India’s Strategic Multi-Alignment and Multilateral Reform: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India has evolved from a 'norm-taker' to a proactive 'norm-setter,' transitioning from the post-Cold War 'Non-Alignment' to a contemporary 'Multi-Alignment' strategy. This paradigm shift, often referred to as 'Vishwa Bandhu' (Global Friend) diplomacy, aims to secure India's interest in a multipolar world by leading issue-based coalitions (ISA, Global AI Summit) rather than permanent blocs. The core objective is a fundamental restructuring of the global order—specifically the UNSC and Bretton Woods institutions—to reflect current geopolitical realities and provide a voice for the Global South.

Cross-Theme Insight

The synthesis of these threads reveals a 'parallel-track' strategy: while India continues to demand reform within legacy institutions (UNSC/IMF), it is simultaneously building 'Digital and Green' alternatives. By positioning Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and the International Solar Alliance (ISA) as global public goods, India bypasses traditional power bottlenecks. This is a shift from 'strategic autonomy' as 'distance from others' to 'strategic autonomy' as 'leverage over others' through indispensable technological and environmental leadership.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (NCERT Class XII, Spectrum) define Indian foreign policy through the 1961 Belgrade Summit criteria of Non-Alignment (NAM), emphasizing 'neutrality' and 'anti-colonialism.' However, current reality reflects 'Weighted Multi-alignment,' where India engages as a security stakeholder (e.g., proposed roles in Gaza's transitional governance and the IMEC corridor). The 1990s 'adaptive learning' phase (CAPF 2011, NID: 6954) has been replaced by 'institutional architecting'—where India creates the rules for AI and digital governance rather than just following them.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The trajectory of India’s diplomacy has moved through three phases: (1) Principled Distance (1947-1991), (2) Adaptive Pragmatism (1991-2014), and (3) Assertive Leadership (2014-Present). In the current phase (2025-26), India is increasingly comfortable rejecting unfavorable international legal rulings while positioning its philosophical frameworks (e.g., 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam') as valid moral alternatives to the rules-based Western order.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC has moved from testing bilateral treaties to testing India’s role as a 'Global Solution Provider.' Analysis of PYQs (IAS 2023, CAPF 2023) shows a focus on India's G20 priorities—specifically 'Digital Public Infrastructure' and 'Climate Finance.' There is a declining interest in basic NAM questions (CDS 2015) and an increasing focus on the institutional mechanics of Indian-led initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (IAS 2016, NID: 5627).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Comparison between G4 (India, Japan, Germany, Brazil) and 'Uniting for Consensus' (Coffee Club) on UNSC reform.
• Criteria for permanent membership of UNSC (1992 UNGA Resolution 47/62).
• Institutional framework of the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) and India's role.
• The 'Climate-Smart Village' approach and its international research links (CGIAR/CCAFS).
• The IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor) as a strategic alternative to BRI.
• Voting rights reform in the IMF (Quota reviews and the 'Special Drawing Rights' basket).

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (13 themes, 56 news items)

India's Strategic Autonomy and Great Power Balancing

Focus: India's diplomatic maneuvering to maintain strategic autonomy by balancing relations with the US, Russia, and China while securing energy interests and regional leadership.

UPSC Value: Provides a framework for understanding India's 'multi-alignment' policy and the practical challenges of maintaining partnerships with competing global powers to ensure national interest.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-18 [International Relations] — Shift from Rules to Power Politics in Global Order
  An op-ed in The Hindu discusses the ongoing shift from a rules-based international order to a power-centric geopolitical landscape, characterized by unilateralism, selective enforcement of norms, and weakening multilateral institutions. This transition has implications for global stability and India's foreign policy, requiring a renewed commitment to sovereignty, rule of law, and multilateral reform. The article highlights the weakening of arms control treaties, stress on trade institutions like the WTO, gaps in climate governance, and failures in pandemic coordination as examples of this shift.
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  UPSC Angle: Shift from Rules to Power Politics in Global Order.

  Key Facts:

  • The post-1945 rules-based order is experiencing structural erosion.
  • Unilateralism, selective application of norms, and weakened multilateral institutions are contributing to the shift.
  • Withdrawal from arms-control treaties reduces transparency and raises escalation risks.
  • WTO dispute resolution paralysis reduces enforceability of trade norms.
  • Reduced cooperation delays coordinated mitigation targets.
  • Vaccine nationalism exposed limits of global health governance.
  • The world is in an “interregnum” with the old order fading, the new one unformed.
• 2026-02-12 [International Relations] — MEA on India-Russia ties
  The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) noted ongoing engagement and cooperation between India and Russia across a range of issues, including trade, cultural interaction, and defence engagement. The MEA refused to directly deny claims by the United States government on Russian oil imports, while a senior U.S. official said that India had reduced its purchases of Russian crude.
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  UPSC Angle: MEA notes ongoing India-Russia cooperation across sectors.

  Key Facts:

  • Ongoing engagement and cooperation between India and Russia.
  • Range of issues: trade, cultural interaction, and defence engagement.
  • MEA refused to deny U.S. claims on India's Russian oil imports.
• 2025-11-22 [International Relations] — New Direction for India Should Be Toward Asia
  India's foreign policy is undergoing a significant transformation as global power shifts toward Asia and India rises as a major economy. The article discusses the evolving geopolitical dynamics in Asia, highlighting India's strategic positioning between powers like the U.S., China, and Russia. It stresses India's need for strategic autonomy, regional partnerships, and advancements in AI for future growth.
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  UPSC Angle: India's foreign policy shifts toward Asia.

  Key Facts:

  • India's foreign policy is undergoing transformation
  • Global power shifts toward Asia
  • India needs strategic autonomy and regional partnerships
  • India needs advancements in AI for future growth
• 2025-07-11 [International Relations] — India's struggle to balance ties with major global powers
  India's security environment depends heavily on the state of US–Russia–China relations and India seeks strong ties with both the US and Russia, but shifting great-power dynamics have often complicated this goal. India would benefit most if it maintained strong ties with both the US and Russia and this would allow defence partnerships with both without mutual suspicion.
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  UPSC Angle: India balances ties with US, Russia, and China.

