India's Regulatory Hardening & Digital Governance: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is transitioning from a period of broad policy frameworks to a phase of 'Regulatory Hardening,' where the state leverages Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to enforce compliance and accountability. This is visible in the evolution of 'stacks'—from the Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) for financial security to the proposed 'RegStack' for bureaucratic transparency. The tension lies in the gap between high-tech policy design (like the PM E-DRIVE or ACI) and the persistent structural 'integrity crises' in legacy systems.

Cross-Theme Insight

When viewed together, these threads reveal a 'Dual-Track Governance' strategy: while the government is creating ultra-modern digital layers (Deepfake frameworks, Aadhaar-based payments, DPIP) to secure the future economy, it is simultaneously struggling to reform legacy institutional frameworks (Arbitration Council delays, AGR disputes, RTI dilution). This suggests that the 'Digital Stack' is being used as a bypass for institutional inefficiencies, though issues like the Gig Economy and E-Waste show that physical and social security still require robust legislative enforcement beyond just digital authentication.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like 'Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth (7th ed.)' describe the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 as a tool for 'speedy disposal of commercial disputes' (p. 381), but current reality reveals a 'failure to operationalise the Arbitration Council of India (ACI)' as of 2026. Similarly, while the 'Code on Social Security 2020' is cited for defining gig workers (Vivek Singh, p. 263), practical implementation has shifted to state-level pioneering like the Karnataka Gig Workers Act 2025, highlighting a lag in central implementation of the four Labor Codes.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'Digital India' (connectivity focus) in 2015-2020 to 'Regulated India' (security and compliance focus) in 2025-2026. The trajectory suggests that every sector—from cricket to climate (E-Waste)—is being brought under specialized, technology-enabled statutory oversight.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

This domain is frequently tested across GS-2 and GS-3. IAS 2018/2020 (NID: 5801, 5897) tested 'Public Key Infrastructure,' indicating a long-standing interest in digital security. CDS-I 2025 (NID: 9859) shows current focus on GST-related amendments. Recent shifts suggest a move from asking about 'schemes' to asking about 'regulatory challenges' (e.g., the AGR/Telecom oligopoly context noted in CAPF 2020, NID: 11273).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Mandatory reporting of cyber security incidents by 'Body Corporates' (Ref: IT Act/Cert-In)
• Thresholds for worker layoffs under the Industrial Relations Code 2020 (300 workers)
• Specific targets and portal registration requirements under E-Waste Management Rules 2022
• Constitutional status of the 52nd Amendment (Tenth Schedule) vs. recent Speaker's powers
• Definition of 'Aggregator' and 'Gig Worker' under the Code on Social Security 2020

Mains Answer Framework

• India's ambition to become a $5 trillion economy is increasingly contingent on its 'Regulatory Infrastructure'—the synthesis of legal frameworks and digital enforcement tools.
• The 'Integrity Crisis' in ADR: Despite the 2019 amendments, the delay in the ACI prevents India from becoming a global arbitration hub.. Social Security for the Invisible Workforce: The shift from central codes to state-specific gig worker laws (e.g., Karnataka) as a federal experiment.. The Telecom-Fiscal Nexus: How AGR dues and GST penalties (VIL example) create a tension between revenue collection and sector stability.
• True governance reform must move beyond 'RegStack' (digital layers) to institutional integrity, ensuring that statutory bodies are as agile as the technology they regulate.

Essay Connections

• Minimum Government, Maximum Governance: From Slogan to Digital Reality
• The Ethics of AI and the Future of Truth in the Deepfake Era
• Sustainable Development: Balancing Consumer Rights with E-Waste Accountability

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Laxmikanth (Ch. 38, 85) to understand the constitutional/legal basics of ADR and Anti-Defection. Then, bridge to the 2025 news items to see how ACI delays and MLA summons illustrate 'Implementation Gaps.' Finally, use the 'India Stack' concept from Vivek Singh to frame the news on DPIP and IT 2.0.

Textbook Roadmap

• Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity (7th ed.) > Chapter 38: Lok Adalats and Other Courts. Thread 1: Challenges in Arbitration. Sections on ADR benefits and the 1996 Act framework.
• Environment, Shankar IAS (10th ed.) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > E-Waste Rules 2022. Thread 15: E-Waste Management. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) targets and registration process.
• Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania (2nd ed.) > Chapter 19: Rising Gig Economy. Thread 5: Gig Economy Social Security. Definition and sector-wise distribution of gig work.

Revision Bullets

• Arbitration Council of India (ACI) was mandated by 2019 Amendment but remains unconstituted.
• VIL's AGR dues frozen for 5 years; Government holds 49% equity stake in the entity.
• E-Waste Rules 2022: Producers must register on the CPCB portal and meet annual recycling targets.
• Karnataka Gig Workers Act 2025: Aggregators contribute 1-1.5% welfare fee.
• PM E-DRIVE Outlay: ₹10,900 crore with ₹2,000 crore specifically for charging stations.
• Anti-Defection Law: 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985 (Tenth Schedule).

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (16 themes, 53 news items)

Challenges and Reforms in India's Arbitration Ecosystem

Focus: A collection of items detailing India's ambition to become a global arbitration hub, the regulatory steps taken (like allowing foreign lawyers), and the persistent structural issues (integrity crisis, ACI delays).

