India's Strategic Deterrence and Aerospace Modernization: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India's defense posture is transitioning from a 'reactive-legacy' model to a 'proactive-integrated' deterrence framework. This is anchored by the maturation of the Nuclear Triad (exemplified by K-4 SLBMs) and a shift toward high-speed, precision-strike capabilities (Hypersonic/SFDR). The overarching goal is a 'Multi-Vector' defense architecture that balances high-end strategic deterrence against China with tactical agility for localized conflicts (e.g., Pralay missiles for LAC contingencies). This evolution is underpinned by 'Atmanirbhar Bharat', where the focus has moved from mere assembly to deep-tech indigenization and the creation of a private-led defense-industrial ecosystem.

Cross-Theme Insight

The synergy between long-range strategic assets (Agni-5) and short-range 'quasi-ballistic' systems (Pralay) indicates a 'deterrence by denial' strategy. By integrating AI-driven logistics and secure communication ecosystems (like the 'SAMBHAV' system), India is no longer just buying platforms but building an 'OODA-loop' (Observe-Orient-Decide-Act) superiority. Furthermore, the pivot toward MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) hubs with partners like Israel and the US signifies India's ambition to become a central node in the Indo-Pacific security architecture, moving beyond a buyer-seller relationship.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Laxmikanth, p. 611; Rajiv Ahir, p. 703) correctly define the 'No First Use' (NFU) doctrine and the history of IGMDP. However, they lack the 'Post-2020 Realignment': the transition to 'canisterized' missiles (Agni-P) which allow for rapid launch, and the operationalization of 'Dual-Use' technologies. While textbooks discuss the 'Smiling Buddha' and 1998 tests, they don't capture the shift from liquid-fueled to solid-fueled, maneuverable systems that can bypass modern BMD (Ballistic Missile Defense) systems like THAAD or S-400.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The 2025-2026 trajectory shows an accelerating trend of 'Technological Leapfrogging'. India is bypassing traditional intermediate steps to focus directly on Scramjet engines and Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology. There is also a clear shift toward 'Integrated Battle Groups' supported by indigenous aerospace infrastructure, moving away from fragmented service-specific procurements toward theater-centric modernization.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC increasingly tests technical distinctions: Ballistic vs Cruise (IAS 2023, NID 6099), weapon origins (S-400 from Russia, NID 14580), and specific platform capabilities (Sukhoi-30 MKI integration, NID 13800). There is a rising focus on indigenous helicopters (Rudra, NID 16230) and secure mobile ecosystems (SAMBHAV, NID 13144). Candidates are expected to know not just 'what' a missile is, but its propulsion type (Solid vs Liquid) and range-payload trade-offs.

Probable Prelims Angles

• Range and propulsion of Agni-Prime (1,000-2,000 km, Canisterized) vs Agni-V (5,000+ km).
• Function of SFDR (Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet) in air-to-air missiles like Astra.
• Distinction between Pralay (Quasi-ballistic) and BrahMos (Supersonic Cruise).
• Indigenization categories: IDDM (Indigenous Design, Development, and Manufacturing) vs. 'Buy (Global)'.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (20 themes, 83 news items)

Multi-Vector Defence Modernization

Focus: Major capital acquisitions and strategic approvals involving non-French partners (US, UK, Domestic) and broad modernization programs.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's policy of diversifying defence imports and boosting domestic production capabilities.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-12 [Defense & Security] — India finalizes deal with HAL for Dornier 228 aircraft
  The Indian Ministry of Defence signed a ₹2,312 crore (approximately USD 280 million) contract with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for eight Dornier Do228 aircraft to enhance the Indian Coast Guard's (ICG) aerial surveillance and maritime patrol capabilities. The contract, signed in New Delhi in the presence of Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh, falls under the “Buy (Indian)” procurement category, reinforcing the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
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  UPSC Angle: HAL to supply Dornier 228 aircraft to Coast Guard.

  Key Facts:

  • ₹2,312 crore (approximately USD 280 million) contract with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
  • Acquisition of eight Dornier Do228 aircraft for the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
  • Contract signed in New Delhi on February 12, 2026.
  • Defence Secretary Shri Rajesh Kumar Singh present at the signing.
  • Falls under the “Buy (Indian)” procurement category.
• 2026-02-12 [Defense & Security] — Defense Ministry Approves Missile Purchase for S-400 Systems
  The Defense Acquisition Committee approved the purchase of 288 Russian-made anti-aircraft guided missiles for the S-400 Triumph systems, amounting to 100 billion Indian rupees (one billion US dollars). The contract includes short, medium, and long-range missiles to enhance the Indian Air Force's air defense capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: Purchase of missiles for S-400 systems approved.

  Key Facts:

  • 288 Russian-made anti-aircraft guided missiles approved for purchase
  • For S-400 Triumph systems
  • Contract amount: 100 billion Indian rupees (one billion US dollars)
  • Includes 120 short-range missiles (up to 40 km) and 168 medium- and long-range missiles (150 to 400 km)
• 2026-01-04 [Defense & Security] — India's Defence Modernization Drive
  India is advancing its defense modernization with a focus on domestic procurement and enhancing operational capabilities. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved proposals worth approximately $9.5 billion for the procurement of advanced weapon and surveillance systems for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This includes loitering munition systems, radars, naval platforms, and air combat and training systems.
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  UPSC Angle: India advances defense modernization with domestic procurement.

  Key Facts:

  • DAC approved procurement proposals worth $9.5 billion
  • Focus on domestic procurement aligning with Make-in-India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives
  • Procurement includes: Loitering Munition Systems, Low-Level Lightweight Radars, Pinaka Multiple Launch Rocket System, Integrated Drone Detection and Interdiction System (IDDIS) Mk-II
  • Navy to induct support and surveillance platforms including Bollard-Pull (BP) Tugs and High-Frequency Software-Defined Radios (HF SDR) Manpacks
  • IAF to acquire Automatic Take-Off and Landing (ATOL) Recording System and Astra Mk-II beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile
• 2025-12-17 [Defense & Security] — IAF to Upgrade ISTAR Capabilities with Bombardier Jets
  The Indian Air Force will upgrade its intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) capabilities. Under a ₹10,000 crore initiative, three Bombardier Global-6500 ultra-long-range business jets will be converted into airborne command centers to monitor enemy movements and relay precise targeting data. The Canadian-manufactured jet has a range of 6,600 nautical miles (12,200 km) and is propelled by twin Rolls-Royce Pearl 15 engines.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF to upgrade ISTAR capabilities with Bombardier Global-6500 jets.

  Key Facts:

  • ₹10,000 crore initiative
  • Three Bombardier Global-6500 ultra-long-range business jets will be converted into airborne command centres
  • ISTAR mission equips aircraft to serve as elevated nerve centres for military operations
  • Canadian-manufactured jet with a range of 6,600 nautical miles (12,200 kilometres)
  • Twin Rolls-Royce Pearl 15 engines, each delivering 15,125 pounds of thrust, propel it to Mach 0.90 (950 km/h)
  • Maximum take-off weight: 48,307 kg
• 2025-10-25 [Defense & Security] — India and US finalise $93-million arms deal
  India and the US have finalized a $93 million military deal, which includes India replenishing its stock of Excalibur projectiles and purchasing Javelin Missile Systems. India will procure 216 Excalibur projectiles for $47.1 million and about 100 Javelin Missile Systems for around $45.7 million.
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  UPSC Angle: India and US finalize $93 million arms deal.

  Key Facts:

  • US approves military sales worth nearly $93 million to India
  • India to receive 100 FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles
  • 25 command launch units
  • 216 M982A1 Excalibur precision-guided artillery rounds
  • Javelin package valued at $45.7 million
  • Excalibur projectiles estimated at $47.1 million
• 2025-10-09 [International Relations] — UK to supply missiles to India
  The Prime Ministers of India and the UK signed agreements furthering the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) and a £350 million contract for the U.K. to supply missiles to India. The new contract for Lightweight Multirole Missiles made by Thales in Northern Ireland would secure 700 jobs at a factory which currently makes the same weapons for Ukraine.
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  UPSC Angle: UK to supply missiles to India under £350 million contract.

  Key Facts:

  • The UK will supply missiles to India in a £350 million contract.
  • Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA)
  • £350 million contract for the U.K. to supply missiles to India
  • Prime Minister Keir Starmer's visit to India
• 2025-09-24 [Defense & Security] — Developments in India's Defence Sector
  In September 2024, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved 10 capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 145 billion, including Future-Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCVs) for the Army and Project 17B stealth frigates for the Navy. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) cleared a contract with HAL for 240 AL-31FP jet engines for the Air Force's Sukhoi Su-30MKI aircraft, valued at Rs 260 billion. The government also approved Rs 227.5 billion for upcoming space missions, including Chandrayaan-4 and a Venus exploration mission.
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  UPSC Angle: DAC approved ₹145 billion acquisition proposals, including FRCVs.