  Key Facts:

  • India seeks strong ties with both US and Russia
  • Shifting great-power dynamics have complicated this goal
• 2025-05-04 [International Relations] — India's Foreign Policy Priorities in 2025
  India's foreign policy in 2025 focuses on balancing change and continuity amidst a world facing a polycrisis, power rebalancing towards Asia, and increasing multipolarity. Key priorities include managing relations with China and Russia, leading the Global South agenda, and engaging with plurilateral organizations.
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  UPSC Angle: India's foreign policy priorities focus on multipolarity and managing geopolitical changes.

  Key Facts:

  • Focus areas: relations with China and Russia
  • Global South leadership
  • Engagement with BRICS, G7, and SCO
  • Key countries for attention: Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, France, Italy, Argentina, Mexico, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan, and Iran
• 2025-04-29 [International Relations] — India-Russia Relations and India's Act Far East Policy
  Bipandeep Sharma from MP-IDSA discusses how Russia's Far East offers immense potential to further propel the India–Russia bilateral partnership. Projects in the Russian Arctic offer India strategic alternatives for the consistent supply of LNG.
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  UPSC Angle: India's Act Far East Policy and potential in Russia's Far East.

  Key Facts:

  • Author: Bipandeep Sharma
  • MP-IDSA
  • Projects in the Russian Arctic offer India strategic alternatives for the consistent supply of LNG

India's Assertive Stance in International Legal and Governance Forums

Focus: Items tracking India's interactions with global legal bodies and governance frameworks, characterized by a rejection of unfavorable rulings or agendas and a push for structural reform.

UPSC Value: Useful for GS-2 (International Relations/Institutions), showing India's strategy of prioritizing sovereignty and plurilateralism over traditional multilateral mandates.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [International Relations] — India Rejects UN's Role in International Peace
  India stated that the United Nations is not perceived as an organization that delivers on international peace and security, and discussions have moved on to parallel plurilateral frameworks. India added that the international rule of law should not be weaponized to question state sovereignty and interfere in the internal affairs of states.
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  UPSC Angle: India rejects UN's role in international peace.

  Key Facts:

  • India said the United Nations is not perceived as an organisation that delivers on international peace.
  • India said the international rule of law should not be weaponised to question state sovereignty.
• 2025-11-22 [International Relations] — Reforms urged for UN and International Order
  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, at the International Conference of Chief Justices in Lucknow, advocated for the reform of the UN and the international order to effectively address global conflicts and humanitarian crises. India supports the G4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan) proposal for increasing the number of permanent members to include major developing countries and ensuring better representation of regions underrepresented today. There is also a call to restrict misuse of veto power.
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  UPSC Angle: Rajnath Singh advocates for reform of the UN.

  Key Facts:

  • Demand for UN reform by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
  • India supports G4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan) proposal for UNSC expansion
  • Call to restrict misuse of veto power
• 2025-06-28 [International Relations] — India Rejects Court of Arbitration Award on Hydroelectric Projects
  India has rejected the Court of Arbitration's "supplemental award" on the Kishenganga and Ratle hydropower projects, calling it illegal and dismissing the court's authority. India stated that the Court of Arbitration was illegally constituted violating the Indus Waters Treaty 1960.
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  UPSC Angle: India rejects Court of Arbitration award on hydroelectric projects.

  Key Facts:

  • India rejected the Court of Arbitration's award on the Kishenganga and Ratle projects.
  • India termed the Court of Arbitration as illegally constituted.
  • The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank.
• 2025-06-24 [International Relations] — India Opposes Inclusion of IFDA in WTO Trade & Development Agenda
  India opposed the inclusion of the Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement (IFDA) on the agenda of the World Trade Organization's Doha negotiating body on trade and development on June 18, leading to its removal from the agenda. India, along with South Africa and Turkiye, has consistently blocked the incorporation of IFDA into Annex 4 of the WTO Agreement, citing procedural and systemic violations of WTO rules. The WTO's Director-General included IFDA in the possible list of "deliverables" for the WTO's upcoming 14th ministerial conference (MC14), to be held in Yaounde, Cameroon, on 26-29 March 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: India opposes IFDA inclusion in WTO's trade and development agenda.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement (IFDA)
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • Doha negotiating body on trade and development
  • June 18
  • South Africa
  • Turkiye
  • Annex 4 of the WTO Agreement
  • plurilateral agreements
  • Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
  • Director-General
  • 14th ministerial conference (MC14)
  • Yaounde, Cameroon
  • March 26-29, 2026
• 2025-03-20 [International Relations] — India's Extradition Challenges and Anti-Torture Law Absence
  The King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in London denied India's extradition request for Sanjay Bhandari, citing the risk of custodial torture, highlighting India's extradition challenges and the absence of an anti-torture law. The absence of a standalone law against custodial torture undermines India's global reputation as a human rights advocate.
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  UPSC Angle: Extradition challenges highlight concerns about custodial torture in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Case: Sanjay Bhandari extradition request denied
  • Court: King's Bench Division, High Court of Justice in London
  • Reason: Risk of custodial torture
  • Issue: Absence of anti-torture law in India
  • India signed UN convention against torture in 1997 but did not ratify
• 2025-03-04 [International Relations] — India Asks US Supreme Court to Respect Comity of Nations in Antrix-Devas Dispute
  India has appealed to the US Supreme Court to consider the principle of comity of nations in the ongoing Antrix-Devas dispute related to a failed satellite deal. The case highlights complex issues of international law and investment disputes.
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  UPSC Angle: India appeals to US SC on comity of nations in Antrix-Devas dispute.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • US Supreme Court
  • Antrix-Devas dispute
  • comity of nations

India's Diplomatic Evolution in the Gaza Crisis

Focus: India's evolving diplomatic stance and engagement with the Gaza conflict, transitioning from humanitarian advocacy and ceasefire calls to potential participation in a US-proposed transitional governance board.