UPSC Value: Essential for GS-2 (Judiciary/Dispute Redressal) and GS-3 (Ease of Doing Business), highlighting the gap between policy intent and implementation in the legal infrastructure.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Polity & Governance] — Delay in Constituting Arbitration Council of India
  The Union Government has not yet constituted the Arbitration Council of India (ACI) despite amendments to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act in 2019. The ACI is mandated to regulate and promote institutional arbitration in India, including grading arbitration institutions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Delay in constituting Arbitration Council of India (ACI).

  Key Facts:

  • Arbitration Council of India (ACI)
  • Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2019
  • Arbitration Council of India
  • ACI
  • Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 2019
  • regulate institutional arbitration
  • promote institutional arbitration
  • grading arbitration institutions
• 2025-11-21 [Polity & Governance] — Need for a National Arbitrator Database
  India aspires to become a global hub for international arbitration, but the system faces an “integrity crisis”. Challenges include a lack of transparency, entrenched networks, and the failure to operationalise the Arbitration Council of India (ACI). A robust National Arbitrator Database is needed to enhance transparency, restore trust, and reduce bias.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India faces an integrity crisis in international arbitration.

  Key Facts:

  • India's arbitration system faces an “integrity crisis.”
  • Challenges: lack of transparency, entrenched networks.
  • Failure to operationalise the Arbitration Council of India (ACI).
  • Need for a National Arbitrator Database (NAD).
• 2025-08-18 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court addresses arbitration and election commission independence
  The Supreme Court addressed the independence of the Election Commission in the context of the Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023) case, while also ruling that parties consenting to arbitration are estopped from opposing the award on grounds of non-arbitrability in Sanjit Singh Salwan & Ors. v. Sardar Inderjit Singh Salwan & Ors. The Court also heard a plea regarding voter deletion remarks made by Delhi's former Chief Ministers.
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  UPSC Angle: SC addressed EC independence (Anoop Baranwal case) and arbitration consent.

  Key Facts:

  • Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023): Appointments to the ECI must be insulated from the executive's exclusive control.
  • Sanjit Singh Salwan & Ors. v. Sardar Inderjit Singh Salwan & Ors.: Parties consenting to arbitration are estopped from opposing the award
  • Dr. Jaya Thakur v. Union of India (2024): SC upheld the Act's validity for the time being, allowing the government's version to prevail in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections
• 2025-06-06 [Polity & Governance] — Bar Council of India Allows Foreign Lawyers
  The Bar Council of India (BCI) has amended its rules to permit foreign lawyers and firms to advise on international law and arbitration in India, a move praised by CJI Gavai as aligning with India's ambition to become a global arbitration hub and strengthening Indo-UK legal ties. This is limited to non-litigious matters, meaning they cannot appear before Indian courts or practice Indian law.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: BCI allows foreign lawyers to advise on international law in India.

  Key Facts:

  • The Bar Council of India (BCI) amended its 2022 rules to allow foreign law firms and lawyers to practice foreign law, international law, and participate in arbitration in India.
• 2025-04-28 [Economy] — India's Need for Skilled Arbitrators
  India's rapid economic growth has led to increased domestic and cross-border commerce, making disputes more frequent. With court systems overburdened, arbitration has emerged as a preferred alternative, creating a need for skilled arbitrators.
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  UPSC Angle: India needs skilled arbitrators due to increased commerce and disputes.

• 2025-03-01 [Economy] — India Lacks in International Commercial Arbitration
  Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar stated that India is currently nowhere in international commercial arbitration.
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  UPSC Angle: India lacks in international commercial arbitration.

  Key Facts:

  • Jagdeep Dhankhar
  • International commercial arbitration

Regulatory and Social Security Frameworks for India's Gig Economy

Focus: Legislative initiatives, worker advocacy, and data collection challenges concerning the formalization and welfare of platform-based gig workers.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing labor market transitions, social security coverage for the informal sector, and the role of state-level legislation in national policy discourse.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-28 [Polity & Governance] — Karnataka Gig Workers' Welfare Board
  The Karnataka government has constituted a Gig Workers' Welfare Board under the Karnataka Platform-Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare Development) Act, 2025. The Labour Minister serves as ex-officio Chairperson. Aggregators must contribute 1-1.5% welfare fee (capped, potentially up to 5%) per transaction to fund social security schemes like health and income support.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Karnataka Gig Workers' Welfare Board constituted.

  Key Facts:

  • The Gig Workers' Welfare Board is constituted under the Karnataka Platform-Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare Development) Act, 2025.
  • The Labour Minister serves as ex-officio Chairperson.
  • Aggregators contribute 1-1.5% welfare fee (capped, potentially up to 5%) per transaction.
  • The gig economy is projected at 4.1% of India's workforce by 2030.
• 2025-07-03 [Economy] — Limitations of PLFS in Capturing Gig Workers Data
  The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) fails to adequately capture the growing gig and platform workforce, despite policy-level recognition and welfare initiatives. Gig workers are captured under broad classifications like 'self-employed', 'own-account workers', or 'casual labour'. The Code on Social Security, 2020, defines gig workers as those engaged in income-generating work outside a traditional employer-employee relationship.
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  UPSC Angle: PLFS limitations in capturing gig workers data needs addressing.

  Key Facts:

  • PLFS does not specifically identify gig workers
  • Gig workers are captured under broad classifications like 'self-employed', 'own-account workers', or 'casual labour'
  • Code on Social Security, 2020 defines gig workers
• 2025-05-16 [Economy] — Gig Workers Demand Minimum Wages, Social Security
  Gig workers are advocating for minimum wages and social security benefits. This demand addresses the need for greater protections and stability within the gig economy.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Gig workers demand minimum wages and social security benefits.