  Key Facts:

  • DAC approved 10 capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 145 billion
  • Approved procurement of Future-Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCVs)
  • Approved seven Project 17B stealth frigates for the Indian Navy at Rs 700 billion
  • CCS cleared contract with HAL for 240 AL-31FP jet engines worth Rs 260 billion
  • Approved Rs 227.5 billion for space missions, including Chandrayaan-4
• 2025-05-26 [Defense & Security] — Make in India Powers Defence Growth
  India is focusing on defense manufacturing, reducing reliance on foreign suppliers. The Ministry of Defense signed a record 193 contracts in 2024-25, with 92% awarded to the domestic industry, amounting to over 1.68 lakh cr.. The Aditi scheme supports critical technologies with grants up to 25 cr for innovators.
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  UPSC Angle: India focusing on defense manufacturing, reducing reliance on foreign suppliers.

  Key Facts:

  • Contract with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited on March 28 2025 for 156 LCH Prachand helicopters worth 62,700 cr
  • Indian Air Force will receive 66 helicopters, Indian Army will get 90
  • Deliveries will begin in the third year and continue over 5 years
  • LCH has over 65% indigenous content
  • Contract with Mitra Management to lease 1KC135 flight refueling aircraft
  • Procurement of 307 ATGs along with 327 high mobility 6 into six gun towing vehicles for 15 artillery regiments at a cost of 7,000 cr
  • Aditi scheme provides grants up to 25 cr
  • Ministry of Defense cleared procurement of 43 items worth over 2,400 cr from IDEX startups and MSMES as of February 2025
  • Projects worth 1500 cr have been approved for development
  • Ministry of Defense signed a record 193 contracts in 2024-25
  • Total contract value surpassing two lakh cr
  • 177 contracts accounting for 92% awarded to the domestic industry amounting to over 1.68 lakh cr

Strategic Ballistic Missile Modernization

Focus: A series of tests and unveilings of indigenous surface-to-surface strategic ballistic missiles ranging from short-range to intercontinental capabilities.

UPSC Value: Critical for tracking the evolution of India's nuclear triad, second-strike capability, and the diversification of delivery platforms (canister, rail, submarine).

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [Defense & Security] — India Test-Fires Agni-3 Ballistic Missile
  India successfully test-fired the Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) Agni-3 from the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha, validating its operational readiness. Agni-3 is capable of delivering strategic payloads to targets up to 3,000 km and forms a crucial part of India's land-based nuclear deterrent. It is a two-stage, solid-fuelled ballistic missile capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear warheads.
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  UPSC Angle: India test-fires Agni-3 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM).

  Key Facts:

  • Missile: Agni-3 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)
  • Range: ~3,000 km
  • Launch Site: Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha
  • Type: Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile
  • Launch platform: Road-mobile launcher (canisterised variants tested earlier)
  • Payload capability: Conventional or nuclear warhead
  • Guidance: Advanced inertial navigation with high accuracy
  • Propulsion: Two-stage solid-fuel missile
  • Validation: All technical and operational parameters successfully validated in the 2026 test
  • Range: 3,000 km
  • Location: Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha
  • Type: two-stage, solid-fuelled
  • Payload: conventional and nuclear warheads
  • Missile: Agni-3
  • Type: Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)
  • Range: 3,000+ km
  • Payload: 1.5 tons
  • Launch Location: Chandipur, Odisha
  • Launched by: Strategic Forces Command (SFC)
  • Length: 17 meters
  • Two-stage solid-propelled missile
  • Has been inducted into the armed forces
  • Weight: 11,000 kg
  • Diameter: 2 meters
  • Accuracy: 40 metres CEP
  • In service with the SFC since 2011
• 2025-12-26 [Defense & Security] — India Test-Fires K-4 Missile
  India test-fired its K-4 missile, which has a range of 3,500 km, from its nuclear submarine, Arighaat. The Kalam-4 or K-4 Missile is a nuclear-capable intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) designed mainly for deployment on Arihant-class submarines and was indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
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  UPSC Angle: India test-fired its K-4 missile from its nuclear submarine Arighaat.

  Key Facts:

  • K-4 missile has a range of around 3,500 km.
  • K-4 Missile is a nuclear-capable intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).
  • K-4 was indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
  • Each Arihant-class submarine can carry four K-4 missiles.
• 2025-09-26 [Defense & Security] — Agni-Prime Missile Test-Fired
  DRDO successfully test-fired the Agni-Prime (Agni-P) missile from a rail-based mobile launcher, placing India among a select group of nations with such capability. Agni-P is a new generation nuclear-capable medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) with a range of 1,000 to 2,000 km. The missile incorporates advanced propulsion and guidance systems and enhances India's second-strike capability.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO successfully test-fired the Agni-Prime missile.

  Key Facts:

  • Agni-Prime (Agni-P) is a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM)
  • Range: 1,000 to 2,000 km
  • Developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • Two-stage canisterised solid propellant ballistic missile
  • Can carry high explosive, thermobaric or nuclear warheads
  • Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • Strategic Forces Command (SFC)
  • Agni-Prime (Agni-P)
  • Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)
  • Range: Up to 2,000 km
  • rail-based mobile launcher
• 2025-08-21 [Defense & Security] — Agni-5 Missile Test
  India successfully test-fired its Agni-5 intermediate-range ballistic missile from Chandipur, Odisha, validating its operational and technical parameters under the Strategic Forces Command. Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the Agni-5 is classified as an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km, designed to meet India's strategic security requirements. The launch validated all operational and technical parameters.
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  UPSC Angle: India successfully test-fired its Agni-5 intermediate-range ballistic missile.

  Key Facts:

  • Agni-5 is an intermediate-range ballistic missile.
  • Test-fired from Chandipur, Odisha.
  • Developed by DRDO.
  • Range: Over 5,000 km.
  • Classified as an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
  • Three-stage solid fuel engine.
  • Validated operational and technical parameters under the Strategic Forces Command.
  • Earlier, on March 11, 2024, India had tested a MIRV-equipped variant of Agni-5.
  • Agni-5 missile
  • India successfully test fired Agni-V intermediate range ballistic missile
  • Test fired off the Odisha coast
  • Marks a major advancement in nation's strategic defense capability
• 2025-07-30 [Defense & Security] — Pralay Quasi-Ballistic Missile Flight Tests
  DRDO successfully conducted two consecutive flight tests of the Pralay quasi-ballistic missile from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. Pralay is a quasi-ballistic missile that uses solid fuel and was developed by the Research Centre Imarat, Hyderabad. The missile was first tested in December 2021.
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  UPSC Angle: Pralay is a quasi-ballistic missile using solid fuel.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO conducted flight tests of Pralay missile from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha
  • Pralay is a quasi-ballistic missile
  • Uses solid fuel
  • Developed by Research Centre Imarat, Hyderabad
  • First tested in December 2021
  • DRDO successfully conducted two back-to-back flight-tests of the Pralay quasi-ballistic missile.
  • Tests conducted from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.
  • Missile Specifications: Type: Pralay is a short-range, solid-propellant, quasi-ballistic surface-to-surface missile.
  • Range Capability: 150 to 500 kilometres (km)
  • Warhead: Carries conventional warheads weighing 350 to 700 kilograms (kg)
  • Payload Capacity: Between 500 to 1,000 kg.
  • Launch Platform: Mounted on high-mobility vehicles with a twin-launcher configuration, allowing rapid deployment along active borders.
  • Development: Led by Research Centre Imarat (RCI) in collaboration with DRDO labs: DRDO, Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL), Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL), and others.
  • Industry partners: Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), and MSMEs.
• 2025-07-19 [Defense & Security] — India Successfully Test-Fires Prithvi-II and Agni-I
  India successfully test-fired two key strategic ballistic missiles – the short-range Prithvi-II and the Agni-I.
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  UPSC Angle: India successfully test-fired Prithvi-II and Agni-I missiles.

  Key Facts:

  • Prithvi-II: Surface-to-Surface Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), range approximately 350 km
  • Agni-I: Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), operational range between 700-900 km, payload up to 1,000 kg
• 2025-03-02 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Showcases BM-04 SRBM Model
  At the Vigyan Vaibhav 2025 defence exhibition in Hyderabad, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) unveiled a full-scale model of the BM-04, a new short-range ballistic missile (SRBM). The BM-04 is canister-launched, featuring a two-stage solid-fuel propulsion system, a range of 400–1,500 km, and a 500 kg conventional warhead.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO Showcases BM-04 SRBM Model.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO unveiled a full-scale model of a new short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) named BM-04.
  • The BM-04 was showcased at the Vigyan Vaibhav 2025 defence exhibition in Hyderabad.
  • The BM-04 is canister launched.
  • It features a two-stage solid-fuel propulsion system.
  • The BM-04 has a range of 400–1,500 km.
  • It features a conventional warhead of 500 kg.

Expansion of India's Aerospace & Defence Industrial Ecosystem

Focus: Strategic agreements focused on establishing indigenous manufacturing, MRO (Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul) capabilities, and technology transfer in India's aerospace and defence sectors.

UPSC Value: These items highlight India's push for 'Atmanirbharta' in defence through global partnerships (Italy, USA, Israel, Singapore, South Africa) and private sector integration (Adani, Garuda, BEL).