UPSC Value: Understanding India's diplomatic evolution from humanitarian advocacy to a potential stakeholder in Middle East conflict management and transitional governance.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [International Relations] — India Invited to Join US-Proposed Board of Peace for Gaza
  The U.S. President Donald Trump invited India to join the proposed Board of Peace for Gaza, a new governance and conflict-management mechanism. The initiative aims to supervise Gaza's transitional governance, stabilisation, and reconstruction, operating outside traditional multilateral institutions like the UN.
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  UPSC Angle: US invited India to join the proposed Board of Peace for Gaza.

  Key Facts:

  • U.S. President Donald Trump invited India to join the proposed Board of Peace for Gaza.
  • The Board aims to supervise Gaza's transitional governance, stabilisation, and reconstruction.
  • UNSC Resolution 2803 authorized a Board to supervise Gaza's transition until 2027.
  • India invited to join "Board of Peace" for Gaza
  • Invitation from US President Donald Trump
  • Letter from Trump to PM Modi
  • Information disseminated by U.S. Ambassador to India Sergio Gor
• 2025-11-15 [International Relations] — UN Security Council to Vote on Gaza Peace Plan
  The UN Security Council is scheduled to vote on November 17, 2025, on a resolution endorsing U.S. President Donald Trump's Gaza peace plan, which follows a ceasefire in the two-year war between Israel and Hamas. The resolution welcomes the establishment of the 'Board of Peace,' a transitional governing body for Gaza until the end of 2027, potentially chaired by Mr. Trump. It also authorizes member states to form a 'temporary International Stabilization Force (ISF)' to work with Israel, Egypt, and newly trained Palestinian police to secure border areas and demilitarize the Gaza Strip.
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  UPSC Angle: UN Security Council to vote on Gaza peace plan.

  Key Facts:

  • Vote Date: November 17, 2025
  • Endorsed Plan: U.S. President Donald Trump's Gaza peace plan
  • Board of Peace mandate: Until the end of 2027
  • ISF partners: Israel, Egypt, and newly trained Palestinian police
• 2025-10-30 [International Relations] — India calls for Ceasefire in Gaza
  India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Harish Parvathaneni, emphasised the need for a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict, urging purposeful dialogue and diplomacy to bring the parties together while delivering a statement at the High-Level International Conference on "The Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine and the Implementation of The Two-State Solution" in New York. He highlighted the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza, where tens of thousands have been killed, and many more injured, with medical facilities damaged or destroyed, and children deprived of schooling for over 20 months.
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  UPSC Angle: India calls for a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Harish Parvathaneni, emphasised the need for a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict.
  • He highlighted the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza, where tens of thousands have been killed, and many more injured, with medical facilities damaged or destroyed, and children deprived of schooling for over 20 months.
  • India advocated for an immediate ceasefire, sustained humanitarian assistance, release of all hostages, and dialogue and diplomacy as the only viable path forward.
• 2025-10-01 [International Relations] — India deems UN Peacekeeper Deployment in Ukraine, Gaza 'Unlikely'
  A senior Indian defence ministry official stated that the deployment of UN peacekeeping forces in Ukraine or Gaza is highly unlikely, citing the composition of the United Nations Security Council. The official, Vishwesh Negi, made these remarks at a press conference during the conclave of army chiefs of United Nations troop contributing countries in New Delhi.
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  UPSC Angle: India deems UN Peacekeeper Deployment in Ukraine, Gaza 'Unlikely'.

  Key Facts:

  • Official: Vishwesh Negi
  • Position: Senior Indian defence ministry official
  • Statement: Deployment of UN peacekeepers in Ukraine or Gaza is highly unlikely
  • Reason: Composition of the United Nations Security Council
  • Event: Press conference of the conclave of army chiefs of United Nations troop contributing countries in New Delhi
• 2025-07-24 [International Relations] — India Calls for Ceasefire in Gaza at UNSC
  India's Permanent Representative to the UN, Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish, addressed an open debate in the UN Security Council, voicing concern over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and emphasizing the need for a ceasefire. He stated that intermittent pauses in hostilities are insufficient to address the challenges faced by the people. India reiterated its commitment to the Palestinian cause, highlighting its historical ties and support for a two-state solution.
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  UPSC Angle: India calls for ceasefire in Gaza at UNSC; humanitarian concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • India's call: Ceasefire in Gaza
  • Representative: Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish
  • Forum: UN Security Council
  • Stance: Intermittent pauses are 'not enough'
  • Commitment: Support for the Palestinian cause and a two-state solution
  • India was the first non-Arab country to recognise the State of Palestine
• 2025-03-19 [International Relations] — India's Concern Over Gaza Situation, Calls for Humanitarian Aid
  India expressed concern over the situation in Gaza and called for humanitarian assistance to the conflict-hit Palestinian territory. This statement followed the resumption of Israeli air strikes in Gaza on March 18, 2025, which created uncertainty around the ceasefire agreement with Hamas from January.
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  UPSC Angle: India expresses concern over Gaza situation, calls for humanitarian aid.

  Key Facts:

  • India is concerned over the situation in Gaza.
  • India called for the supply of humanitarian assistance to people in the conflict-hit Palestinian territory.
  • Israel resumed air strikes in Gaza on March 18, 2025.
  • Concerned over situation in Gaza
  • Calls for humanitarian assistance
  • Israeli air strikes resumed in Gaza on March 18, 2025
  • Uncertainty over ceasefire with Hamas from January
  • Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) emphasized the importance of releasing all hostages
  • India is concerned about the situation in Gaza.
  • India called for the release of all hostages.