  Key Facts:

  • Gig workers
  • minimum wages
  • social security
• 2025-04-12 [Polity & Governance] — Karnataka clears gig workers Bill
  The Karnataka government has approved a Bill related to gig workers. This is significant for labor law and social security considerations, as it aims to provide a regulatory framework for the gig economy and protect the rights of gig workers.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Karnataka approves Bill related to gig workers; regulatory framework.

  Key Facts:

  • State: Karnataka
  • Bill: Gig Workers Bill

National Digital Fraud Prevention Infrastructure

Focus: Developments regarding India's centralized technological frameworks (FRI, DPIP, I4C) and statistical reports on their effectiveness in combating cyber fraud.

UPSC Value: Highlights the technological stack (Digital Public Infrastructure) being built to secure India's digital economy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-31 [Science & Technology] — Cyber fraud: ₹8,189 crore protected by the government
  As of November 30, 2025, over 8.2 million cybercrime-related complaints had been registered on the I4C reporting portal, with 184,000 converted into FIRs, and many complaints resolved. By December 31, 2025, approximately 62 banks and financial institutions had joined this mechanism. In 361,000 cyber fraud complaints, the government successfully safeguarded ₹8,189 crore, out of an estimated ₹20,000 crore.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: I4C portal registered 8.2 million cybercrime complaints.

  Key Facts:

  • Complaints registered on I4C portal (as of Nov 30, 2025): 8.2 million
  • FIRs registered: 184,000
  • Banks/financial institutions joined mechanism (by Dec 31, 2025): 62
  • Amount safeguarded in 361,000 complaints: ₹8,189 crore
  • Estimated total fraud amount: ₹20,000 crore
  • SIM cards cancelled: 1.2 million
  • IMEI numbers blocked: 300,000
  • Accused arrested in cybercrime cases: 20,853
• 2025-10-09 [Science & Technology] — Cyber Fraud Prevention Efforts
  The Government released an update on India's cyber fraud prevention efforts under the Digital India mission. Cybersecurity incidents have risen from 10.29 lakh in 2022 to 22.68 lakh in 2024 (120% rise). The Cybersecurity Budget (2025–26) is ₹782 crore.
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  UPSC Angle: Cybersecurity incidents rose 120% from 2022-2024; important for digital security policy.

  Key Facts:

  • Cybersecurity incidents: 2022: 10.29 lakh, 2024: 22.68 lakh (120% rise)
  • Cyber fraud loss: ₹36.45 lakh reported on NCRP (as of Feb 2025)
  • SIM/IMEI blocking: 9.42 lakh SIMs, 2.63 lakh IMEIs linked to frauds blocked
  • Cybersecurity Budget (2025–26): ₹782 crore
  • Direct savings via cyber intervention: ₹5,489 crore
  • Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) launched by DoT; categorizes phone numbers
• 2025-07-03 [Economy] — RBI's Financial Fraud Risk Indicator
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced the Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) as an inter-agency move to boost digital financial security under the Digital India initiative by integrating telecom and banking infrastructures for preventing cyber-enabled financial frauds.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: RBI introduces Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) for digital security.

  Key Facts:

  • FRI integration advisory by RBI: June 30, 2025
• 2025-06-25 [Economy] — Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) Launch
  Major public and private sector banks are collaborating to develop the Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) as a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) under the guidance of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It aims to strengthen fraud risk management by enabling real-time data sharing and intelligence gathering to detect and prevent fraudulent digital transactions. The Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) is building a prototype in collaboration with 5–10 banks using advanced technologies.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP) as a Digital Public Infrastructure.

  Key Facts:

  • Platform: Digital Payment Intelligence Platform (DPIP)
  • Developed by: Public and private sector banks
  • Guided by: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
  • Objective: Strengthen fraud risk management in digital transactions
  • Being built by: Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH)
  • Collaboration: 5–10 banks
  • Expected operational timeframe: Next few months
  • Increase in fraud volume to 15.51 lakh during the March 2024 period from 11.5 lakh in the previous six-month period.
  • Developers: Public and private sector banks, guided by RBI
  • Mechanism: Real-time data sharing and intelligence gathering

Vodafone Idea's Regulatory and Financial Challenges

Focus: Events detailing the financial liabilities and regulatory environment affecting Vodafone Idea (VIL), specifically regarding Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) dues and GST penalties.

UPSC Value: Examines the fiscal pressure on India's telecom sector and the government's role in managing statutory dues of distressed entities like VIL.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-30 [Economy] — Vodafone Idea receives GST penalty order
  Vodafone Idea (VIL) received a GST penalty order of approximately ₹638 crore from the Office of Additional Commissioner, Central Goods and Service Tax, Ahmedabad. VIL disagrees with the order and will take legal action.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Vodafone Idea (VIL)
  • Received ₹638 crore GST penalty order
  • From Office of Additional Commissioner, Central Goods and Service Tax, Ahmedabad
  • VIL will take legal action
• 2026-01-01 [Economy] — Government Freezes VIL's AGR Dues for Five Years
  The Union Cabinet has approved freezing of Vodafone Idea Ltd's (VIL) Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) dues for five years, rescheduling the frozen dues to be paid between FY 2031-32 and FY 2040-41. The Government of India currently holds a 49% equity stake in VIL.
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  UPSC Angle: Government freezes VIL's AGR dues for five years.