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-03 [Defense & Security] — Adani and Leonardo Partner to Develop Helicopter Ecosystem in India
  Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo have signed a MoU to establish an integrated helicopter manufacturing ecosystem in India. The partnership aims to address military demands and promote self-reliance in helicopter production, potentially extending to civil aviation and international supply chains.
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  UPSC Angle: Adani and Leonardo partner to develop helicopter ecosystem in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
  • Strategic partnership to develop, manufacture, and sustain a helicopter manufacturing ecosystem in India
  • Collaboration will focus on Leonardo's AW169M and AW109 TrekkerM helicopters
  • The program aims for phased indigenization and MRO capabilities
• 2026-01-21 [Defense & Security] — India Strengthening Airpower with Israeli Aircraft and Defense Technology
  India is deepening its defense partnership with Israel, acquiring aircraft, sensors, and weapons for modernization efforts. Deals include tanker aircraft conversions, advanced radar installations, and precision-guided munitions, with Israeli technology being embedded directly into Indian platforms, reflecting a shift towards sustained industrial and technical cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: India strengthening airpower with Israeli aircraft and defense technology.

  Key Facts:

  • India deepening defense partnership with Israel
  • Acquiring aircraft, sensors, weapons
  • Tanker aircraft conversions
  • Advanced radar installations
  • Precision-guided munitions
  • Joint production ventures
  • Israeli technology embedded in Indian platforms
  • Deals cover six aircraft
  • Valued at roughly $900 million
  • Rafale and Su-30MKI fighters to benefit
• 2026-01-14 [Science & Technology] — CSIR and Denel Partner to Advance South Africa's Aerospace and Military Technologies
  The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Denel signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on January 14, 2026, to strengthen collaboration across research, technology development, innovation, knowledge sharing, and technology commercialisation to accelerate South Africa's aerospace and military technologies and improve industry competitiveness.
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  UPSC Angle: CSIR and Denel partner to advance South Africa's aerospace technologies.

  Key Facts:

  • CSIR and Denel signed an MoU on January 14, 2026.
  • The partnership includes space technology, advanced manufacturing, engineering services, sensors, maritime and missile technologies, cybersecurity, aeronautics, command, control, and situational awareness platforms, and joint technology commercialisation.
• 2026-01-13 [Defense & Security] — Garuda Aerospace & BEL ink MoU for Indigenous UAS to Indian Defence
  Garuda Aerospace and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) signed an MoU to jointly address opportunities for supplying Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to the Indian Defence Forces, Central Police Organisations (CPOs), and specialized security groups. BEL will act as the Team Leader and Lead Bidder, while Garuda Aerospace will serve as the Technology and Teaming Partner.
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  UPSC Angle: Garuda Aerospace & BEL to supply UAS to Indian Defence.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU signed between Agnishwar Jayaprakash (Garuda Aerospace) and Mr. Prahalad (BEL) on January 13, 2026, in New Delhi.
  • BEL is the Team Leader and Lead Bidder.
  • Garuda Aerospace is the Technology and Teaming Partner.
  • Aims to develop indigenous, mission-critical unmanned solutions.
• 2025-11-29 [Defense & Security] — MH-60R Seahawk Helicopter Fleet Sustainment
  India formalized a ₹7,995-crore agreement with the United States under the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programme to ensure the long-term sustainment of its MH-60R Seahawk helicopter fleet. The deal covers spare parts, technical support, maintenance training, component repair, and the establishment of intermediate-level repair facilities in India, reducing reliance on foreign hubs.
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  UPSC Angle: India formalizes agreement with US for MH-60R Seahawk sustainment.

  Key Facts:

  • Deal: ₹7,995-crore deal with the U.S.
  • Purpose: “follow on support” package
  • Recipient: Indian Navy's fleet of 24 MH-60R Seahawk helicopters
  • Duration: five years
  • Capabilities: anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), maritime surveillance, search and rescue, medical evacuation, and ship-borne operations
  • ₹7,995-crore deal
  • United States
  • Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programme
  • MH-60R Seahawk helicopter fleet
  • Indian Navy
  • 5 years
• 2025-09-04 [International Relations] — India-Singapore Strengthen Ties with New Agreements
  India and Singapore deepened their strategic partnership through the exchange of Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) focusing on green and digital shipping corridors and civil aviation training, research, and development. These agreements aim to enhance maritime cooperation, promote sustainable practices, and advance skill development in key sectors like aviation and manufacturing. The partnership builds on shared ambitions for green shipping, smart port operations, and regional prosperity, reinforcing the trusted bond between the two nations.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Singapore Strengthen Ties with New Agreements.

  Key Facts:

  • MoU for cooperation on a green and digital shipping corridor exchanged between Mr. Jeffrey Sahue, Acting Minister of Transport and Senior Minister of State for Finance, Singapore, and Shri Sarbananda Sonowal, Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways, India.
  • MoU between Airport Authority of India and the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore for training, research, and development in the field of civil aviation exchanged between Mr. Simon Wong, High Commissioner of Singapore to India, and Shri Sameer Kumar Sinha, Secretary Civil.
  • Exchange of MoUs between India and Singapore concerning cooperation on a Green and Digital Shipping Corridor
  • Exchange of MoUs between Airport Authority of India and the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore for training, research, and development in the field of civil aviation
  • Singapore supports India's skills development journey and is a global partner for the National Center of Excellence in Chennai
  • Singapore will co-develop state-level skill centers in sectors like aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul, and semiconductors
  • JNPA is India’s best-performing port, handling over 10 million containers annually

Modernization of Indian Military Logistics and Tactical Mobility

Focus: Procurement and delivery of specialized transport platforms and propulsion systems designed to enhance the strategic and tactical movement of Indian Armed Forces personnel and heavy equipment.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the multi-modal modernization of military logistics (air, ground, and armored) is essential for understanding India's defense preparedness and infrastructure development.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Validates Indigenous Heavy Drop System
  The Indian Army, in partnership with Airbornics Defence & Space and DRDO, has successfully validated an advanced 28-ft Heavy Air Drop System rated for 20-tonne payloads. The trial, conducted at the Mahajan Field Firing Ranges on February 17, 2026, involved the aerial extraction and controlled landing of an actual approximately 15-tonne BMP Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC). This system is compatible with C-17 Globemaster III and C-130 Hercules aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army validates indigenous 20-tonne Heavy Air Drop System.

  Key Facts:

  • The Indian Army validated an advanced 28-ft Heavy Air Drop System rated for 20-tonne payloads.
  • The trial was conducted on February 17, 2026, at the Mahajan Field Firing Ranges.
  • The system air-dropped a 15-tonne BMP Armoured Personnel Carrier.
  • The system is compatible with C-17 Globemaster III and C-130 Hercules aircraft.
• 2025-08-04 [Defense & Security] — India Receives Final Airbus C-295 Aircraft
  India received the final unit of 16 Airbus C-295 transport aircraft from Spain ahead of schedule, marking a milestone in its strategic airlift modernization. These aircraft, developed by Airbus Defence & Space (formerly CASA), are medium tactical transport aircraft used for troop movement, logistics, MEDEVAC, and maritime surveillance, replacing the ageing HS-748 Avro fleet.
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  UPSC Angle: India receives final Airbus C-295 aircraft, modernizing strategic airlift.

  Key Facts:

  • India received the final unit of 16 Airbus C-295 transport aircraft from Spain
  • Aircraft developed by Airbus Defence & Space (formerly CASA)
  • Replaces the ageing HS-748 Avro fleet
  • Used for troop movement, logistics, MEDEVAC, and maritime surveillance
• 2025-08-01 [Defense & Security] — India, Indian Army & Axiscades Aerospace for tank transporter trailers
  On August 1, 2025, the Indian Army signed an MoU with Axiscades Aerospace to procure 212 next-generation 50-ton tank transporter trailers. This procurement aims to modernize the army's transportation capabilities for heavy equipment.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army signs MoU with Axiscades for 212 tank transporter trailers.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army
  • Axiscades Aerospace
  • 212
  • next-gen 50-ton tank transporter trailers
  • August 1, 2025
• 2025-03-18 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Orders Pre-Fragmented Short Chassis
  On March 18, 2025, the Indian Army ordered 500 pre-fragmented short chassis worth ₹197.35 crore (US$23 million). The Army Signals Corps is fitted with telecommunication devices and deployed at the Indo-Chinese Border.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army orders pre-fragmented short chassis.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Army
  • 500 pre-fragmented short chassis
  • ₹197.35 crore (US$23 million)
  • Ordered on March 18, 2025
  • Army Signals Corps
  • Telecommunication devices
  • Indo-Chinese Border
• 2025-03-13 [Defense & Security] — DRDO and Russia sign agreement to procure engines for T-72 battle tanks
  In March 2025, India signed a $248 million agreement with Russia’s Rosoboronexport to procure advanced 1,000 horsepower engines for its T-72 battle tanks. The deal includes technology transfer to India’s Armoured Vehicles Nigam Ltd for local production, enhancing the mobility and offensive capabilities of India’s armored fleet.
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  UPSC Angle: India signs deal with Russia for T-72 battle tank engines.

  Key Facts:

  • $248 million
  • Russia’s Rosoboronexport
  • 1,000 horsepower engines
  • T-72 battle tanks
  • Armoured Vehicles Nigam Ltd
  • Agreement signed with Russia's Rosoboronexport
  • Purpose: procure advanced 1,000 horsepower engines for T-72 battle tanks
  • Deal includes technology transfer to India's Armoured Vehicles Nigam Ltd for local production
  • Deal amount: $248 million

Hypersonic and Advanced Propulsion Technology

Focus: Developments focused specifically on next-generation high-speed technologies, including hypersonic glide vehicles and solid fuel ducted ramjets.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's entry into the elite group of nations possessing hypersonic and advanced ramjet propulsion capabilities, altering the regional strategic balance.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-22 [Defense & Security] — India's Rudram-4 hypersonic missile development.
  India is developing the Rudram-4, a hypersonic air-launched missile capable of traveling at over 6,000 km/h, designed to neutralize enemy radars and command hubs with precision, and can be launched from various fighter jets within India's airspace. The aim is to expedite its deployment to bolster strategic capabilities against regional threats.
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  UPSC Angle: India developing Rudram-4 hypersonic air-launched missile.

