary.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India re-elected as Vice-Chair of COP10 Bureau.

  Key Facts:

  • India re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of the Bureau for the Asia-Pacific (Group IV)
  • 10th Session of the Conference of Parties (COP10) held at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris
  • Term: 2025–2027
  • Hari Ranjan Rao, Secretary, MYAS, and Anant Kumar, DG, NADA were part of the Indian Delegation
  • Azerbaijan is the Chairperson
  • Brazil, Zambia, and Saudi Arabia are also Vice-Chairs
  • India re-elected as Vice-Chairperson
  • Bureau for the Asia-Pacific (Group IV)
  • 10th Session of the Conference of Parties (COP10)
  • International Convention against Doping in Sport
  • India re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of the Bureau for the Asia-Pacific (Group IV).
  • At the 10th Session of the Conference of Parties (COP10) to the International Convention against Doping in Sport.
• 2025-09-26 [International Relations] — India Elected as Member of Interpol Asian Committee
  India has been elected as a member of the Interpol Asian Committee.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India elected as a member of the Interpol Asian Committee.

  Key Facts:

  • India Elected as Member of Interpol Asian Committee
  • Interpol
  • Asian Committee
  • India elected as member
• 2025-09-20 [International Relations] — India's Role in UPU
  India has been re-elected to the Council of Administration (CA) and the Postal Operations Council (POC) of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) during the 28th UPU Congress held in Dubai. India has pioneered initiatives such as DigiPIN, UPI-enabled cross-border remittances, and Dak Ghar Niryat Kendras for e-commerce. Through ITEC, India has trained postal officials from Asia, Africa, and other regions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India re-elected to UPU's Council of Administration and Postal Operations Council.

  Key Facts:

  • Re-elected to the Council of Administration (CA) of UPU
  • Re-elected to the Postal Operations Council (POC) of UPU
  • Pioneered DigiPIN (digital addressing system)
  • UPI-enabled cross-border remittances
  • Dak Ghar Niryat Kendras for e-commerce facilitation
  • Trained postal officials from Asia, Africa, and other regions through ITEC
  • India re-elected to UPU's Postal Operations Council (POC) and Council of Administration (CA).
  • Term is for 4 years, from 2025 to 2028.
  • Election during the 28th Universal Postal Congress (UPC) in Dubai, UAE.

India's 2025 Global Diplomatic and Multilateral Engagements

Focus: India's active participation and leadership in major international summits and dialogues throughout 2025, emphasizing multilateralism, disaster resilience, and global cooperation.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing India's 'Vishwa Bandhu' (global friend) approach and its role in shaping global discourse on climate, security, and multilateral governance.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-23 [International Relations] — Modi promotes 'integral humanism' at G-20 summit
  At the G-20 summit in Johannesburg, Prime Minister Narendra Modi promoted the BJP's political philosophy of “integral humanism” and proposed new initiatives on traditional knowledge, healthcare and skill development. Leaders also adopted the G-20 declaration, calling for strong measures to counter climate change.
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  UPSC Angle: Modi promotes 'integral humanism' at G-20 summit.

  Key Facts:

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi
  • G-20 summit
  • Johannesburg
  • BJP's political philosophy of “integral humanism”
  • initiatives on traditional knowledge, healthcare and skill development
  • G-20 declaration
  • climate change
• 2025-09-23 [International Relations] — PM Modi to attend 'Summit of the Future' at UNGA
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi will attend the 'Summit of the Future' at the United Nations General Assembly in New York on September 23. The theme of the summit will be 'Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow'.
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  UPSC Angle: PM Modi to attend 'Summit of the Future' at UNGA.

  Key Facts:

  • The 'Summit of the Future' will be held at the UNGA in New York on September 23.
  • The theme of the summit is 'Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow'.
  • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will address the UN General Assembly on September 27.
• 2025-06-09 [International Relations] — PM Modi Addresses International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure 2025
  On June 9, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (ICDRI) 2025, held in Europe for the first time. CDRI, launched by India in 2019, is a global platform promoting infrastructure resilience against climate and disaster risks. Modi emphasized the need for resilient infrastructure and proactive disaster management, recalling India's experiences with past disasters and its efforts to build resilience.
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  UPSC Angle: ICDRI 2025 held in Europe, launched by India in 2019.