  Key Facts:

  • Cabinet approved freezing AGR dues worth about ₹87,695 crore for five years
  • Repayment rescheduled over FY 2031-32 to FY 2040-41
  • Government of India holds a 49% equity stake in Vodafone Idea Ltd
• 2026-01-01 [Economy] — Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) Definition
  A dispute exists between telecom companies and the Indian government over the definition of Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR). The government insists on including all revenue, while telecom companies want to limit it to core telecom services revenue for calculating license fees and spectrum charges.
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  UPSC Angle: AGR definition dispute impacts government revenue and telecom company viability.

  Key Facts:

  • Telecom companies generate revenue from core and non-core telecom sources.
  • Government wants to include all revenue to determine AGR.
  • Telecom companies want to include only revenue from core telecom services.

Aadhaar Integration in Electoral Management

Focus: Legal and policy developments concerning the use of Aadhaar for voter database linking and identity verification in India.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the intersection of digital identity infrastructure, electoral integrity, and the legal challenges surrounding voter rights.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Polity & Governance] — Aadhaar for Voter Verification
  The Supreme Court rejected the argument to exclude Aadhaar from voter identity verification during the Special Intensive Revision (SIR). The court stated that forgery risk applies to all documents and cannot be a ground to drop Aadhaar.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court allows Aadhaar for voter verification during Special Intensive Revision.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court rejected excluding Aadhaar from voter verification
  • Forgery risk applies to all documents
  • Legal basis: Aadhaar Act, 2016
  • Cannot be used as conclusive proof of citizenship (Section 9)
• 2025-08-23 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Directive on Voter Roll Inclusion in Bihar
  The Supreme Court directed 12 recognized political parties in Bihar to ensure Booth Level Agents (BLAs) assist excluded voters in filling and submitting claim forms for inclusion in voter rolls. Voters excluded from draft rolls may submit claims with Aadhaar or any of 11 documents recognized Under Form 6 by the Election Commission. Claims for inclusion can be filed online or physically by September 1, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: SC directive: BLAs to assist voter roll inclusion in Bihar.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court directive related to Bihar voter rolls
  • 12 recognized political parties directed to ensure BLAs assist excluded voters
  • Voters can submit claims with Aadhaar or any of 11 documents recognized Under Form 6
  • Claims can be filed online or physically by September 1, 2025
• 2025-03-19 [Polity & Governance] — Linking Voter and Aadhaar Databases
  Voter and Aadhaar databases will be linked, but an opt-out option will remain. All six megacities are coping with poor air quality in the winter, with Delhi being the worst.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Voter and Aadhaar databases will be linked with opt-out option.

  Key Facts:

  • Voter, Aadhaar databases will link, opt-out option to stay
  • All six megacities coping with poor air in winters, Delhi worst

AI-Driven Deepfakes and the Evolution of Regulatory Frameworks

Focus: The emergence of AI-generated deepfakes as a tool for financial fraud and the progression of India's legal and regulatory framework to mitigate AI-driven security and misinformation risks.

UPSC Value: Relevant for studying the impact of disruptive technology on society and the legislative challenges in governing AI, cyber-security, and digital ethics.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-15 [Polity & Governance] — Framework Against Fake News
  The Information and Broadcasting Minister said that the government has strengthened the framework to combat fake news and deep fakes across media platforms. Deep Fakes are digital media — video, audio, and images, edited and manipulated using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and can be used to damage reputations, fabricate evidence, and undermine trust in democratic institutions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Government strengthens framework to combat fake news and deep fakes.

  Key Facts:

  • Framework strengthened to combat: fake news and deep fakes
  • Deep Fakes: digital media edited and manipulated using Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• 2025-09-13 [Science & Technology] — Deepfake scams targeting Indian citizens
  Online scams in India are becoming more dangerous, with fraudsters using deepfake videos of well-known leaders to trick people into investing in fake schemes. A retired doctor in Hyderabad lost over ₹20 lakh after seeing a manipulated video of the Finance Minister endorsing an investment plan. These scams often involve cryptocurrencies, which remain poorly regulated.
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  UPSC Angle: Deepfake scams targeting Indian citizens are becoming more dangerous.

  Key Facts:

  • A retired doctor in Hyderabad lost over ₹20 lakh after viewing a deepfake video of Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman endorsing an investment scheme.
• 2025-03-05 [Science & Technology] — AI's Impact on Crime, Law Enforcement, and Judicial Efficiency in India
  AI tools are enabling cybercriminals to operate more efficiently, leading to sophisticated scams and frauds. AI offers potential for streamlining law enforcement and judicial processes in India, such as automating complaint registration, tracking investigations, and transcribing court proceedings. However, ethical concerns, data privacy, infrastructure gaps, and the absence of AI-specific legal frameworks need to be addressed for effective AI integration in the justice system.
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  UPSC Angle: AI's impact on crime, law enforcement, and judicial efficiency in India.

  Key Facts:

  • US launched the $100 billion Stargate AI initiative.
  • China is rapidly advancing in AI with cost-effective LLMs like QWQ and DeepSeek.
  • AI-powered transcription of court proceedings can streamline case documentation.
  • Automated case management systems can improve storage, retrieval, and sharing of legal documents.
  • AI models may inherit biases from historical judicial data, raising fairness concerns.
  • Ensuring data confidentiality and security is crucial for AI-driven systems accessing legal and crime databases.
  • India lacks AI-specific legal frameworks to regulate AI-driven judicial and law enforcement mechanisms.