  Key Facts:

  • Rudram-4 is a hypersonic air-launched missile.
  • Speed exceeds 6,000 km/h.
  • Can be launched from fighter jets.
  • Aims for operational deployment within the next few years.
• 2026-02-04 [Science & Technology] — Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) Technology
  DRDO successfully demonstrated Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology from Integrated Test Range, Chandipur. SFDR is an air-breathing propulsion system for missiles that uses atmospheric oxygen for combustion and solid fuel, providing sustained thrust at supersonic speeds. This technology enhances long-range air-to-air missiles and places India in an elite league of nations possessing this technology.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO successfully demonstrated Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology.

  Key Facts:

  • Organization: DRDO
  • Technology: Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)
  • Location: Integrated Test Range, Chandipur
  • Location: Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha
  • Developer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • SFDR uses atmospheric oxygen for combustion
  • Enables sustained thrust at supersonic speeds
  • Enhances long-range air-to-air missiles (BVRAAMs)
  • DRDO tested Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology on February 3, 2026
  • Test location: Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha
  • SFDR enhances long-range air-to-air missile capabilities
  • India joins an elite group of nations with this technology
  • The test was conducted at 10.45 am
  • The missile was initially propelled by a ground booster motor to achieve the required Mach number before the ramjet system took over
  • The launch was monitored by senior scientists from DRDL, HEMRL, RCI, and ITR
  • SFDR-powered missiles can engage highly manoeuvrable aerial targets at ranges between 50 km and 340 km, flying at sustained speeds of Mach 2 to Mach 3.8
• 2026-01-26 [Defense & Security] — 77th Republic Day Parade Showcases DRDO's LR-AShM Hypersonic Missile
  India's 77th Republic Day parade featured DRDO's Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LR-AShM), the country's first hypersonic missile, capable of Mach 10 speeds and a 1,500 km range, marking India's entry into the hypersonic missile technology domain. The DRDO tableau highlighted 'Naval Technologies for Combat Submarines,' including the Integrated Combat Suite (ICS), Wire Guided Heavy Weight Torpedo (WGHWT), and Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO's LR-AShM hypersonic missile showcased; Mach 10, 1500km range.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO showcased Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LR-AShM)
  • LR-AShM is India's first hypersonic missile
  • LR-AShM speed up to Mach 10, average speed of Mach 5
  • LR-AShM range of 1,500 km
  • DRDO tableau theme: 'Naval Technologies for Combat Submarines'
  • Integrated Combat Suite (ICS)
  • Wire Guided Heavy Weight Torpedo (WGHWT)
  • Air Independent Propulsion (AIP)
  • LR-AShM follows a quasi-ballistic trajectory
  • LR-AShM developed entirely by DRDO
  • DRDO tableau at Bharat Parv from January 26-31, 2026, at Red Fort
  • 77th Republic Day celebrated on January 26, 2026
  • Theme: 150 Years of Vande Mataram and Operation Sindoor
  • DRDO showcased Long Range Anti-Ship Hypersonic Missile (LR-AShM)
  • DRDO displayed 'Naval Technologies for Combat Submarines' tableau
  • Integrated Combat Suite (ICS) for underwater warfare coordination
  • Wire Guided Heavy Weight Torpedo for anti-ship and anti-submarine missions
  • Air Independent Propulsion system for submarines
  • BrahMos supersonic cruise missile showcased
  • Suryastra Universal Rocket Launcher System (URLS) displayed
  • Akash Weapon System and ABHRA Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) featured
  • Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) exhibited
  • Dhanush howitzer displayed
  • Divyastra Battery showcased
  • Shaktibaan and Divyastra systems integrate swarm drones
• 2026-01-09 [Defense & Security] — Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM) by DRDO
  India's indigenous Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM), a hypersonic glide missile developed by DRDO, will be showcased at the Republic Day parade on January 26. The LRAShM, designed for anti-ship roles, can target enemy warships and carrier groups, with potential for a land-attack variant.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India to showcase LRAShM at Republic Day parade.

  Key Facts:

  • Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM): Hypersonic glide missile developed by DRDO
  • Republic Day parade display: January 26
  • Primary role: Anti-ship warfare
  • Range: Over 1,500 kilometers
  • Speed: 10 Mach
  • Features: Delta-wing hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV), radio frequency (RF) seeker, heat-resistant materials
  • Launch platforms: Land-based and naval vessels
  • Payload: Conventional and nuclear warheads
  • Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM) is a hypersonic glide missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
  • LR-ASHM missile will be on display at the Republic Day parade on January 26.
  • It outperforms similar missiles like China's DF-17 in terms of range and technology.
  • Reported to have a range of over 1,500 kilometers.
  • Operates at 10 Mach.
• 2025-05-17 [Defense & Security] — Indigenous Hypersonic Missile Development
  DRDO is nearing the completion of a domestically produced hypersonic missile capable of reaching speeds of Mach 5 (6,100 kilometers per hour). The missile is designed to evade enemy radar systems and alter its course to avoid interception, enhancing India's defense capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO nearing completion of indigenous hypersonic missile (Mach 5).

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO senior scientist: Dr. Sudhir Kumar Mishra
  • Speed: Mach 5 (6,100 kmph)
  • Technology: Developed in-house by DRDO
  • Hypersonic engine test: Completed recently
  • Direction change capability: Yes
  • Radar evasion: Designed to evade enemy radar

Expansion of India's Defense Aerospace Infrastructure

Focus: The establishment of specialized domestic facilities for the maintenance (MRO), assembly, and testing of military aircraft and missile systems.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the practical implementation of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' in the defense sector and the strategic shift toward building a domestic aerospace industrial base.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [Economy] — Rising Urban Heat Impact on India's GDP
  Rising urban heat could cut India's GDP by 2.5%, banks and industry warn ahead of Mumbai Climate Week 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: Rising urban heat could cut India's GDP by 2.5%.

  Key Facts:

  • Rising urban heat could cut India's GDP by 2.5%.
• 2025-12-09 [Defense & Security] — Lockheed Martin MRO Facility in India
  A new Lockheed Martin MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) facility will be situated at Bhatramarenahalli near Kempegowda International Airport. The centre will handle depot-level maintenance, heavy overhauls, component repair, structural checks and avionics upgrades for C-130J aircraft. The facility will boost the sustainment and operational readiness of the Indian Air Force’s fleet of 12 C-130J aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: Lockheed Martin MRO facility to be situated in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Bhatramarenahalli near Kempegowda International Airport
  • Will handle depot-level maintenance, heavy overhauls, component repair, structural checks and avionics upgrades
  • Will boost the sustainment and operational readiness of the Indian Air Force’s fleet of 12 C-130J aircraft
• 2025-11-30 [Economy] — SAESI Aircraft Engine MRO Facility Inaugurated
  PM Modi Inaugurates SAESI Aircraft Engine MRO Facility in Hyderabad.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi Inaugurates SAESI Aircraft Engine MRO Facility in Hyderabad
• 2025-10-25 [Defense & Security] — Growing India–Spain Defence Ties
  In August 2025, India received the final delivery of 16 Airbus C-295 military transport aircraft at the Airbus Defence and Space facility in Seville, Spain. A Final Assembly Line is being set up in Vadodara, Gujarat, to manufacture the remaining 40 out of 56 aircraft in India.
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  UPSC Angle: India receives Airbus C-295 military transport aircraft from Spain.

  Key Facts:

  • 16 Airbus C-295 military transport aircraft delivered to India
  • Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) and Airbus Spain partnership
  • Final Assembly Line being set up in Vadodara, Gujarat
• 2025-05-11 [Defense & Security] — Rajnath Singh inaugurates BrahMos Aerospace Integration and Testing Facility in Lucknow
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the BrahMos Aerospace Integration and Testing Facility in Lucknow. This facility aims to accelerate the growth of the defence and aerospace manufacturing clusters in Uttar Pradesh and contribute to 'AtmaNirbhar Bharat'.
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  UPSC Angle: BrahMos Aerospace Integration and Testing Facility inaugurated in Lucknow.

  Key Facts:

  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
  • BrahMos Aerospace Integration and Testing Facility
  • Lucknow
  • Inaugurated on May 11, 2025
  • Defence Technology & Test Centre
  • BRAHMOS Manufacturing Centre
  • Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • Foundation stone laid on December 26, 2021
  • Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority (UPEIDA)
  • DefExpo-2020
  • Six subcentres
  • AtmaNirbhar Bharat

Defence Modernization via Emerging Technologies

Focus: Specific institutional initiatives, research centers, and exercises aimed at integrating AI, space, and cyber capabilities into the Indian defence ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Highlights the multi-pronged approach (R&D, Doctrine, Exercises) India is taking to modernize its defence capabilities beyond traditional warfare.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-13 [International Relations] — India-UK Connectivity and Innovation Centre Launched
  The India-UK Connectivity and Innovation Centre (CIC) was launched at the India Mobile Congress 2025 as a strategic partnership to advance digital inclusion and secure communications, implemented under the UK-India Technology Security Initiative with joint funding of £24 million (₹250 crore) over four years. The Centre will focus on AI in telecom, non-terrestrial networks, and telecoms cybersecurity.
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  UPSC Angle: India-UK Connectivity and Innovation Centre launched.