  Key Facts:

  • Conference: International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (ICDRI) 2025
  • Location: Europe
  • Launched by: India in 2019
  • Objective: Promote infrastructure resilience against climate and disaster risks
  • Theme: “Shaping a Resilient Future for Coastal Regions”
  • Members: 46 countries and 8 partner organizations
  • Headquarters: New Delhi
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi
  • International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (ICDRI) 2025
  • Europe
  • Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
  • Launched by India in 2019
  • 46 member countries
  • 8 partner organizations
  • Cyclone Remal
  • Hurricane Beryl
  • Typhoon Yagi
  • Hurricane Helene
  • Typhoon Usagi
  • Cyclone Chido
• 2025-03-17 [International Relations] — Raisina Dialogue 2025
  The Raisina Dialogue 2025, organized by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), featured New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon as the chief guest, who delivered the keynote address. The theme for this year's dialogue was “Kalachakra” (Wheel of Time), focusing on geopolitical transformations and global uncertainties. The dialogue aims to foster global discussions on diplomacy, security, and economic policies, enhance India's role in international affairs, and strengthen cooperation between nations on pressing global issues.
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  UPSC Angle: Raisina Dialogue 2025 featured New Zealand PM Christopher Luxon.

  Key Facts:

  • Organizers: Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and Observer Research Foundation (ORF)
  • Theme: “Kalachakra” (Wheel of Time)
  • Chief Guest: New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon
  • Raisina Dialogue dates: March 17-19, 2025

ASEAN-India Strategic Partnership & 2025 Summit

Focus: Events, outcomes, and historical context surrounding the 22nd ASEAN-India Summit held in October 2025.

UPSC Value: Essential for International Relations studies, covering the evolution of the 'Act East' policy, AITIGA modernization, and the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-27 [International Relations] — ASEAN-India Economic Integration Focuses on AITIGA Modernization
  The ASEAN Summit 2025 emphasized accelerating economic integration through modernization of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA). This urgency addresses India's trade deficit with ASEAN, which increased from $9.66 billion in 2016-17 to $43.57 billion in 2022-23. The AITIGA review aims to enhance trade facilitation, simplify customs procedures, address non-tariff barriers, and create opportunities in services and investment sectors.
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  UPSC Angle: AITIGA modernization to address India's trade deficit with ASEAN.

  Key Facts:

  • India's trade deficit with ASEAN increased from $9.66 billion in 2016-17 to $43.57 billion in 2022-23
  • ASEAN is India's fourth-largest trading partner, accounting for 11% of India's global trade
  • Summit emphasized digital connectivity including broadband networks, submarine cable systems, and satellite communication
• 2025-10-26 [International Relations] — 22nd ASEAN-India Summit
  The 22nd ASEAN-India Summit was held on October 26, 2025, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi participating virtually. The summit focused on strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between India and ASEAN, with discussions spanning security, economy, connectivity, and development. Leaders jointly reviewed progress in ASEAN-India relations and explored future initiatives, with Modi reiterating India's support for ASEAN unity and centrality.
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  UPSC Angle: 22nd ASEAN-India Summit focused on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.

  Key Facts:

  • 47th ASEAN Summit
  • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • October 26-28, 2025
  • PM Modi to participate virtually
  • East Timor (Timor‑Leste) to be formally admitted as ASEAN's 11th member
  • The 22nd ASEAN-India Summit was held on October 26, 2025.
  • Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi participated virtually.
  • Timor Leste was welcomed as the 11th member of ASEAN.
  • India extended support for the ASEAN-India Plan of Action to implement the ASEAN-India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2026-2030).
  • 2026 was designated as the ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation.
  • The Second ASEAN-India Defence Ministers' Meeting and the Second ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise were proposed.
  • India will host the East Asia Summit Maritime Heritage Festival at Lothal, Gujarat.
  • A conference on Maritime Security Cooperation will be held next year.
• 2025-10-24 [International Relations] — Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
  ASEAN is an inter-governmental regional organisation formed to promote political, economic, and security cooperation among Southeast Asian nations. Established in 1967 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration, its founding members were Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. ASEAN currently has 10 member countries and the headquarters is in Jakarta, Indonesia.
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  UPSC Angle: ASEAN promotes political, economic, and security cooperation among Southeast Asian nations.