India's Strategic Ascent in Global Governance and Digital Diplomacy

Focus: Initiatives and forums focused on enhancing India's leadership, representation, and standard-setting capacity in international governance frameworks and digital infrastructure.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's transition from a rule-taker to a rule-maker in global digital, maritime, and multilateral governance domains.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-21 [Polity & Governance] — Internet Governance Internship Scheme
  The 'Internet Governance Internship & Capacity Building Scheme (IGICBS)' aims to build a skilled pool of Indian professionals in internet governance and strengthen India's representation in global internet decision-making. It also seeks to promote a safe, inclusive, resilient, and trustworthy internet ecosystem.
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  UPSC Angle: Internet Governance Internship Scheme aims to build skilled professionals.

  Key Facts:

  • Aims to build a skilled pool of Indian professionals in internet governance
  • Seeks to strengthen India's voice and representation in global internet decision-making
  • Promotes a safe, inclusive, resilient, and trustworthy internet ecosystem
• 2025-11-29 [Polity & Governance] — India Internet Governance Forum
  The India Internet Governance Forum (IIGF) is the Indian chapter of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum (UN IGF), established in 2021. It is a multi-stakeholder platform that fosters dialogue on public policy issues related to the Internet. IIGF promotes collaborative discussions among representatives from government, civil society, industries, technical communities, think tanks, and industry associations.
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  UPSC Angle: India Internet Governance Forum (IIGF) is the Indian chapter of UN IGF.

  Key Facts:

  • Forum: India Internet Governance Forum (IIGF)
  • Parent Organization: United Nations Internet Governance Forum (UN IGF)
  • Establishment: 2021
  • Objective: fosters dialogue on public policy issues related to the Internet
  • Participants: representatives from government, civil society, industries, technical communities, think tanks, and industry associations
• 2025-11-04 [International Relations] — India's Role in IORA Governance
  India is preparing to take over as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Chair in November 2025 and aims to make the organization's governance more resilient. India plans to boost IORA's budget, enhance data management with technology, and collaborate with institutions to develop maritime courses over the next two years. IORA is an intergovernmental organization established to promote economic cooperation and regional integration among countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
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  UPSC Angle: India to chair IORA, aiming for resilient governance.

  Key Facts:

  • India is set to take over as IORA Chair in November 2025.
  • IORA was established on 7th March 1997.
  • IORA comprises 23 member states and 10 dialogue partners.
  • India will focus on integrating digital tools.
  • India will encourage private sector investment and create innovative funding mechanisms.
  • India's Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) initiative aligns with IORA's objectives.
• 2025-10-18 [International Relations] — India-China Ties and Global Governance Initiative
  As India and China mark the 75th anniversary of their relationship and the UN's 80th, a Global Governance Initiative (GGI) was proposed at the Tianjin SCO Summit to enhance multilateralism, sovereign equality, and people-centered development. The initiative seeks better global governance led by China and India, focusing on effectiveness rather than establishing a new order.
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  UPSC Angle: Global Governance Initiative proposed at Tianjin SCO Summit.

  Key Facts:

  • Anniversary: India–China ties turn 75, United Nations turns 80 in 2025
  • Initiative: Global Governance Initiative (GGI)
  • Proposed at: Tianjin SCO Summit
  • Focus: Strengthen sovereign equality, rule of law, multilateralism, people-centred development, and practical results
• 2025-06-04 [International Relations] — India-USA Subsea Cable Agenda
  India and the United States are focusing on strengthening subsea cable infrastructure to enhance regional digital resilience. The TRUST Framework (Technology for Resilient, Open and Unified Security and Trust), successor to iCET, aims to promote trusted digital infrastructure, support subsea cable diversification and cybersecurity, and recognize India as a regional digital security provider.
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  UPSC Angle: India-USA focusing on strengthening subsea cable infrastructure.

  Key Facts:

  • India and the U.S. are focusing on strengthening subsea cable infrastructure.
  • The TRUST Framework aims to promote trusted digital infrastructure.

India's AI Diplomacy and Global Leadership

Focus: India's strategic shift to use AI governance as a foreign policy tool, culminating in hosting a major global summit.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's ambition to lead the 'Global South' in technology governance and establish itself as a key diplomatic player in AI.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-19 [Science & Technology] — UNESCO Promotes Ethical AI at India AI Impact Summit
  UNESCO emphasized ethical and human-centered AI at the India AI Impact Summit 2026 in New Delhi. UNESCO is launching the 'Resilient AI Challenge' to advance lightweight AI models, co-organized with the Governments of France and India. UNESCO's survey revealed that 44% of judiciary professionals integrate AI into their daily work, yet 91% of judicial operators report that their institutions do not provide training or official guidelines on the responsible use of AI.
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  UPSC Angle: UNESCO promoting ethical AI; Resilient AI Challenge details are key.

  Key Facts:

  • The India AI Impact Summit 2026 was held in New Delhi.
  • UNESCO will launch the 'Resilient AI Challenge' at the summit.
  • UNESCO's survey revealed that 44% of judiciary professionals integrate AI into their daily work, yet 91% of judicial operators report that their institutions do not provide training or official guidelines on the responsible use of AI.
• 2026-02-09 [Science & Technology] — India Showcases AI Leadership at Global AI Summit
  India is positioning itself as a leader in responsible AI governance and development-oriented technology diplomacy by hosting the India–AI Impact Summit 2026, the first global AI summit in the Global South. The summit is expected to have participation from over 100 countries, including heads of government, ministers, and CEOs.
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  UPSC Angle: India showcases AI leadership at Global AI Summit.