  Key Facts:

  • India-UK Connectivity and Innovation Centre (CIC)
  • India Mobile Congress 2025
  • UK-India Technology Security Initiative
  • £24 million (₹250 crore)
  • 4 years
  • UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)
  • Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
  • AI in telecom
  • Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs)
  • Telecoms cybersecurity
• 2025-08-03 [Defense & Security] — Bharat NCX 2025 Cybersecurity Exercise
  The National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU) organised the Bharat National Cybersecurity Exercise 2025 to bolster India's cyber defense. The exercise is a significant initiative aimed at strengthening cybersecurity preparedness and response mechanisms.
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  UPSC Angle: Bharat NCX 2025 cybersecurity exercise to bolster India's cyber defense.

  Key Facts:

  • Bharat National Cybersecurity Exercise 2025 organised by NSCS and RRU
  • Aims to bolster India's cyber defense
• 2025-05-01 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Inaugurates AI Research Center
  In May 2025, DRDO inaugurated a new research center specifically dedicated to Artificial Intelligence (AI). The center focuses on developing and applying AI technologies in defence systems, including weaponry, surveillance, cybersecurity, and autonomous vehicles, aligning with India's vision to become a global leader in defence technology.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO inaugurated AI research center for defence applications.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO
  • New research center
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  • Focus on AI technologies in defence systems
  • Weaponry
  • Surveillance
  • Cybersecurity
  • Autonomous vehicles
  • Aligns with India's vision to become a global leader in defence technology
• 2025-04-08 [Defense & Security] — CDS on Military Space Doctrine
  The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) has stated that a 'military space doctrine' is being developed, indicating India's focus on enhancing its capabilities in space for defence purposes.
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  UPSC Angle: India developing a 'military space doctrine' to enhance defence capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • CDS
  • military space doctrine
• 2025-03-29 [Defense & Security] — CDS Gen Anil Chauhan Inaugurates Techkriti 2025 at IIT Kanpur
  Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) Gen Anil Chauhan inaugurated Techkriti 2025 at IIT Kanpur, which is Asia's largest tech and entrepreneurial festival. He emphasized the modernization of the Indian Armed Forces through Cybersecurity, AI, Quantum Computing, and Cognitive Warfare and urged young innovators to contribute to national security. The event featured 'Rakshakriti' – a Defence Expo, showcasing AI-driven warfare, autonomous drones, and indigenous defence technologies.
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  UPSC Angle: CDS Gen Anil Chauhan inaugurates Techkriti 2025 at IIT Kanpur.

  Key Facts:

  • CDS Gen Anil Chauhan inaugurated Techkriti 2025 at IIT Kanpur on March 29, 2025.
  • The theme was “Panta Rhei” (Everything Flows).
  • The event featured 'Rakshakriti' – a Defence Expo, showcasing AI-driven warfare, autonomous drones, and indigenous defence technologies.

Strategic Foreign Defence Acquisitions

Focus: Procurement of critical foreign military hardware (Missiles, Artillery, Jets) from US and European partners to address immediate capability gaps.

UPSC Value: Illustrates India's parallel strategy of procuring advanced foreign technology (FMS/Global Tenders) alongside domestic development to maintain combat readiness.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-05 [Defense & Security] — India to procure Javelin Missile System
  The Government of India has requested to buy 100 FGM-148 Javelin rounds, one Javelin FGM-148 missile for fly-to-buy, and 25 Javelin Lightweight Command Launch Units (LwCLU) or Javelin Block 1 Command Launch Units (CLU). The principal contractors will be a RTX Corporation/Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint Venture (JJV) of Orlando, Florida and Tucson, Arizona.
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  UPSC Angle: India to procure Javelin Missile System.

  Key Facts:

  • India to buy 100 FGM-148 Javelin rounds.
  • India to buy one Javelin FGM-148 missile, fly-to-buy.
  • India to buy 25 Javelin Lightweight Command Launch Units (LwCLU) or Javelin Block 1 Command Launch Units (CLU).
  • The principal contractors will be a RTX Corporation/Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint Venture (JJV) of Orlando, Florida and Tucson, Arizona.
• 2025-11-19 [Defense & Security] — US Approves $93 Million Weapons Package for India
  The United States has approved a $93 million weapons package for India, including Javelin anti-tank missiles and Excalibur precision-guided artillery rounds. The approval was announced after the Defence Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) formally notified the US Congress about the proposed transfer. The deal is aimed at strengthening India's combat capabilities and reflects the deepening strategic defence partnership between New Delhi and Washington.
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  UPSC Angle: US approves $93 million weapons package for India, including Javelin missiles.

  Key Facts:

  • The weapons package costs $93 million.
  • It includes 100 FGM-148 Javelin missiles, 25 lightweight command launch units, and 216 Excalibur artillery rounds.
  • The Excalibur sale alone is valued around $47 million.
  • The Javelin Missile System and its related equipment are estimated to cost $45.7 million.
  • The Indian government had specifically requested to purchase up to 216 M982A1 Excalibur tactical projectiles.
  • Arlington-based RTX Corporation will serve as the principal contractor.
• 2025-11-02 [Defense & Security] — Meteor Missiles Acquisition
  After the success of Operation Sindoor against Pakistan, India plans to acquire additional Meteor missiles to boost the Indian Air Force's (IAF) aerial dominance.
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  UPSC Angle: India plans to acquire more Meteor missiles after Operation Sindoor.

  Key Facts:

  • India plans to acquire additional Meteor missiles.
  • To boost the Indian Air Force's (IAF) aerial dominance.
• 2025-03-13 [Defense & Security] — IAF fighter jet procurement
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) is planning to induct 114 multirole fighter aircraft (MRFA) through a fast-tracked global tender. The move is aimed at bolstering combat strength, as the IAF anticipates the retirement of 10 squadrons by 2037, including Jaguar, Mirage-2000, and MiG-29 jets.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF plans to induct 114 multirole fighter aircraft (MRFA).

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Air Force (IAF) to induct 114 multirole fighter aircraft (MRFA)
  • Procurement via fast-tracked global tender
  • Aim: bolster combat strength
  • IAF expects retirement of 10 squadrons by 2037
  • Retiring jets include: Jaguar, Mirage-2000, and MiG-29

Indian Air Defense Development and Readiness

Focus: Items detailing the specific development milestones of the AMCA fighter jet and operational readiness exercises/infrastructure near borders.

UPSC Value: Highlights the progression of indigenous defense technology (AMCA) alongside immediate strategic infrastructure upgrades (Mudh-Nyoma).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-06 [Defense & Security] — India Issues NOTAM for Air Force Exercise Near Pakistan Border
  India issued a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) reserving airspace for an Indian Air Force exercise near the southern border with Pakistan from December 3 to December 6, 2025. The exercise signals India's defense preparedness in the sensitive border region, focusing on operational readiness and airspace control.
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  UPSC Angle: India issued NOTAM for Air Force exercise near Pakistan border.

  Key Facts:

  • India issued a NOTAM (Notice to Airmen).
  • Exercise scheduled from December 3 to December 6, 2025.
  • The exercise is near the southern border with Pakistan.
  • The exercise involves the Indian Air Force.
  • The exercise focuses on operational readiness and airspace control.
• 2025-11-15 [Defense & Security] — Operationalization of Mudh-Nyoma Airbase in Ladakh
  India has recently operationalized the high-altitude Mudh-Nyoma airbase in Ladakh, strengthening frontline air power and enhancing rapid-response capability along the LAC with China. It is capable of hosting fighter jets, transport aircraft (including C-130J), and helicopters for high-altitude operations.
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  UPSC Angle: Operationalization of Mudh-Nyoma Airbase strengthens air power along LAC.

  Key Facts:

  • Mudh-Nyoma airbase in Ladakh operationalized
  • High-altitude airbase
  • Strengthens frontline air power and enhances rapid-response capability along the LAC with China
  • Capable of hosting fighter jets, transport aircraft (including C-130J), and helicopters
• 2025-06-19 [Defense & Security] — ADA invites EOI for AMCA development
  The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), under DRDO, has invited Expression of Interest (EOI) from Indian companies for the development of the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). The aim is to shortlist companies capable of building prototypes and supporting flight test and certification of the indigenous fifth-generation stealth fighter, with the first prototype expected in 2029 and completion by 2034.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ADA invites EOI for AMCA development.

  Key Facts:

  • Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA)
  • Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
  • Fifth-generation stealth fighter
  • First prototype expected in 2029
  • Development likely to be completed by 2034
• 2025-05-29 [Defense & Security] — AMCA Project Execution Model Approved
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh approved the execution model for India's indigenous fifth-generation fighter aircraft, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) will implement the project through an industry partnership model, allowing both public and private sector entities to participate.
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  UPSC Angle: AMCA project execution model approved; India's 5th gen fighter.