  Key Facts:

  • ASEAN is an inter-governmental regional organisation
  • Formed to promote political, economic, and security cooperation among Southeast Asian nations
  • Established in 1967 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration
  • Founding members: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand
  • Currently has 10 member countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia
  • Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
• 2025-06-11 [International Relations] — Overview of ASEAN-India Relations
  India's formal engagement with ASEAN began in 1992 as a “Sectoral Dialogue Partner”, then as a “Dialogue Partner” in 1995, with elevation to Summit level in 2002. The ASEAN-India Strategic Partnership was focused on building cooperation in the maritime domain. The year 2022 marked 30 years of ASEAN-India relations and was celebrated as the 'ASEAN-India Friendship Year', with elevation of the Strategic Partnership to a 'Comprehensive Strategic Partnership'.
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  UPSC Angle: India-ASEAN Strategic Partnership elevated to Summit level in 2002.

  Key Facts:

  • ASEAN was established on 08 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand
  • India began formal engagement with ASEAN in 1992 as a “Sectoral Dialogue Partner”
  • ASEAN-India Joint Statement on Maritime Cooperation was adopted on 07 September 2023
  • The year 2024 marked 'A Decade of India's Act East Policy'

Recalibration of India-US Relations in 2025

Focus: The transition of the India-US partnership from a strategic 'civilisational' alliance to a transactional model defined by aid cuts, trade friction, and burden-sharing realism.

UPSC Value: Crucial for GS Paper II (International Relations) to analyze how shifts in US domestic policy and national security doctrines impact India's strategic autonomy and economic security.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-26 [International Relations] — India's Foreign Policy Challenges in 2025
  In 2025, India faced setbacks in economic and energy security, particularly in relations with the United States, with high tariffs on Indian exports disrupting labour-intensive sectors and immigration restrictions weakening remittance inflows. India also faced challenges regarding Russian energy imports due to sanctions pressure. India's foreign policy challenges in 2025 stem less from diplomatic failure and more from structural shifts in global politics, thus strategic clarity, economic statecraft, and coalition-building are essential to convert engagement into durable influence.
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  UPSC Angle: India faced setbacks in economic and energy security in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • High tariffs on Indian exports disrupted labour-intensive sectors, leading to job losses and contract cancellations.
  • Immigration restrictions further weakened remittance inflows, a vital support for India's balance of payments.
• 2025-12-17 [International Relations] — India-U.S. Relations: 2005 versus 2025
  The 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy (NSS) signals a retreat from the internationalist vision of 2005, redefining partnerships through the lens of burden-sharing, strategic selectivity, and inward-looking realism. India is framed less as a civilisational power with intrinsic value and more as a component of America's China-balancing strategy, particularly within the Indo-Pacific and the Quad framework.
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  UPSC Angle: 2025 US NSS signals retreat from 2005 internationalist vision.

  Key Facts:

  • The 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy (NSS) signals a retreat from the internationalist vision of 2005.
• 2025-03-07 [International Relations] — USAID Funding Cuts Impact on India
  The US administration's executive order from January 20, 2025, aiming to halt foreign aid, and a Supreme Court ruling on March 5, 2025, are significantly impacting USAID-supported programs in India, raising concerns about the future of critical health and development projects. USAID has been a key contributor to India's health, environmental, and technological sectors, providing $2.8 billion in aid since 2001. India received $228 million in 2022, ranking USAID fourth among global donors.
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  UPSC Angle: USAID funding cuts impact programs in India.

  Key Facts:

  • USAID provided $2.8 billion in aid to India since 2001
  • India received $228 million from USAID in 2022
  • US administration's executive order: January 20, 2025
  • U.S. Supreme Court ruling: March 5, 2025

India-US Strategic and Trade Engagements (2025)

Focus: High-level diplomatic and economic interactions between India and the US, ranging from Quad meetings to trade negotiations.

UPSC Value: Tracks the evolving bilateral relationship through strategic dialogues and trade policy discussions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-11 [International Relations] — Delhi's offers best ever, but India hard nut to crack: US trade chief
  Delhi's offers are the best ever, but India is a hard nut to crack, according to US trade chief.
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  UPSC Angle: US trade chief says Delhi's offers are best ever.