Challenges to Statutory Frameworks and Governance Accountability

Focus: Developments and criticisms regarding the implementation, integrity, and potential dilution of key Indian legislative frameworks such as the RTI Act, the Anti-Defection Law, and the DPDP Act.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper II, focusing on statutory and constitutional provisions, transparency, and the role of institutional mechanisms in ensuring government accountability.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-10 [Polity & Governance] — TMC MP alleges govt reluctance on RTI disclosures
  TMC MP Mohammed Nadimul Haque accused the central government in the Rajya Sabha of being 'reluctant and scared' to disclose information under the Right to Information (RTI) Act. He demanded the protection of the law's sanctity, raising concerns about transparency and government accountability.
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  UPSC Angle: TMC MP alleges government reluctance on RTI disclosures.

  Key Facts:

  • Mohammed Nadimul Haque
  • Rajya Sabha
  • Right to Information (RTI) Act
  • transparency
  • government accountability
• 2025-11-06 [Polity & Governance] — Telangana MLAs Face Defection Charges
  The Legislature Secretariat of Telangana has summoned four more MLAs of the Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) who are facing charges of defection to the ruling Congress. The Anti-Defection Law was introduced as the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment, 1985.
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  UPSC Angle: Telangana MLAs face defection charges under the Anti-Defection Law.

  Key Facts:

  • Legislature Secretariat of Telangana
  • Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS)
  • Anti-Defection Law
  • Tenth Schedule
  • 52nd Constitutional Amendment, 1985
• 2025-04-12 [Polity & Governance] — Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act Criticism
  Congress leader Gaurav Gogoi criticized the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, calling it “draconian” and expressing concern that it limits access to information. Opposition leaders have urged Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw to repeal Section 44(3) of the DPDP Act, arguing that it dilutes the RTI framework.
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  UPSC Angle: Criticism of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act.

  Key Facts:

  • Criticism of Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act by Gaurav Gogoi.

Evolution and Enforcement of Antitrust Regulation for Big Tech in India

Focus: Legal and regulatory developments concerning the application of India's Competition Act to multinational technology firms, covering legislative gaps, judicial rulings, and corporate challenges.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the regulatory environment of the digital economy, the powers of the Competition Commission of India (CCI), and the legal challenges in governing global tech giants under GS-2 and GS-3.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-28 [Economy] — Apple Contests Amendment to India's Competition Act
  Apple is challenging a 2023 amendment to India's Competition Act that allows fines based on global turnover, potentially leading to a $38 billion penalty. This legal challenge is significant because it could set a precedent for how multinational firms are penalized under Indian antitrust laws and highlights the broader implications for Big Tech regulation in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Apple challenges Competition Act amendment on global turnover-based fines.

  Key Facts:

  • Apple
  • India's Competition Act
  • 2023 amendment
  • fines based on global turnover
  • $38 billion penalty
• 2025-08-13 [Economy] — NCLAT Upholds Google's GPBS Policy but Reduces Fine
  The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) upheld Google's GPBS policy and app bundling as an abuse of dominance but reduced the fine from ₹936.44 crore to ₹216.69 crore, deeming the original penalty disproportionate. The NCLAT reinstated that Google must be transparent about billing data policies and not use billing data to give its apps an unfair advantage.
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  UPSC Angle: NCLAT upheld Google's GPBS policy, reduced fine to ₹216.69 crore.

  Key Facts:

  • NCLAT upheld Google's GPBS policy and app bundling as abuse of dominance
  • Fine reduced from ₹936.44 crore to ₹216.69 crore
  • Google must be transparent about billing data policies
  • Google must not use billing data to give its apps an unfair advantage
• 2025-03-21 [Economy] — Digital Market Regulation and IT Act
  India must adapt its competition laws to keep pace with technological advancements, ensuring fair market practices. The Competition Act, 2002, does not directly address data monopolies. Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000, provides conditional immunity to intermediaries for third-party content.
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  UPSC Angle: India must adapt competition laws to address data monopolies.

  Key Facts:

  • Competition Act, 2002, does not address data monopolies directly
  • Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, lacks explicit coordination mechanisms with the CCI
  • Section 79 of IT Act, 2000, provides conditional immunity to intermediaries for third-party content
  • Under Section 79(3)(b), intermediaries must remove unlawful content when notified by the government or lose immunity
  • Section 79 does not authorize direct blocking orders; only notifies intermediaries of liability

India's E-Waste Regulatory and Management Framework

Focus: A collection of items documenting India's policy, international collaboration, and statistical monitoring efforts to address its growing electronic waste crisis.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding environmental governance, the 'Right to Repair' movement, and sustainable development goals related to waste management in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-10 [Environment & Ecology] — CSE Report Warns of Worsening Environmental Indicators in India
  The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) released its annual State of India's Environment in Figures 2025 report, revealing a mounting environmental crisis in India, including extreme weather events, declining public health, stalled infrastructure, and deepening economic strain. The report used 48 indicators across environment, agriculture, public health, and human development to rank 36 states and Union Territories, finding that no state consistently performs well across all areas. The report highlights issues such as legacy waste remediation, rising e-waste and plastic waste, and forest diversions impacting wildlife corridors.
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  UPSC Angle: CSE report reveals a mounting environmental crisis in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
  • State of India's Environment in Figures 2025 report
  • 48 indicators used to rank states and UTs
  • Andhra Pradesh led in environmental management
  • Sikkim topped agriculture rankings
  • Goa is best in public health and infrastructure
  • Legacy waste remediation only half completed despite 2026 deadline
  • E-waste rose by 147% in seven years
  • Plastic waste reached 4.14 million tonnes in 2022-23
  • 29,000 hectares of forest cleared last year, a decade-high
  • Greenhouse gas emissions reached 7.8%, highest since 1970
  • 135 districts overdrawing groundwater from depths exceeding 40 metres
• 2025-07-10 [International Relations] — India Hosts ITU Study Tour on E-Waste Regulation
  India hosted an ITU-led study tour focused on e-waste regulation and engagement of the tech industry, with delegations from Colombia, the Dominican Republic, India, Malaysia, and Nigeria participating. The tour facilitates the exchange of best practices in sustainable e-waste management and provides insights into the implementation of regulatory requirements and recycling practices.
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  UPSC Angle: India hosts ITU study tour on e-waste regulation.