  Key Facts:

  • Project approval: March 2024
  • Project allocation: Approximately ₹15,000 crore
  • First prototype rollout target: 2028–29
  • Expected start of series production: 2032–33
  • Targeted induction into the Indian Air Force (IAF): 2034

Strategic Long-Range Strike and Stand-off Weapon Advancements in South Asia

Focus: Developments in indigenous long-range missiles and precision-guided stand-off weapons (150km to 800km range) and the associated strategic rhetoric between India and Pakistan.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding regional deterrence dynamics, the evolution of the South Asian arms race, and the progress of indigenous defense manufacturing (DRDO and Pakistan's Fatah series).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-18 [Defense & Security] — Rajnath Singh Warns Pakistan: BrahMos Range Covers All Territory
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh stated that every inch of Pakistan's territory is within the range of BrahMos missiles, reminding them of 'Operation Sindoor'. Singh, along with UP CM Yogi Adityanath, flagged off the first batch of BrahMos missiles manufactured in Lucknow.
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  UPSC Angle: Rajnath Singh warns Pakistan: BrahMos range covers all territory.

  Key Facts:

  • Rajnath Singh
  • Pakistan
  • BrahMos
  • Operation Sindoor
  • Yogi Adityanath
  • Lucknow
• 2025-10-02 [Defense & Security] — Pakistan's Fatah-4 Missile
  Pakistan has indigenously developed the Fatah-4, a long-range cruise missile with a range of 750 kilometers (470 miles). Equipped with advanced avionics and modern navigation systems, it can reach speeds of Mach 0.7 (865 kmph) during flight. The missile weighs around 1,530 kilos, is approximately 7.5 metres in length and can carry a warhead weighing around 330 kilos of conventional munitions.
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  UPSC Angle: Pakistan has indigenously developed the Fatah-4 missile.

  Key Facts:

  • Missile: Fatah-4
  • Range: 750 kilometers (470 miles)
  • Speed: Mach 0.7 (865 kmph)
  • Weight: Around 1,530 kilos
  • Length: Around 7.5 metres
  • Warhead: Around 330 kilos
• 2025-05-23 [Defense & Security] — BrahMos & BrahMos-NG
  BrahMos next generation is in advanced development, with enhanced range (450 km to 800 km), precision, and lighter weight (1.33 tons, half the weight of the earlier variant). The new generation Brahmos has a weight of 1.33 tons while the earlier variant has 2.65 tons, increasing payload capacity from an aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: BrahMos next generation has enhanced range and lighter weight.

  Key Facts:

  • BrahMos next generation
  • Range: 450 km to 800 km
  • Weight: 1.33 tons (half the weight of earlier variant of 2.65 tons)
• 2025-04-12 [Defense & Security] — INSIGHTS IAS: Gaurav Glide Bomb
  Gaurav is a precision-guided, long-range glide bomb developed to strike land targets from stand-off distances, i.e., beyond enemy air defence range, with a range of 30 km to 150 km. It was developed by DRDO in collaboration with Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), Research Centre Imarat, and Integrated Test Range.
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  UPSC Angle: Gaurav glide bomb: precision-guided, long-range, stand-off land attack weapon.

  Key Facts:

  • Precision-guided, long-range glide bomb
  • Range: 30 km to 150 km (demonstrated close to 100 km)
  • Weight: Winged version (Gaurav) weighs 1,000 kg; non-winged variant (Gautham) weighs 550 kg.
  • Developed by DRDO in collaboration with Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), Research Centre Imarat, and Integrated Test Range

Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) Modernization

Focus: The acquisition of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs) from diverse sources including Indigenous (Nag), Russian (Invar), and American (Javelin) systems.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's strategy of diversifying weapon sources to enhance infantry and mechanized firepower capabilities.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [Defense & Security] — US Clears $93 Million Weapons Deal with India
  The US State Department has approved the sale of Javelin anti-tank missile systems and Excalibur guided artillery munitions worth $93 million to India. The deal includes 100 FGM-148 Javelin missiles, 25 command launch units, and 216 Excalibur tactical projectiles.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: US approves $93 million weapons deal with India (Javelin, Excalibur).

  Key Facts:

  • Approved sale of Javelin anti-tank missile systems and Excalibur guided artillery munitions
  • Worth $93 million
  • 100 FGM-148 Javelin missiles
  • 25 command launch units
  • 216 Excalibur tactical projectiles
  • Excalibur projectiles and related equipment valued at USD 47.1 million
  • Javelin missile systems and associated hardware estimated at USD 45.7 million
• 2025-11-14 [Defense & Security] — India signs deal for INVAR anti-tank missiles
  The Defence Ministry signed a contract worth ₹2,095 crore for INVAR anti-tank missiles. The deal with Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) is to supply INVAR Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs) for T-90 tanks, boosting the Indian Army’s firepower.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India signs deal for INVAR anti-tank missiles.

  Key Facts:

  • Contract worth ₹2,095 crore signed for INVAR anti-tank missiles
  • Deal with Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) to supply missiles for T-90 tanks
  • Boosts Indian Army’s firepower
• 2025-03-28 [Defense & Security] — Defence Ministry finalizes ₹2,500 crore deal for NAMIS and light vehicles
  The Ministry of Defence has finalized a deal worth ₹2,500 crore for procuring the Nag Missile System (NAMIS) and 5,000 light vehicles, aiming to boost indigenous production and strengthen national defence manufacturing capabilities. The agreements fall under the category of Indian-Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured products, with the signing ceremony attended by Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh in New Delhi. NAMIS is an advanced anti-tank missile system equipped with a fire-and-forget missile to improve the anti-tank defense of the Mechanised Infantry.
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  UPSC Angle: ₹2,500 crore deal for Nag Missile System (NAMIS) finalized.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Defence contracted with Armoured Vehicle Nigam Limited (AVNL) on March 27, 2025
  • Acquisition of Nag Missile System (NAMIS) Tracked version
  • Includes 13 NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier)
  • Includes 293 Nag missiles
  • NAMIS created by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory of the DRDO
  • Deal worth: ₹2,500 crore
  • Items: Nag Missile System (NAMIS) and 5,000 light vehicles
  • Category: Indian-Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured products
  • Signatory: Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh
  • NAMIS: Advanced anti-tank missile system with fire-and-forget missile
  • Ministry of Defence finalized a ₹2,500 crore deal.
  • Procurement of Nag Missile System (NAMIS) and 5,000 light vehicles.
  • NAMIS is an anti-tank weapon platform.
  • Agreements under Indian-Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured products category.
  • Signing ceremony attended by Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh.
  • Signing ceremony took place in New Delhi.

Hypersonic Missile Technology Race

Focus: Recent advancements and testing of hypersonic propulsion and weapon systems by major Asian powers.

UPSC Value: Studying parallel developments in hypersonic technology by China and India highlights the shifting strategic balance and technological arms race in the Indo-Pacific.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-09 [Science & Technology] — DRDO Conducts Scramjet Engine Ground Test
  On January 9, 2026, DRDO successfully conducted a long-duration ground test of its actively cooled scramjet combustor for hypersonic missile development. The test, which ran for over 12 minutes at the Scramjet Connect Pipe Test facility, marks a significant milestone in India's hypersonic cruise missile program, positioning the nation at the forefront of advanced aerospace capabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO conducts scramjet engine ground test.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation
  • DRDL: Defence Research & Development Laboratory, Hyderabad
  • Date: January 9, 2026
  • Actively Cooled Scramjet Full Scale Combustor: Tested
  • Run time: Over 12 minutes
  • SCPT: Scramjet Connect Pipe Test facility
  • Hypersonic cruise missile speed: Exceeding five times the speed of sound (over 6,100 kmph)
• 2026-01-01 [Defense & Security] — China's YJ-20 Hypersonic Missile Test
  China successfully test-fired the YJ-20 (Eagle Strike) hypersonic missile from a Type 055 destroyer, designed as an "anti-ship" and "anti-submarine" weapon with speeds exceeding Mach 5. China also conducted new military exercises near Taiwan, escalating regional maritime tensions.
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  UPSC Angle: China tests YJ-20 hypersonic missile.

  Key Facts:

  • China successfully test-fired the YJ-20 (Eagle Strike) hypersonic missile
  • Missile is designed as an "anti-ship" and "anti-submarine" weapon
  • Speeds exceeding Mach 5
  • China conducted new military exercises near Taiwan
• 2025-04-27 [Science & Technology] — DRDO's Hypersonic Propulsion Advancement
  DRDL, a laboratory under DRDO, successfully conducted ground testing of an Active-Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor for over 1000 seconds. Hypersonic Propulsion Technology enables vehicles to travel at speeds exceeding Mach 5 and is primarily used in hypersonic cruise missiles and advanced aerospace systems.
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  UPSC Angle: DRDO tests Active-Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor for Hypersonic Propulsion.

  Key Facts:

  • Conducted by DRDL, a DRDO laboratory
  • Ground testing of Active-Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor
  • Testing duration: over 1000 seconds
  • Speeds exceeding Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound)

Modernization of Manned Aerial Combat Assets

Focus: Developments regarding the acquisition, upgrading, and arming of manned fighter jets and attack helicopters.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the parallel modernization of traditional air power alongside the emerging drone surge.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-18 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Receives Final Batch of AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters
  The Indian Army recently received the final batch of three AH-64E Apache attack helicopters, completing its six-unit fleet at the 451 Army Aviation Squadron based in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The AH-64E Apache is the world's most advanced multi-role combat helicopter used for advanced reconnaissance, precision strikes, and close air support missions.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army receives final batch of AH-64E Apache attack helicopters.