  Key Facts:

  • US trade
• 2025-11-13 [International Relations] — Piyush Goyal Discusses Trade Agreements with US, EU, and Other Nations
  Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal stated that India is actively engaged in free trade agreement negotiations with several countries, including the US, European Union, New Zealand, Oman, Peru, and Chile. The aim is to reduce trade barriers globally, facilitating the free flow of goods, services, and capital.
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  UPSC Angle: India is negotiating FTAs with US, EU, New Zealand, Oman, Peru.

  Key Facts:

  • India is negotiating trade agreements with the US, EU, New Zealand, Oman, Peru, and Chile
  • The objective is to lower trade barriers and promote the free flow of goods, services, and capital
• 2025-06-04 [International Relations] — Quad Foreign Ministers Meeting Planned
  New Delhi is scheduled to host a meeting of the foreign ministers from the Quad nations (India, Australia, Japan, and the US) between late June and early July 2025. The meeting aims to set the stage for the Quad summit to be held in India later in the year.
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  UPSC Angle: Quad Foreign Ministers Meeting Planned in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Quad nations: India, Australia, Japan, US
  • Meeting timeframe: Late June to early July 2025
  • Location: New Delhi
  • Attendees: S Jaishankar (India), Penny Wong (Australia), Takeshi Iwaya (Japan), Marco Rubio (US)

Diplomatic Coordination for the 2025 Quad Summit

Focus: The diplomatic progression and logistical coordination for US President Donald Trump's participation in the Quad Leaders' Summit hosted by India.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the diplomatic continuity and logistical coordination required for high-level multilateral summits like the Quad and their role in Indo-Pacific strategy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-05 [International Relations] — India to Host Next Quad Leaders' Summit
  India will host the next Quad Leaders' Summit, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi having extended an invitation to US President Donald Trump during his visit to the US in February 2025. The dates, agenda, and other logistical aspects are yet to be finalized in consultation with other Quad partners. The Quad aims to ensure peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region.
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  UPSC Angle: India will host the next Quad Leaders' Summit.

  Key Facts:

  • Next Quad Leaders' Summit to be hosted by India.
  • Invitation extended to US President Donald Trump by PM Narendra Modi in February 2025.
  • Dates, agenda, and deliverables are yet to be finalized.
  • Quad comprises India, the US, Japan, and Australia.
  • Aim: To ensure peace, stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region.
• 2025-11-15 [International Relations] — Potential Visit of Donald Trump to India for QUAD Summit 2025
  US President Donald Trump may visit India in November 2025 to attend the Quad Leaders Summit; this was revealed by Trump's nominee for Ambassador to India, Sergio Gor, during his Senate Foreign Relations Committee confirmation hearing. Gor emphasized Trump's commitment to meeting Quad leaders and indicated that discussions about the trip were underway. If the visit materializes, it could provide an opportunity to reopen conversations on rolling back tariff hostilities and demonstrate that the Quad grouping remains central to Washington's Indo-Pacific vision.
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  UPSC Angle: Potential visit of Donald Trump to India for QUAD Summit 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Possible visit date: November 2025
  • Event: Quad Leaders Summit
  • Trump's nominee for Ambassador to India: Sergio Gor
• 2025-06-19 [International Relations] — US President Trump Accepts Invitation to QUAD Summit in India
  US President Donald Trump accepted PM Modi's invitation to attend the QUAD Summit in New Delhi later in 2025. The two leaders also discussed the Israel-Iran conflict and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, agreeing that direct dialogue is essential for peace.
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  UPSC Angle: US President Trump Accepts Invitation to QUAD Summit in India.

  Key Facts:

  • US President Donald Trump accepted India's invitation to attend the QUAD Summit in New Delhi later this year.
  • Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri made the announcement on June 18, 2025.
  • The leaders discussed the ongoing Israel-Iran conflict.
  • They agreed that direct dialogue between Russia and Ukraine is essential for an early peace.
  • Modi briefed Trump on Operation Sindoor.
  • India conveyed it would not accept mediation on issues with Pakistan.