  Key Facts:

  • The study tour included delegations from Colombia, the Dominican Republic, India, Malaysia, and Nigeria.
• 2025-05-06 [Economy] — Report for Framework on Repairability Index (RI) in Mobile and Electronic Sector
  The Committee constituted for the Framework on Repairability Index (RI) in Mobile and Electronic Sector has submitted its Report to the Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA), Government of India. India ranks as the third-largest producer of electronic waste globally, following China and the United States. Consumer complaints related to mobile phones and tablets increased from 19,057 to 22,864 between 2022 and 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Report on Repairability Index (RI) in Mobile and Electronic Sector.

  Key Facts:

  • India ranks as the third-largest producer of electronic waste globally.
  • Consumer complaints related to mobile phones and tablets increased from 19,057 to 22,864 between 2022 and 2025.

Digital Transformation of India's Regulatory and Governance Frameworks

Focus: The items focus on the integration of digital infrastructure (Aadhaar, RegStack) into the administrative and market regulatory systems to enhance transparency and reduce procedural friction.

UPSC Value: This thread is significant for GS Paper 2 (Governance) and GS Paper 3 (Economy) as it illustrates the shift toward 'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance' through technological intervention.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-09 [Polity & Governance] — India's Regulatory Stack Blueprint
  India is developing a 'regulatory stack' (RegStack) to digitally transform the compliance ecosystem, ensuring regulation is uniformly, verifiably, and transparently applied. It aims to reduce bureaucratic opacity, procedural friction, delays, corruption, and rent-seeking.
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  UPSC Angle: India is developing a 'regulatory stack' (RegStack).

  Key Facts:

  • Aims to digitally transform the compliance ecosystem
  • Ensures uniform, verifiable, and transparent regulation
  • Reduces bureaucratic opacity and procedural friction
• 2025-10-27 [Economy] — Government's Role in Markets
  The importance of balancing regulation with autonomy for financial and digital markets is discussed, relating to ease-of-doing-business and start-up ecosystem reforms.
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  UPSC Angle: Importance of balancing regulation with autonomy for markets.

  Key Facts:

  • Regulation needs to be balanced with autonomy for financial and digital markets.
• 2025-08-21 [Polity & Governance] — IT 2.0 - APT System Rollout
  Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia announced the nationwide rollout of IT 2.0 – Aadhaar-based Payment and Telecom (APT) system. This initiative aims to strengthen digital governance, transparency, and accountability within the telecom sector by leveraging Aadhaar authentication. The APT framework ensures real-time Aadhaar-based authentication, thereby plugging loopholes and strengthening national security architecture.
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  UPSC Angle: APT system aims to strengthen digital governance, transparency, and efficiency.

  Key Facts:

  • Nationwide rollout of IT 2.0 – Aadhaar-based Payment and Telecom (APT) system.
  • Aims to strengthen digital governance, transparency, and accountability within the telecom sector.
  • Leverages Aadhaar authentication.
  • Ensures real-time Aadhaar-based authentication.

Legal and Regulatory Governance of Indian Cricket Leagues

Focus: Items concerning legal disputes over contracts, regulatory interventions in league scheduling, and judicial efforts to define competition integrity within Indian professional cricket.

UPSC Value: Understanding the evolving legal and administrative landscape of sports governance in India, particularly regarding contract enforcement and the criminalization of match-fixing.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-23 [Sports & Awards] — BCCI Seeks to Legally Consider Match-Fixing as Cheating
  The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) approached the Supreme Court seeking to intervene in a criminal appeal related to alleged match-fixing in the Karnataka Premier League (KPL) in 2018-19. The BCCI argues that match-fixing should be viewed as cheating as there is an implied promise to spectators/sponsors that the match will be played fairly.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • BCCI argues match-fixing should be legally considered cheating
• 2025-10-19 [Sports & Awards] — Irfan Pathan severs ties with Epic Victory Cricket League
  Irfan Pathan ended his association with the Epic Victory Cricket League (EVCL) due to the league's unauthorized use of his name and image. His contract was terminated on October 19, 2025, following an alleged breach of agreement terms by EVCL.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Irfan Pathan: Contract terminated on October 19, 2025
  • Reason for termination: EVCL's material breach of agreement terms
  • Allegation: Unauthorized use of name and image
  • EVCL 2026: Started on February 3, 2026, at Indira Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Haldwani, Uttarakhand
• 2025-05-09 [Sports & Awards] — BCCI Pauses IPL for a Week
  The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has put the Indian Premier League (IPL) on pause for a week. The Punjab Kings-Delhi Capitals game will be replayed.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • IPL 2025 is suspended for a week.
  • Punjab Kings-Delhi Capitals game to be replayed.