  Key Facts:

  • The AI Impact Summit 2026 will be held in India from February 16 to 20.
  • Union IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw described the summit as the largest such global gathering so far.
  • The summit is expected to host representatives from over 100 countries, including 15–20 heads of government, more than 50 ministers, and over 40 CEOs of leading global and Indian companies.
  • AI Impact Summit 2026 will be held in India from February 16 to 20
  • First global AI governance summit in the Global South
  • Aims to generate actionable, long-term policy recommendations
  • Seeks to align AI governance with inclusive growth, sustainability, and social impact
  • India aims to influence global AI governance, attract investment, showcase startups, launch indigenous AI models, and gain economic benefits
  • The summit will address hardware dependence, GPU shortages, energy constraints, workforce disruption, and the need for trust and safety frameworks for AI systems
  • Participants include governments, industry leaders, researchers, civil society organisations, and international institutions
  • Structured around Seven Chakras and guided by Three Sutras: People, Planet, Progress
  • IndiaAI Mission subsidises GPU usage for startups and researchers
  • India has offered a tax holiday until 2047 for foreign companies setting up data centres
  • Summit highlighted due to 100+ countries, 15–20 Heads of Government, 50+ ministers, 40+ CEOs
  • Allocation for subsidising compute under the IndiaAI Mission was halved in the Union Budget 2026–27
  • India–AI Impact Summit 2026
  • First global AI summit in the Global South
  • Projecting India as agenda-setter in responsible AI governance
  • Expected participation from 100+ countries
  • 15–20 Heads of Government
  • 50+ ministers
  • 40+ CEOs
• 2026-01-23 [International Relations] — India's AI Strategy as Foreign Policy
  India is shifting from merely showcasing technological power to building credibility in the AI sector through a governance-first policy, real-world deployment, and AI diplomacy. By developing AI systems under constraints like low bandwidth and multiple languages, India is turning complexity into a strategic advantage to strengthen its foreign policy ambitions.
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  UPSC Angle: India's AI strategy as foreign policy.

  Key Facts:

  • India's Global AI Summit marks a shift from symbolism to statecraft
  • India positioning itself as a reliable partner through governance-first policy
  • India is developing AI systems under real constraints such as low bandwidth, multiple languages, and uneven infrastructure
• 2025-12-11 [Science & Technology] — Conclave on Safe and Trusted AI
  The Centre for Responsible AI (CeRAI), IIT Madras, is organizing a Conclave on Safe and Trusted AI on December 11, 2025, as part of the India AI Impact Summit 2026, to discuss building reliable, responsible, and trustworthy AI with global experts and policymakers.
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  UPSC Angle: Conclave on Safe and Trusted AI to discuss reliable AI.

  Key Facts:

  • Conclave on Safe and Trusted AI organized by Centre for Responsible AI (CeRAI), IIT Madras on December 11, 2025.
  • Part of the India AI Impact Summit 2026.
  • Focus on building reliable, responsible, and trustworthy AI.

Evolution of Strategic Autonomy and Rules-Based Engagement

Focus: India's shift toward pragmatic, interest-based diplomacy that balances strategic restraint with a commitment to international rules-based orders (maritime and Indo-Pacific).

UPSC Value: Analyzes the transition from non-alignment to multi-alignment and strategic autonomy in modern Indian foreign policy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — India Institutionalizing Defence Diplomacy with Southeast Asia
  India is institutionalizing defence diplomacy with Southeast Asia through agreements, exercises, attachés, and defence exports, driven by its Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision. On February 7, the Indian Prime Minister visited Malaysia, furthering defence cooperation with Southeast Asian countries. India aims to be a credible security partner, offering alternatives to traditional powers like the US and China.
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  UPSC Angle: India institutionalizing defence diplomacy with Southeast Asia.

  Key Facts:

  • India is institutionalizing defence diplomacy with Southeast Asia under Act East.
  • On February 7, the Indian Prime Minister visited Malaysia.
  • India is signing critical defence cooperation pacts with Southeast Asian countries.
  • On 7 February, the Indian Prime Minister visited Malaysia.
  • In 2024, India announced the appointment of Defence Attachés (DAs) in several Asian countries, including the Philippines.
  • Plans are underway to appoint a Defence Attaché in Cambodia by March 2026.
• 2025-08-12 [International Relations] — India Reaffirms Commitment to Maritime Order at UNSC
  At a UN Security Council debate in New York, India emphasized its commitment to a free, open, and rules-based maritime order, based on international law and UNCLOS principles. Tanmaya Lal, MEA Secretary (West), highlighted India's vision for maritime security, MAHASAGAR, outlined by PM Modi. India, with its extensive coastline and EEZ, has significant stakes in maritime security.
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  UPSC Angle: India reaffirms commitment to maritime order at UNSC debate.

  Key Facts:

  • India has a coastline of more than 11,000 km.
  • India has nearly 1,300 offshore islands and islets.
  • India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) spreads over nearly 2.3 million sq km.
  • India's vision for maritime security is MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions).
  • The UN Security Council debate was chaired by the Permanent Mission of Panama.
• 2025-07-02 [International Relations] — India focuses on interest-based diplomacy
  India is shifting from ideological blocs to a pragmatic, interest-based diplomacy, focusing on national interests and multi-alignment rather than bloc-centric approaches. Strategic autonomy guides India's balanced ties with both the West and the Global South, emphasizing regional stability and economic opportunities.
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  UPSC Angle: India focuses on interest-based diplomacy and strategic autonomy.

  Key Facts:

  • India is moving away from ideological alliances like BRICS or NAM.
  • Focus is on securing national interests in a turbulent global order.
  • Strategic autonomy remains central to Indian diplomacy.
• 2025-06-20 [International Relations] — India's Diplomacy: Strategic Restraint
  An Indian Express editorial emphasizes India's strategic restraint and focus on building coalitions in the Indo-Pacific region. India maintains a balanced approach in its diplomacy, evident in its independent stance on various global issues. This approach allows India to strengthen its claim as a civilizational power with an independent voice.
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  UPSC Angle: India's strategic restraint and coalition-building in the Indo-Pacific region.

  Key Facts:

  • India maintains strategic restraint.
  • Focus is on building stronger Indo-Pacific coalitions.
  • India balances Western ties and southern solidarity.

Strategic Autonomy and Managing Dependencies

Focus: Analysis and policy statements regarding India's 'Strategic Autonomy' doctrine and the challenges posed by critical dependencies on foreign powers (China, US, Russia).