  Key Facts:

  • Helicopter: AH-64E Apache
  • Final batch of three received
  • Total fleet: Six units
  • Location: 451 Army Aviation Squadron, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
  • Origin: United States of America
  • Manufacturer: Boeing
  • Features: Hellfire missiles, chain gun, short-range air-to-air missiles, integrated infrared laser
• 2025-06-11 [Defense & Security] — India Considers Local Production of Russian Su-57 Stealth Jets
  India is considering a Russian proposal to supply and co-produce the Sukhoi Su-57E fifth-generation stealth fighter jet to replenish its fighter fleet. The proposal includes complete technology transfer, including access to the fighter's source code, which would allow India to customize the aircraft and integrate indigenous systems. Russian Ambassador Denis Alipov described the Su-57 as “the best combat aircraft currently flying” and reiterated Moscow's openness to technology sharing.
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  UPSC Angle: India considers local production of Russian Su-57 stealth jets.

  Key Facts:

  • Russia proposes supply and co-production of Sukhoi Su-57E stealth fighter jet
  • Proposal includes complete technology transfer, including access to the fighter's source code
  • India can customize the aircraft and integrate indigenous systems
  • HAL's Su-30 production line in Nashik could be leveraged for local assembly
• 2025-03-08 [Defense & Security] — Astra MK-III Missile Renamed Gandiva
  India's Astra MK-III missile has been renamed Gandiva, drawing inspiration from Arjuna's bow in the Mahabharata. Developed by DRDO, this advanced beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile will enhance aerial combat capabilities when deployed on IAF's Sukhoi Su-30MKI and Tejas aircraft.
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  UPSC Angle: Astra MK-III missile renamed Gandiva, enhances air-to-air capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Astra MK-III missile
  • Gandiva
  • DRDO
  • Beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile
  • IAF's Sukhoi Su-30MKI
  • Tejas aircraft

Indian Military Testing and Strategic Exercise Protocols

Focus: Official notifications (NOTAMs) and execution of Indian military tests and naval drills, specifically focusing on missile development and maritime readiness.

UPSC Value: Understanding India's strategic defense capabilities, the procedural use of NOTAMs for military testing, and regional security dynamics in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Defense & Security] — India Issues NOTAM Over Bay of Bengal
  India issued a temporary no-fly zone (NOTAM) notice for a 3,550 km stretch over the Bay of Bengal from December 17-20, sparking speculation about a potential long-range missile test off the Odisha coast in Chandipur. The range points to a system exceeding 3000 km.
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  UPSC Angle: India issues NOTAM over Bay of Bengal; potential missile test.

  Key Facts:

  • NOTAM issued for 3,550 km stretch over Bay of Bengal from December 17-20
  • Potential long-range missile test off the Odisha coast in Chandipur
• 2025-08-12 [Defense & Security] — India and Pakistan Conduct Separate Naval Drills in Arabian Sea
  The Indian Navy conducted naval drills in the Arabian Sea on August 11 and 12, 2025. Around the same time, the Pakistan Navy issued a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) announcing its own exercises in its territorial waters. The overlapping schedules indicate heightened military activity in the Arabian Sea.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Pakistan conduct separate naval drills in Arabian Sea.

  Key Facts:

  • The Indian Navy conducted naval drills in the Arabian Sea on August 11 and 12, 2025.
  • Pakistan Navy issued a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) for exercises in its territorial waters around the same time.
  • In May, India launched retaliatory strikes on terror camps in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir following the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack.
• 2025-07-12 [Defense & Security] — Astra Missile Test
  ASTRA BVR missile test fired off Odisha coast.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • ASTRA BVR missile
  • Odisha coast

Modernization and Operational Integration of Indian Naval Aviation

Focus: Items focusing on the induction, deployment, and strategic planning of naval aerial assets including helicopters, drones, and reconnaissance aircraft.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding India's Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and the technological shift in the Indian Navy's air wing for anti-submarine and surveillance roles.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-16 [Defense & Security] — INAS 335
  The commissioning of the MH60R helicopters will strengthen the integral aviation capability of the Indian Navy. These helicopters are equipped with modern weapons, modern sensors and state-of-art avionics which makes them capable of dealing with conventional threats like enemy warship and submarine, and also other threats like piracy maritime terrorism and irregular naval threats.
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  UPSC Angle: MH60R helicopters strengthen Indian Navy's aviation capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • MH60R helicopters will strengthen the integral aviation capability of the Indian Navy
  • Equipped with the modern weapons
  • Equipped with the modern sensors
  • Equipped with the state-of-art avionics
  • Capable of dealing with conventional threats like enemy warship and submarine
  • Capable of dealing with threats like piracy maritime terrorism and irregular naval threats
• 2025-11-05 [Defense & Security] — INS Savitri and Naval Operations
  INS Savitri, under the Eastern Naval Command based at Visakhapatnam, has wide-ranging operational roles, including aerial surveillance and search & rescue. The ship has a top speed of 15 knots (30 km/h) and features a 40×60 Bofors Gun and a helicopter deck capable of operating the Chetak helicopter. It has been deployed for patrols off the Maldives, Seychelles, and Mauritius.
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  UPSC Angle: INS Savitri operational roles include aerial surveillance.

  Key Facts:

  • Visakhapatnam: Location of Eastern Naval Command
  • 15 knots (30 km/h): Top speed of INS Savitri
  • 40×60 Bofors Gun: Feature of INS Savitri
  • Chetak helicopter: Operated from INS Savitri's deck
• 2025-09-20 [Defense & Security] — INS Rajali hosts Maritime Seminar
  The Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command hosted a two-day seminar on long-range maritime reconnaissance (LRMR) at INS Rajali, Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu. INS Rajali operates under the Eastern Naval Command and is home to the navy's INAS 312 squadron with P8I and MQ-9B Sea Guardian drones.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Navy hosts maritime seminar at INS Rajali.

  Key Facts:

  • Seminar on long-range maritime reconnaissance (LRMR) at INS Rajali
  • Hosted by Eastern Naval Command
  • INS Rajali located near Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu
  • Home to navy's INAS 312 squadron
  • Operates P8I and MQ-9B Sea Guardian drones

Modernization of Indian Armored Mobility for High-Altitude Warfare

Focus: The procurement, development, and upgrading of armored vehicles specifically optimized for India's high-altitude borders and extreme terrain.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic shift toward specialized mountain warfare equipment and the increasing role of private-sector indigenization in defense logistics.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-22 [Defense & Security] — L&T to Manufacture BvS10 Sindhu for Indian Army
  L&T will manufacture the BvS10 Sindhu at its Armoured Systems Complex in Hazira, Gujarat, with technical and design support from BAE Systems Hägglunds. The BvS10 Sindhu is customized for India's extreme terrain, including high-altitude regions, deserts, marshlands, and flood-prone zones, and is also amphibious. The Sindhu variant can be reconfigured for multiple purposes: troop transport, command post, ambulance, recovery, logistics, or even a weapons-armed version.
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  UPSC Angle: L&T to manufacture BvS10 Sindhu for Indian Army.

  Key Facts:

  • BvS10 Sindhu manufacturer: L&T
  • Manufacturing location: Armoured Systems Complex in Hazira, Gujarat
  • Technical and design support: BAE Systems Hägglunds (Swedish business unit of BAE Systems)
  • Customized for Indian conditions: high-altitude regions, deserts, marshlands, and flood-prone zones
  • Amphibious vehicle
• 2025-09-24 [Defense & Security] — Zorawar Light Tank Unveiled
  The Zorawar Light Tank, developed by DRDO-CVRDE and L&T for the Indian Army, weighs 25 tonnes and has a road speed of 70 km/h, with high altitude operability >4,200 m. It is air-transportable via C-17 Globemaster III & Chinook helicopters and is armed with a 105 mm main gun, 7.62 mm coaxial MG, 12.7 mm remote-controlled weapon station, and ATGM launch capability and induction is expected by 2027.
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  UPSC Angle: Zorawar Light Tank: 25 tonnes, 70 km/h, high altitude operability.

  Key Facts:

  • Developed by: DRDO-CVRDE and L&T
  • For: Indian Army
  • Weight: 25 tonnes
  • Speed: 70 km/h
  • Altitude operability: >4,200 m
  • Engine: Cummins VTA903E-T760, 760 hp diesel engine
  • Armament: 105 mm main gun, 7.62 mm coaxial MG, 12.7 mm remote-controlled weapon station, ATGM launch capability
  • Induction: By 2027
• 2025-03-08 [Defense & Security] — T-72 Tanks in Indian Army
  T-72 tanks, originally developed by the Soviet Union, are the backbone of the Indian Army's armored forces, with over 2,400 units in operation. Upgradation efforts focus on enhancing mobility, protection, and firepower for modern warfare, with versatile deployment in high-altitude and desert scenarios.
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  UPSC Angle: T-72 tanks are the backbone of Indian Army's armored forces.