PM E-DRIVE Scheme: Framework and Implementation

Focus: Items detailing the features, market context, and specific infrastructure guidelines of the central government's PM E-DRIVE scheme.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the structure of India's flagship EV subsidy program, from its broad objectives to specific operational guidelines for charging infrastructure.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-29 [Economy] — Government Guidelines for EV Charging Stations
  The Centre unveiled operational guidelines for the rollout of nearly 72,300 public electric vehicle (EV) charging stations across the country, with an outlay of Rs 2,000 crore under the Rs 10,900 crore PM E-DRIVE scheme. The PM E-DRIVE (Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement) scheme is a flagship initiative launched in October 2024 with a financial outlay of Rs. 10,900 crore.
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  UPSC Angle: Guidelines for 72,300 EV charging stations with Rs 2,000 crore outlay.

  Key Facts:

  • EV charging stations: 72,300
  • PM e-DRIVE scheme support: ₹2,000 crore
  • Scheme launch year: 2024
  • Initial active period: October 1, 2024 – March 31, 2026
  • Extension: Up to March 2028 for certain components
  • 72,300 public EV charging stations to be rolled out
  • Outlay: Rs 2,000 crore
  • Scheme: PM E-DRIVE
  • PM E-DRIVE Outlay: Rs 10,900 crore
  • PM E-DRIVE launch: October 2024
  • Effective Dates: October 1, 2024 – March 31, 2026
• 2025-06-18 [Economy] — Down to Earth: Electric Vehicles in India - Market Trends and Challenges
  India has experienced significant growth in EV sales, particularly in the two- and three-wheeler segments, but lags in other categories. NITI Aayog's 2019 targets for 2030, such as 70% commercial cars and 30% private cars being electric, are far from being achieved, with only three-wheelers showing strong adoption (~60% EVs). Government initiatives like FAME India Scheme and PM E-DRIVE aim to boost EV adoption, but challenges remain.
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  UPSC Angle: EV market trends and challenges in India.

  Key Facts:

  • EV sales growth in two- and three-wheeler segments
  • NITI Aayog 2030 targets: 70% commercial cars, 30% private cars, 40% buses, 80% two- and three-wheelers
  • Three-wheelers EV adoption: ~60%
  • EV penetration in other categories: around 5–6%
  • FAME India Scheme (Phase II)
  • PM E-DRIVE
• 2025-05-17 [Schemes & Programs] — PM E-Drive Initiative
  The PM E-Drive initiative, with a duration of 2 years (2024-2026), aims to accelerate EV adoption in India by providing demand incentives and supporting charging infrastructure. It includes subsidies for e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-ambulances, e-trucks, and emerging EV categories.
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  UPSC Angle: PM E-Drive initiative aims to accelerate EV adoption in India (2024-2026).

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry: Ministry of Heavy Industries
  • Duration: 2 years (2024 to 2026)
  • Financial support for buyers of e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-ambulances, e-trucks, and other emerging EV categories.

Public Interest Exceptions to Commercial and Property Rights

Focus: Legal mechanisms and rulings in India—such as Fair Dealing in copyright, Compulsory Licensing in patents, and Fair Pricing in consumer goods—that restrict private commercial exclusivity to serve broader social goals like education, health, and gender equity.

UPSC Value: This thread is essential for understanding the constitutional balance between the right to trade (Article 19) and the state's power to impose reasonable restrictions for social justice and public welfare.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-15 [Economy] — Pink Tax in India
  The "pink tax" is not prohibited by law in India, with prices for female-targeted goods and services determined by market dynamics. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission ruled that companies must follow fair pricing policies and avoid gender-based price discrimination.
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  UPSC Angle: "Pink tax" in India reflects gender-based pricing disparities.

  Key Facts:

  • Pink tax
  • India
  • National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
  • fair pricing policies
  • gender-based price discrimination
• 2025-06-13 [Polity & Governance] — Fair Dealing Law (Fair Use) in India
  A copyright and defamation dispute between ANI and YouTuber Mohak Mangal has raised critical questions on India's ambiguous fair use laws in the digital era. Fair dealing, defined under Section 52(1) of the Copyright Act, 1957, permits limited use of copyrighted material without permission for educational, critical, journalistic, or research purposes.
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  UPSC Angle: Fair dealing law (fair use) in India under Section 52(1).

  Key Facts:

  • Fair Dealing
  • Section 52(1) of the Copyright Act, 1957
  • Limited use of copyrighted material without permission
  • Educational purpose
  • Critical purpose
  • Journalistic purpose
  • Research purpose
• 2025-06-09 [Polity & Governance] — Demand for Compulsory Licensing for Rare Disease
  Rare disease patients in India are urging the government to invoke the compulsory licensing provision under the Indian Patents Act, 1970. Compulsory licensing is a legal tool under Section 84 of the Indian Patents Act, 1970, which allows the government or any third party to manufacture a patented product or use a patented process without the consent of the patent owner in certain conditions.
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  UPSC Angle: Compulsory licensing under Section 84 of the Indian Patents Act, 1970.