UPSC Value: Provides a conceptual framework for India's foreign policy, contrasting the ideal of autonomy with the reality of supply chain and technological dependence.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-18 [International Relations] — Strategic Autonomy Discussed in Indian Express Analysis
  An Indian Express analysis highlights the concept of strategic autonomy in the context of EU-India relations. Food security, energy security, and trade are crucial for a country to have the power to discuss things on its own terms. India and the EU are collaborating on AI, semiconductors, and green technologies, enhancing India's energy sector.
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  UPSC Angle: Strategic autonomy definition and its relevance to EU-India relations.

  Key Facts:

  • Strategic autonomy
  • EU-India relations
  • Food security
  • Energy security
  • Trade
  • AI, semiconductors, green technologies
• 2026-01-16 [International Relations] — India's Strategic Recalibration and Diversification in Foreign Policy
  India's foreign policy is facing a test as the upward trend in India-U.S. relations has stalled, necessitating a rethinking of its approach based on realism, national strength, and diversified partnerships. This involves strategic restraint and diplomatic silence in response to unpredictable U.S. behavior and a reduced priority for the Quad.
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  UPSC Angle: India's foreign policy recalibration and diversification is needed.

  Key Facts:

  • India has stopped chasing reconciliation with the U.S. at any cost
  • The Quad is no longer a U.S. priority
  • U.S. withdrawal from international organizations limits India-U.S. cooperation in global governance
• 2025-11-02 [Economy] — India's Dependence on Foreign Technology
  India relies heavily on foreign technology in several sectors, including electronics (over 65% of chips and 80% of high-end components are imported), defence systems (around 60% of equipment depends on foreign OEMs), renewable and EV sectors (90% of solar wafers and 70% of Li-ion cells come from China), and pharma inputs (68% of APIs are still sourced abroad).
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  UPSC Angle: India's high dependence on foreign technology in electronics and defense.

  Key Facts:

  • Electronics: Over 65% of chips and 80% of high-end components are imported (MeitY 2024).
  • Defence Systems: Around 60% of India's defence equipment depends on foreign OEMs (SIPRI 2023).
  • Renewable & EV Sectors: 90% of solar wafers and 70% of Li-ion cells come from China.
  • Pharma Inputs: 68% of APIs are still sourced abroad despite PLI efforts.
• 2025-09-22 [International Relations] — India's Strategic Multi-Dependence
  The Prime Minister of India recently highlighted India's overdependence on foreign countries as a major strategic risk. Despite aspirations of strategic autonomy and multi-alignment, India faces a reality of strategic and multi-dependence on countries like China, Russia, and the US. This dependence spans critical sectors including manufacturing, defense, energy, and markets, which constrains New Delhi's foreign policy maneuverability.
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  UPSC Angle: India's strategic multi-dependence on foreign countries poses a risk.

  Key Facts:

  • India relies heavily on Chinese white goods, mobile phone components, and computers.
  • India imports Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and precursor chemicals critical for India's pharma sector.
  • India imports rare earths, polysilicon, wafers, and solar cells.
  • India imports Fertilisers and tunnel-boring machines.
  • India imports Semiconductors from China.
  • India has heavy reliance on Chinese white goods, mobile phone components, and computers.
  • India depends on Russia for defence equipment, nuclear reactors, and fertilizers.
  • India relies on the United States for defence technology, software, and IT services.

India's Leadership in Global Climate Governance

Focus: Items detailing India's proactive role and initiatives in multilateral climate platforms like the ISA, BRICS, and global climate forums, especially amidst shifting global power dynamics.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing India's rise as a leader of the Global South in climate diplomacy and its efforts to reform multilateral institutions.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-10 [International Relations] — India's Role in Global Climate Governance
  With the US reducing its engagement in several multilateral climate platforms, India, along with other middle-income countries like Brazil and South Africa, has the opportunity to take a leadership role in climate action. This shift emphasizes the importance of reforming multilateral institutions to reflect contemporary global power dynamics and promote equity, adaptation, and implementation in climate diplomacy.
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  UPSC Angle: India's potential leadership role in global climate governance.

  Key Facts:

  • US has reduced engagement with multilateral climate platforms, including initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance.
  • India's role in platforms like the International Solar Alliance gains greater significance.
• 2025-10-29 [International Relations] — India Launches Solar Energy Initiatives at ISA Assembly
  India introduced global initiatives at the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to promote clean and sustainable solar energy systems. The SUNRISE platform will connect governments and industries to recycle solar waste, while the One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) plan will prioritize clean energy trade between regions. The Global Capability Centre (GCC) will connect research and training institutions under the Solar Technology Application Resource Centre (STAR-C) model.
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  UPSC Angle: India launches solar energy initiatives at International Solar Alliance (ISA).

  Key Facts:

  • SUNRISE: Solar Upcycling Network for Recycling connects governments, industries, and innovators
  • OSOWOG: One Sun One World One Grid identifies priority links between East Asia-South Asia, South Asia-Middle East, Middle East-Europe, and Europe-Africa
  • GCC: Global Capability Centre connects national research and training institutions under STAR-C
  • ISA: International Solar Alliance
• 2025-04-11 [International Relations] — India's Push for Climate Goals at BRICS Meet
  At the 11th BRICS Environment Ministers' Meeting, India reaffirmed its commitment to a diverse energy mix, including fossil fuels, hydrogen, nuclear, and renewable energy, to achieve climate goals. Iran proposed the establishment of a joint green innovation fund and a global fund for managing plastic pollution among BRICS nations.
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  UPSC Angle: India's climate goals at BRICS meet: diverse energy mix.

  Key Facts:

  • India reaffirmed its support for a diverse energy mix at the 11th BRICS Environment Ministers' Meeting.
  • The energy mix includes fossil fuels, hydrogen, nuclear, and renewable energy.
  • Iran proposed that BRICS establish a joint green innovation fund for climate change adaptation projects.
  • Iran also proposed a global fund for managing plastic pollution.
• 2025-04-09 [Environment & Ecology] — India Showcases Leadership in Clean Energy and Climate Diplomacy
  India showcases leadership in clean energy and climate diplomacy on global platforms, promotes ecosystem-based solutions to reduce disaster vulnerability, and safeguards the sustenance of forest-dependent communities through environmental conservation.
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  UPSC Angle: India showcases leadership in clean energy and climate diplomacy.