  Key Facts:

  • Main battle tank (MBT) developed by the Soviet Union
  • India operates 2,400+ T-72 tanks
  • Backbone of Indian Army's armored forces
  • Used in Ladakh and desert warfare scenarios

India-China Strategic Defense and Surveillance Modernization

Focus: Bilateral advancements in high-end military technology, specifically India's nuclear delivery upgrades and China's geospatial intelligence capabilities, within the context of their regional security rivalry.

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing the shift toward multi-domain deterrence and the role of advanced technology in shaping Indo-Pacific security architecture.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-27 [Defense & Security] — Chinese Scrutiny of Agni-V Upgrade
  Chinese-backed media outlets reported that India is preparing an Agni-V missile upgrade, potentially extending its range to 8,000 km. If confirmed, this would significantly enhance India's nuclear deterrence capability, placing a large portion of Asia, Europe, and Africa within reach.
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  UPSC Angle: India preparing Agni-V missile upgrade, potentially extending range to 8000km.

  Key Facts:

  • Missile: Agni-V
  • Potential range: 8,000 km
• 2025-09-06 [Defense & Security] — India's Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025)
  The Ministry of Defence has released the Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025), outlining a 15-year plan to bolster military preparedness by enhancing nuclear deterrence and expanding drone warfare capabilities. It focuses on sustaining credible nuclear deterrence through survivability systems and advanced delivery platforms, including command-and-control infrastructure and chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) reconnaissance vehicles. It also emphasizes the development of stealth drones with ranges of up to 1,500 km and altitudes of 60,000 feet for electronic warfare, detection, and artillery guidance.
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  UPSC Angle: Defence Ministry releases Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025).

  Key Facts:

  • The Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025) is a 15-year plan.
  • It focuses on enhancing nuclear deterrence.
  • It includes expanding drone warfare capabilities.
  • Development of stealth drones with ranges of up to 1,500 km and altitudes of 60,000 feet.
  • Ministry of Defence has released the Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025)
  • Outlines a 15-year plan to bolster military preparedness
  • Enhancing nuclear deterrence and expanding drone warfare capabilities
  • Development of stealth drones with ranges of up to 1,500 km and altitudes of 60,000 feet
  • Addresses the threat of hostile drone swarms by planning adaptive jamming systems and electronic denial zones with a 15 km radius
• 2025-03-22 [International Relations] — China Enhances Geospatial Capabilities
  China launched two high-resolution satellites under the Siwei Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite System, increasing its geospatial intelligence. This development is a concern for India due to border disputes and economic tensions, highlighting the need for India to develop its indigenous geospatial intelligence. Geospatial intelligence is crucial for national security, economic growth, and environmental management, aiding in border monitoring and natural resource management.
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  UPSC Angle: China enhances geospatial capabilities with new high-resolution satellites.

  Key Facts:

  • China launched two high-resolution satellites under its Siwei Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite System
  • Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) is critical for national security, economic growth, and environmental management
  • China launched two high-resolution satellites under its Siwei Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite System.
  • Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) is critical for national security, economic growth, and environmental management.

Global and Indian Military Economic Trends

Focus: Analysis of military expenditure levels, defense production targets, and the socio-economic trade-offs of global defense spending.

UPSC Value: Provides critical data for discussing defense indigenization, global security spending patterns, and the 'guns vs. butter' debate regarding Sustainable Development Goals.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-11 [International Relations] — Global Military Expenditure vs. Development Goals
  A UN report highlights the imbalance between rising global military expenditure and widening development finance gaps, compromising the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. The report indicates that 2.2 to 2.5% of the world's GDP is spent on military-related expenditure, while developmental financing is not keeping pace.
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  UPSC Angle: UN report highlights imbalance between military expenditure and development goals.

  Key Facts:

  • 2.2 to 2.5% of the global GDP is going towards the military expenditure.
  • Major military expenditure countries: China, India, Russia, US, and the European Union, constituting 70% of the global military expenditure.
• 2025-04-30 [Defense & Security] — SIPRI Report 2024: India 5th Largest Military Spender
  The SIPRI Report 2024 indicates that global military expenditure rose significantly, reaching $2.44 trillion, a 6.8% increase from 2023. India ranks as the 5th largest military spender globally, with total expenditure of $86.1 billion in 2024, a 1.6% increase over 2023. India's defense spending is approximately 9 times that of Pakistan.
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  UPSC Angle: SIPRI Report: India 5th largest military spender globally.

  Key Facts:

  • Global military expenditure reached $2.44 trillion in 2024
  • India is the 5th largest military spender globally
  • India's military expenditure in 2024: $86.1 billion (₹7.1 lakh crore approx.)
  • India's defence spending increased by 1.6% over 2023
  • India's defence spending is ~9 times that of Pakistan ($10.2 billion)
• 2025-04-15 [International Relations] — India's Push for Global Arms Exports
  India is actively working to become a major player in the global defense market by providing financial support through EXIM Bank and increasing its diplomatic presence, specifically targeting nations that have historically relied on Russian weaponry. The government has set a target of doubling arms-and-equipment exports to $6 billion by 2029.
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  UPSC Angle: India aims to be a major global arms exporter.

  Key Facts:

  • India produced $14.8 billion of arms in 2023-2024 fiscal year, up 62% since 2020.
  • Target arms-and-equipment exports: $6 billion by 2029.

Modernization of India's Aerospace and Defense Infrastructure

Focus: Developments in India's aerospace and defense sectors, encompassing commercial fleet modernization, MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) infrastructure acquisitions, and defense manufacturing contracts.

UPSC Value: Examines the expansion of India's strategic industries, highlighting the role of private conglomerates and government contracts in achieving self-reliance in aerospace and defense.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-12 [Economy] — Key Corporate Updates
  Adani Enterprises is set to strengthen its aviation footprint through the acquisition of Indamer Technics. Infosys has implemented the nCino platform for ABN AMRO, enhancing its reputation in the fintech space. Jaykay Enterprises' subsidiary secured letters of intent worth ₹110.9 crore from BrahMos Aerospace and Bharat Dynamics.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Adani Enterprises is acquiring a 100% stake in Indamer Technics through Adani Defence & Aerospace.
  • Infosys implemented the nCino platform for ABN AMRO.
  • Jaykay Enterprises' subsidiary received letters of intent worth ₹95 crore from BrahMos Aerospace and ₹15.9 crore from Bharat Dynamics.
• 2025-06-30 [Economy] — India's Defence and Tech Stock Performance
  Indian tech, electronics, and defense stocks showed mixed performance on June 30, 2025. Honeywell Automation led gains, while CE Info Systems saw a decline. Investor sentiment remained balanced, favoring companies aligned with Make in India and digital infrastructure.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Honeywell Automation: ₹39,680 (▲₹1,030 or 2.67%)
  • Dixon Technologies: ₹14,473 (▲₹158 or 1.11%)
  • Bharat Dynamics Ltd.: 1,890.10 (▲₹62.80 or 3.44%)
  • CE Info Systems: ₹1,739.70 (▽₹29.00 or -1.64%)
  • Kaynes Technology: ₹5,867.50 (▲₹98.50 or 1.71%)
  • Tata Elxsi: ₹6,345.00 (▲₹70.50 or 1.13%)
• 2025-03-21 [Economy] — Air India's Fleet Modernization Plan
  Air India has initiated talks with Airbus and Boeing to acquire 30-40 widebody jets, aiming to modernize its fleet.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Air India is planning to acquire 30-40 widebody jets from Airbus and Boeing.

India's Strategic Aerospace and Missile Modernization

Focus: The concurrent development of space-based military infrastructure (ISR and defense constellations) and advanced missile technologies (hypersonic and multi-stage interception).

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing India's evolving defense posture, the strategic militarization of space, and the technological pillars of 'Aatmanirbharta' in high-tech warfare.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-16 [Science & Technology] — Hypersonic Missile Technology
  India has joined an elite group of countries that have perfected hypersonic missile technology. The missiles were designed at the Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex in Hyderabad with commercial Indian defence companies, boosting Aatmanirbharta. These technologies can strengthen India's capacities in disaster relief and aerospace development and are expected to create thousands of jobs.
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  UPSC Angle: India has perfected hypersonic missile technology.

  Key Facts:

  • India has perfected hypersonic missile technology
  • Designed at the Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex in Hyderabad
  • Boosts Aatmanirbharta
  • Can strengthen India's capacities in disaster relief and aerospace development
• 2025-05-23 [Defense & Security] — Golden Dome missile defense system
  The Golden Dome missile defense system is envisioned to include ground and space-based capabilities that can detect and stop missiles at all four major stages of a potential attack. It features space-based sensors and interceptors to neutralize enemy missiles shortly after launch and comprises thousands of small satellites in Earth's orbit to detect and intercept Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). It is inspired by Israel's Iron Dome.
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  UPSC Angle: Golden Dome missile defense system includes ground and space-based capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Golden Dome
  • Missile defense system
  • Ground and space-based capabilities
  • Detect and stop missiles at all four major stages
  • Space-based sensors and interceptors
  • Inspired by Israel's Iron Dome
• 2025-04-11 [Defense & Security] — India to Launch 52 Military Satellites
  The Chief of Defence Staff announced the launch of 52 dedicated military satellites to boost India's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. This move aims to enhance India's strategic strength in the defense sector.
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  UPSC Angle: India to launch 52 military satellites to boost ISR capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Launch of 52 dedicated military satellites
  • Purpose: Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR)
  • Satellites like GASAT 7, Mini Gat 7A, or Andre already launched