  Key Facts:

  • Legal Tool: Compulsory licensing
  • Act: Indian Patents Act, 1970
  • Section: Section 84
  • Purpose: Allows manufacture of patented product without patent owner's consent under certain conditions

Legal and Regulatory Framework for Social Media Intermediaries in India

Focus: A series of judicial and executive developments focused on defining intermediary liability and the procedural requirements for social media content moderation.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding the evolving legal standards for digital platforms and the protection of creator rights under GS Paper II (Governance) and GS Paper III (Cybersecurity).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-06 [Polity & Governance] — Reuters' X Account Withheld in India
  Reuters' X (formerly Twitter) account has been withheld in India due to a legal demand. While the government initially stated that it had not made any legal requests to withhold the account and was working with X to resolve the issue, the account is expected to be restored shortly.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Reuters
  • X account withheld
  • Legal demand
  • Government spokesperson
  • Working with X to resolve
• 2025-05-13 [Polity & Governance] — Safe Harbour Reconsideration for Social Media
  The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is reconsidering the concept of safe harbour for social media platforms to tackle the spread of fake news online. This reconsideration may have implications for intermediary liability and content regulation in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Reconsidering safe harbour for social media to tackle fake news.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
  • safe harbour
  • social media platforms
  • fake news
  • intermediary liability
  • content regulation
• 2025-03-04 [Polity & Governance] — SC: No Takedowns of Social Media Posts Without Creator Response
  The Supreme Court has ruled that social media posts should not be removed without first giving the original creator a chance to respond. Only if the creator cannot be identified can the notice be served solely to the intermediary platform.
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  UPSC Angle: SC: Social media posts cannot be removed without creator response.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court
  • social media posts
  • takedown
  • creator response
  • intermediary

India's Digital Expansion and Governance Challenges

Focus: These items collectively address the specific regulatory, security, and ethical challenges—such as misinformation, data privacy, and influencer accountability—arising from India's rapid growth toward one billion internet users.

UPSC Value: This thread is vital for understanding the intersection of digital infrastructure growth and the evolving legal framework required for internal security and social stability in India.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-05-31 [Science & Technology] — India to have 1 Billion Internet Users by FY26
  The Minister of Communications announced that India's Internet user base is set to reach 1 billion by the end of FY26, but challenges remain in last-mile connectivity, data privacy, cybersecurity, and service quality. Stronger laws, public awareness, and improved infrastructure are needed to address these issues.
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  UPSC Angle: India to have 1 Billion Internet Users by FY26.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Internet user base is projected to reach 1 billion by the end of FY26.
  • Challenges: difficult terrain, low affordability, lack of digital skills limit access in remote areas.
  • Need stronger data privacy laws and cybersecurity measures.
  • Internet speed and reliability remain uneven.
• 2025-05-21 [Polity & Governance] — India's Disinformation Challenge
  India is on track to surpass 900 million internet users, making it highly vulnerable to disinformation without appropriate regulations. Disinformation contributes to consumer boycotts, economic conflicts, and international tensions.
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  UPSC Angle: India's vulnerability to disinformation due to high internet usage.

  Key Facts:

  • India is on track to surpass 900 million internet users.
• 2025-05-07 [Polity & Governance] — Digital Misinformation Challenges in India
  India is identified as one of the most misinformation-vulnerable nations and faces increasing challenges with the rise of influencer-driven content. This has triggered calls for tightened regulation and ethical accountability of social media influencers.
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  UPSC Angle: India's vulnerability to misinformation and calls for regulation.

  Key Facts:

  • India is identified as one of the most misinformation-vulnerable nations
  • Rising concerns about regulation and ethical accountability of social media influencers
  • Need for Monitoring: A registration system for health influencers is vital
  • Brands should educate users, and platforms must enforce strong rules to stop misinformation

Legal and Regulatory Accountability of Social Media Influencers

Focus: Legal proceedings and regulatory summons involving prominent Indian podcasters and comedians regarding their content, conduct, and ongoing investigations.

UPSC Value: Examines the evolving legal landscape for digital content creators and the judiciary's role in addressing social media ethics and the rights of vulnerable groups.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-05-05 [Polity & Governance] — SC Seeks Social Media Influencers' Presence in Court
  The Supreme Court requested the presence of five social media influencers, including Samay Raina, in court following a petition by an NGO alleging they ridiculed individuals with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) on their show. Justices Surya Kant and N. Kotiswar Singh directed the Mumbai Commissioner of Police to serve notice to the influencers.
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  UPSC Angle: SC seeks social media influencers' presence in court for ridiculing SMA.

  Key Facts:

  • Social media influencers, including Samay Raina, summoned by Supreme Court
  • Allegation: Ridiculing persons with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
  • Bench: Justices Surya Kant and N. Kotiswar Singh
  • Notice to be served by Mumbai Commissioner of Police
  • Date: May 5, 2025
• 2025-04-28 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court orders return of passport to Ranveer Allahbadia
  The Supreme Court has ordered the return of podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia's passport, enabling him to travel abroad for work. A bench of Justices Surya Kant and N. Kotiswar Singh relaxed the condition after the Assam and Maharashtra Governments confirmed the completion of the investigation against him. The bench instructed Allahbadia to contact the Maharashtra cyber police bureau for his passport's return.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court allowed return of passport to podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia.
  • Bench of Justices Surya Kant and N. Kotiswar Singh relaxed the condition.
  • Assam and Maharashtra Governments said investigation against him was complete.
• 2025-03-06 [Society & Culture] — Ranveer Allahbadia, Apoorva Mukhija appear before NCW
  Social media personalities Ranveer Allahbadia and Apoorva Mukhija appeared before the National Commission for Women (NCW) concerning derogatory remarks made on Samay Raina's show “India's Got Latent”.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Ranveer Allahbadia
  • Apoorva Mukhija
  • National Commission for Women
  • Samay Raina
  • India's Got Latent