  Key Facts:

  • India showcases leadership in clean energy and climate diplomacy.

India's Multilateral Diplomacy and Philosophical Positioning at the United Nations

Focus: India's high-level engagement across diverse UN platforms (UNGA, UNSC, UNAOC, and Peacekeeping) unified by the application of Indian philosophical concepts like 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' and 'Seva' to global governance.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's soft power strategy and its efforts to influence global discourse by integrating traditional ethical frameworks into multilateral diplomacy and conflict resolution.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [International Relations] — India Reaffirms Commitment to Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam at UNAOC Forum
  India reaffirmed its commitment to the ideals of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam at the 11th United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) forum in Riyadh. The UNAOC was established in 2005 as an initiative of Mr. Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary-General, co-sponsored by Spain and Türkiye, to serve as a soft-power political tool for conflict prevention and resolution.
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  UPSC Angle: India reaffirms commitment to Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam at UNAOC forum.

  Key Facts:

  • 11th United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) forum held in Riyadh.
  • The theme of the 11th edition was “UNAOC: Two Decades of Dialogue for Humanity—Advancing a New Era of Mutual Respect and Understanding in a Multipolar World”.
  • UNAOC was established in 2005.
• 2025-11-12 [International Relations] — India's Stance on Illicit Weapons at UN
  India has urged the UN Security Council to adopt a zero-tolerance approach toward entities that facilitate, sponsor, or finance the movement of illicit weapons, in a statement delivered by its Permanent Representative to the UN, Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish. The remarks came hours after a deadly explosion near the Red Fort in New Delhi, which killed at least nine people and injured several others.
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  UPSC Angle: India urges UN to adopt zero-tolerance approach to illicit weapons.

  Key Facts:

  • Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish highlighted the threat of cross-border terrorism, including the use of trafficked arms and drones.
  • India supports global efforts under the UN Programme of Action (PoA) and the International Tracing Instrument (ITI).
• 2025-10-22 [International Relations] — India's Role in UN Peacekeeping
  India sees peacekeeping as “Seva” (service), grounded in Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world is one family) and Ahimsa (non-violence). Its policy of “No National Caveats” ensures impartial action without prioritising national interest. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh's “4 Cs”—Consultation, Cooperation, Coordination, and Capacity Building—represent India's model for collective, equitable peace operations.
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  UPSC Angle: India's Role in UN Peacekeeping.

  Key Facts:

  • India sees peacekeeping as “Seva” (service)
  • Policy of “No National Caveats” ensures impartial action
  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh's “4 Cs”—Consultation, Cooperation, Coordination, and Capacity Building
• 2025-09-06 [International Relations] — PM Modi to skip UN General Assembly session; Jaishankar to represent India
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi will not address the UN General Assembly's high-level General Debate; instead, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will speak for India on September 27 at the 80th UNGA session, which begins September 9. The session will address global conflicts amidst strained ties with the US, and the theme is 'Better together: 80 years and more for peace, development and human rights'.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will deliver India's statement on September 27.
  • The 80th UNGA session opens on September 9.
  • The General Debate will run from September 23–29.
  • US President Donald Trump will address world leaders on September 23.
  • The theme for the 80th session is 'Better together: 80 years and more for peace, development and human rights'.
  • September 22: Commemoration of the UN's 80th anniversary.
  • September 24: Climate Summit convened by Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.
  • A high-level meeting marking 30 years of the Beijing Declaration on women's rights.
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi will not address the General Debate
  • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will deliver India's statement on September 27
  • General Debate will run from September 23–29

India's Institutional Interaction with Bretton Woods Organizations

Focus: Items detailing the bilateral relationship between India and the IMF/World Bank, including their mandatory assessments of India's financial sector and India's diplomatic advocacy for structural reforms and voting rights within these bodies.

UPSC Value: Understanding the dynamics between global financial governance and domestic economic regulation is essential for the Economy and International Relations segments of the UPSC syllabus.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-16 [Economy] — World Bank-IMF Report Highlights Regulatory Gaps in India's Financial Sector
  A joint World Bank-IMF report reveals regulatory gaps in India's financial sector, including the limited power of regulators like the RBI. The report also points out a regulatory framework that is more lenient towards public-sector firms compared to private players, raising concerns.
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  UPSC Angle: World Bank-IMF report reveals regulatory gaps in India's financial sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Report by: World Bank and IMF
  • Focus: Regulatory gaps in India's financial sector
  • Concerns: Limited power of RBI, lenient regulations for public-sector firms
  • Study frequency: Mandatory every five years in 32 select countries including India
  • Assessment Program: Financial Sector Assessment Program
• 2025-05-28 [International Relations] — India Urges Reform of Global Financial Institutions
  At the G77 Summit, India emphasized the need to reform Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and World Bank) to address developmental challenges of the Global South. India argues that the current global financial architecture favors developed nations with unequal voting rights and inadequate resource allocation to the Global South.
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  UPSC Angle: India advocates for IMF/World Bank reform at G77 Summit.

  Key Facts:

  • India urges reform of IMF and World Bank.
  • Current global financial architecture favors developed nations.
• 2025-05-12 [International Relations] — IMF Loan to Pakistan and India's Objections
  The International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a $2.4 billion loan to Pakistan, which includes $1 billion under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) and $1.4 billion under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF). India raised objections about IMF lending to Pakistan, citing irresponsible use of resources and limited voting power within the IMF.
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  UPSC Angle: IMF approved $2.4 billion loan to Pakistan.

  Key Facts:

  • IMF approves $1 billion disbursement to Pakistan
  • Extended Fund Facility (EFF) supports countries with medium-term balance of payments problems
  • The IMF approved $2.4 billion funding to Pakistan.
  • This includes $1 billion under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) and $1.4 billion under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF).
  • Pakistan has received 25 loans from the IMF since 1948.
  • India has a limited vote share of 3.05% in the IMF.
• 2025-04-07 [Economy] — IMF-World Bank Report on India's Financial Regulators
  A global report on India's financial system, based on an IMF-World Bank assessment, suggests strengthening the power and independence of financial regulators such as the RBI, SEBI, and IRDAI through legislative reforms.
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  UPSC Angle: IMF-World Bank report suggests strengthening financial regulators' independence.