India's Multilateral Engagement and Leadership in the UN System

Focus: Items documenting India's active participation, diplomatic assertions, and election to leadership roles across diverse UN specialized bodies and security forums in 2025.

UPSC Value: This thread is significant for analyzing India's 'multilateralism' strategy, its role as a voice for the Global South, and its increasing institutional influence within global governance structures.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-18 [International Relations] — India Elected Co-Chair of UN-GGIM Asia-Pacific
  India has been elected as the Co-Chair of the United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management for Asia and the Pacific (UN-GGIM-AP) for a three-year term until 2028. This election recognizes India's growing role in geospatial governance and technology within the 56-country Asia-Pacific region.
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  UPSC Angle: India elected Co-Chair of UN-GGIM Asia-Pacific.

  Key Facts:

  • Body: United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management for Asia and the Pacific (UN-GGIM-AP)
  • Term: Three years (2025 to 2028)
  • Region: Asia-Pacific
  • Number of Countries: 56
  • Focus: Promoting the use of geospatial information for addressing regional challenges and maximizing economic, social, and environmental benefits
  • India elected Co-Chair of UN-GGIM-AP
  • Term: 2025–2028
  • Hitesh Kumar S. Makwana, Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Surveyor General of India (SGI)
• 2025-07-23 [International Relations] — India Counters Pakistan's Claims at UNSC Meeting
  India has strongly responded to Pakistan's attempts to raise the Kashmir issue and objections regarding the Indus Waters Treaty at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). India's representative, Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish, described Pakistan as a 'serial borrower' steeped in 'fanaticism' and stated that there should be a 'serious cost' for nations that promote cross-border terrorism. India emphasized the need for zero tolerance for terrorism and highlighted its progress on security, social, and financial parameters in contrast to Pakistan.
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  UPSC Angle: India counters Pakistan's claims at UNSC; implications for bilateral relations.

  Key Facts:

  • India rebuffed Pakistan's Kashmir issue and Indus Waters Treaty objections at UNSC
  • Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish represented India
  • Pakistan described as 'serial borrower' steeped in 'fanaticism'
  • India called for zero tolerance for terrorism
• 2025-03-15 [International Relations] — India's Participation in UNCSW
  India participated in the 69th Session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW). The UN faces challenges including conflicts, poverty, human rights violations, and unregulated technologies. The UN has been grappling with a liquidity crisis for at least the past seven years due to member states not paying their dues.
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  UPSC Angle: India participated in the 69th Session of the UNCSW.

  Key Facts:

  • Session: 69th
  • Organization: UN Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW)
  • UN challenges: Conflicts, poverty, human rights violations, unregulated technologies
  • UN liquidity crisis: Last seven years

India's 2025 Strategic Diplomatic Consolidation with Western Partners

Focus: High-level diplomatic statements and state visits in 2025 focused on expanding bilateral cooperation in trade, technology, and defense with the UK and the US.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing India's strategic multi-alignment and its pursuit of technology and trade partnerships with major Western powers.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-09 [International Relations] — British Prime Minister's India Visit 2025
  British Prime Minister Keir Starmer made his first official trip to India with the largest-ever United Kingdom trade mission, pitching deep partnerships in trade, technology, defence, education and critical minerals.
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  UPSC Angle: UK PM's visit focused on trade, tech, defence, education, and climate.

  Key Facts:

  • British Prime Minister Keir Starmer visited India in 2025
  • Brought the largest-ever United Kingdom trade mission
  • Focused on partnerships in trade, technology, defence, education and critical minerals
• 2025-08-02 [International Relations] — India-U.S. ties to move forward, says MEA
  The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated that India and the U.S. have weathered several challenges and will continue to move forward in their relationship. This comes amidst discussions on international trade and bilateral relations.
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  UPSC Angle: India-U.S. ties to move forward, says MEA.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • USA
  • Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
• 2025-03-09 [International Relations] — India-U.K. Ties Set to Expand and Deepen
  According to S. Jaishankar, India-U.K. relations are set to expand and deepen.
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  UPSC Angle: India-U.K. relations are set to expand and deepen.

  Key Facts:

  • S. Jaishankar
  • India-U.K. ties
  • Expand
  • Deepen