  Key Facts:

  • Suggested action: Strengthening the power and independence of financial regulators
  • Regulators mentioned: RBI, SEBI, IRDAI

Diplomatic Advocacy for Territorial Sovereignty

Focus: India's consistent application of the principle of territorial integrity and sovereignty across diverse geopolitical contexts (Cyprus, Qatar, and general global order).

UPSC Value: Demonstrates India's commitment to international law and its role as a principled actor in the Global South, essential for GS Paper II International Relations.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-25 [International Relations] — India's Stance on Global Order
  Countries like India have consistently championed territorial sovereignty and integrity, as well as the right of self-determination, even during times of imperialism.
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  UPSC Angle: India champions territorial sovereignty, integrity, and self-determination.

  Key Facts:

  • India has always championed territorial sovereignty and integrity of every nation.
• 2025-09-19 [International Relations] — India Defends Qatar's Sovereignty
  India recently defended Qatar's sovereignty at the U.N. Human Rights Council. Qatar is located on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula and shares a land border with Saudi Arabia.
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  UPSC Angle: India defends Qatar's sovereignty at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

  Key Facts:

  • India recently defended Qatar's sovereignty at the U.N. Human Rights Council.
  • Qatar is located on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
  • It shares a sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south.
• 2025-06-17 [International Relations] — India backs 'peaceful resolution of Cyprus question'
  India has expressed its support for a 'peaceful resolution of the Cyprus question' in a recent statement. This reiterates India's commitment to diplomatic solutions for international disputes and its stance on sovereignty and territorial integrity.
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  UPSC Angle: India supports peaceful resolution of the Cyprus question.

Push for Reformed Multilateralism

Focus: India's strategic critique of failing global institutions (UN/UNSC) and its consistent advocacy for a new global governance framework.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's long-term foreign policy goal of restructuring international organizations to reflect contemporary realities.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [International Relations] — India Calls for Reformed Multilateralism at UN
  India calls for Reformed Multilateralism, UN Security Council Expansion at General Assembly Plenary. Member states need to work together with a joint sense of purpose towards achieving reformed multilateralism said Counselor at the Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations, Eldos Mathew Punnoose, while delivering India's statement on January 15, 2026. Reforming the Security Council is central to this.
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  UPSC Angle: India calls for Reformed Multilateralism and UN Security Council Expansion.

  Key Facts:

  • India advocates for reformed multilateralism and UNSC expansion
  • Eldos Mathew Punnoose delivered India's statement at UN General Assembly Plenary on January 15, 2026
  • G4 proposal calls for expanding the Council from 15 to 25 or 26 members
  • UNSC must reflect contemporary geo-political realities
  • Both permanent and non-permanent categories must be expanded
• 2025-09-23 [International Relations] — India's Stance on Multilateralism
  An article in The Indian Express discusses the existential crisis facing the United Nations, with the U.S. withdrawing from multilateralism and China attempting to fill the vacuum. The article suggests India should develop its own global governance framework, focusing on national prosperity and strategic autonomy, and promoting South-South cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: Article discusses the existential crisis facing the United Nations.

  Key Facts:

  • US withdrawal from multilateralism
  • China's attempt to fill the vacuum
  • India should focus on national prosperity and strategic autonomy
  • India should promote South-South cooperation
• 2025-07-01 [International Relations] — India's Foreign Policy Amid Global Tensions
  India's foreign policy faces an existential crisis due to shifting global alignments. There is a need to rethink neutrality amid rising global tensions, including the China-Pakistan nexus and the Israel-Iran conflict.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • India's foreign policy assumptions are being tested by intensifying global issues

India-Taliban Diplomatic Engagement and the UN Framework

Focus: The items track India's evolving diplomatic stance toward the Taliban regime through the lens of UN Security Council oversight and sanctions mechanisms.

UPSC Value: Understanding the shift from non-recognition to pragmatic engagement with the Taliban while navigating international legal frameworks and sanctions regimes is crucial for International Relations.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-02 [International Relations] — Taliban Foreign Minister to Visit Delhi
  In a first, the Taliban foreign minister is scheduled to visit Delhi after receiving the UNSC's go-ahead. This visit marks a significant development in diplomatic relations between India and Afghanistan under the Taliban regime.
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  UPSC Angle: Taliban Foreign Minister to Visit Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • Taliban
  • Foreign Minister
  • Delhi
  • UNSC
• 2025-06-09 [International Relations] — UNSC 1988 Taliban Sanctions Committee
  The UNSC 1988 Sanctions Committee, established under UNSC Resolution 1988 (2011), includes all 15 UNSC members and focuses on monitoring and enforcing targeted sanctions against individuals and entities associated with the Taliban that threaten the peace, stability, and security of Afghanistan. India chaired the Committee until December 2021.
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  UPSC Angle: UNSC 1988 Sanctions Committee monitors sanctions against Taliban.

  Key Facts:

  • Committee: UNSC 1988 Sanctions Committee
  • Established under: UNSC Resolution 1988 (2011)
  • Members: All 15 UNSC members
  • Focus: Targeted sanctions against Taliban-linked individuals/entities
  • India chaired until: December 2021
• 2025-03-11 [International Relations] — India Discusses Bilateral Relations with Taliban at UN
  India has told the UN Security Council that it has discussed various issues pertaining to bilateral relations and the “special” people-to-people ties with the Taliban regime. These ties have been the “foundation” of Delhi's present-day engagement with the country.
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  UPSC Angle: India discusses bilateral relations with Taliban at UN.

  Key Facts:

  • India discussed bilateral relations with the Taliban regime.
  • People-to-people ties are the foundation of Delhi's engagement.