Integrated Defense Diplomacy & Theaterization: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The 2025-2026 defense cycle marks India's transition from 'Bilateral Symbolic Drills' to 'Integrated Expeditionary Readiness.' This shift is driven by the operationalization of Integrated Theater Commands (ITCs). Defense diplomacy is no longer just a diplomatic tool but a testing ground for functional interoperability across Air, Land, and Sea domains, particularly with ASEAN and Quad partners to secure the Indo-Pacific.

Cross-Theme Insight

A critical synergy has emerged between internal 'Theaterization' and external 'Defense Diplomacy.' Domestic exercises like the 'Prachand' series are validating the tri-service structures that are simultaneously being showcased in international drills like 'SITMEX' and 'Exercise Shakti.' The inclusion of 'Sanjha Shakti' (Civil-Military Fusion) indicates that India now views defense preparedness as a 'Whole-of-Government' effort, bridging the gap between frontline combat and domestic administrative resilience.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Laxmikanth's 'Indian Polity' 7th ed., Ch 88) frame the 'Act East Policy' primarily through economic and cultural lenses. However, current trends show it is now a military-heavy framework focused on the 'Malacca Dilemma.' Furthermore, while static texts describe the President as the 'Supreme Commander' (Laxmikanth, Ch 18), they often lack the operational detail of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) in driving 'Civil-Military Fusion'—a concept now central to exercises like 'Sanjha Shakti'.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The trajectory has evolved from 'Service-Specific' (Army/Navy only) to 'Tri-Service Integrated' (Andaman & Nicobar style) and is now entering the 'Hybrid Fusion' stage. In 2026, the synchronization of Air and Naval drills with Thailand near the Malacca Strait signals that India is moving toward 'Permanent Theaterized Posturing' in strategic maritime chokepoints.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC analysis reveals a shift from identifying exercise names (e.g., 'Maitree' in CDS-II 2025, NID: 9916) to analyzing the organizational reforms of the Indian Armed Forces. Questions now target the specific duties of the CDS (IAS 2024, NID: 6216), the unique status of the Andaman and Nicobar Command (CDS-II 2016, NID: 13837), and tri-service synergy in 'Exercise Kavach' (NDA-I 2021, NID: 15921).

Probable Prelims Angles

• The role and geographical focus of 'Vayu Shakti 2026' in Pokaran, Rajasthan.
• The trilateral naval significance of 'SITMEX' (Singapore-India-Thailand) for Indo-Pacific security.
• Identification of 'Sanjha Shakti' as India's premier 'Civil-Military Fusion' exercise involving CAPFs and Civil Admin.
• The distinction between 'Exercise Garuda' (Air Force-France) and 'Exercise Garuda Shakti' (Special Forces-Indonesia).
• The 2026 milestone: First simultaneous Air-Naval bilateral drills with Thailand.

Mains Answer Framework

• If asked about the necessity of ITC, structure the answer by: (1) Defining Theaterization and its role in modern hybrid warfare; (2) Using the 'Prachand' series as a case study for domestic tri-service synergy; (3) Linking ITC to the 'Act East' policy via maritime security in the IOR; (4) Highlighting the CDS's role in Department of Military Affairs (DMA) for civil-military coordination.
• When discussing India's strategic reach, cite the IAF's expeditionary exercises in the EMEA region and the shift from 'Look East' to 'Act East' military interoperability.

Preparation Strategy

Current Affairs Integration

Focus on 'Civil-Military Fusion' (Sanjha Shakti) as a keyword for Internal Security (GS-3) and Disaster Management answers.

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (8 themes, 43 news items)

India's Joint Military Exercises with Global Partners (2025-2026)

Focus: A collection of bilateral and multilateral military exercises conducted by India with various nations (France, Indonesia, USA, UK, etc.) during 2025-2026.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the breadth of India's defence diplomacy and interoperability efforts across different regions and domains.

15 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-24 [Defense & Security] — India-Japan Joint Military Exercise 'Dharma Guardian' Underway
  The 7th edition of the joint military exercise 'Dharma Guardian' between the Indian Army and the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) began on February 24, 2026, at the Foreign Training Node in Chaubattia, Uttarakhand. The exercise, conducted until March 9, 2026, involves 120 personnel from each side, focusing on strengthening military collaboration and enhancing combined capabilities to undertake joint operations in a semi-urban environment.
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  UPSC Angle: Dharma Guardian: Joint military exercise between India and Japan.

  Key Facts:

  • 7th edition of 'Dharma Guardian' started on February 24, 2026
  • Location: Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand
  • Duration: February 24 to March 9, 2026
  • Participants: 120 personnel from each side
  • Indian Army contingent: Ladakh Scouts
  • Japan Ground Self-Defense Force: Troops from the 32nd Infantry Regiment
• 2026-02-22 [Defense & Security] — India-US Joint Military Exercise 'Vajra Prahar' to be held in Himachal Pradesh
  The 16th edition of the joint special forces exercise between the Indian and US armies, 'Vajra Prahar', will be held at the Special Forces Training School, Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh. The exercise aims to deepen defense cooperation, enhance interoperability, and enable the exchange of advanced special operations tactics. The focus will be on exchanging advanced special operations tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) honed through rigorous training in realistic combat scenarios.
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  UPSC Angle: Vajra Prahar: India-US joint special forces exercise in Himachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise name: Vajra Prahar
  • Participating countries: India and US
  • Edition: 16th
  • Location: Special Forces Training School, Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh
  • Objective: deepen defence cooperation, enhance interoperability, and enable the exchange of advanced special operations tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs)
  • 16th edition of Exercise Vajra Prahar 2026.
  • Between Indian Army and United States Army.
  • Location: Special Forces Training School, Bakloh Cantonment, Himachal Pradesh.
  • Dates: February 23 to March 15.
  • The 15th edition was conducted from November 2-22, 2024, at the Orchard Combat Training Centre in Idaho, US.
  • 45 personnel each from the Indian Army's Special Forces and the US Army's Green Berets had participated.
• 2026-02-17 [Defense & Security] — India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise Concludes
  The 13th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR, which commenced on February 4, 2026, concluded on February 17, 2026, at Missamari, Assam. The exercise focused on strengthening defence cooperation and interoperability between the elite forces of both nations. Exercise KHANJAR is an annual bilateral military engagement conducted alternately between India and Kyrgyzstan.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR concludes at Missamari, Assam.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: KHANJAR
  • Edition: 13th
  • Countries: India and Kyrgyzstan
  • Location: Misamari, Sonitpur district of Assam
  • Duration: 14 days
  • End Date: February 17, 2026
  • Focus: Joint operations in urban warfare and counter-terrorism scenarios under the United Nations mandate
  • Location: Missamari, Assam
  • Dates: February 4 - February 17, 2026
  • Participating nations: India and Kyrgyzstan
• 2025-12-18 [Defense & Security] — India-U.A.E. Joint Military Exercise DESERT CYCLONE-II
  The Indian Army contingent has departed for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to participate in the 2nd edition of the India–UAE Joint Military Exercise DESERT CYCLONE-II, which will be held at Abu Dhabi, UAE, from 18 to 30 December 2025. The Indian contingent comprises 45 personnel, primarily from a Mechanised Infantry Regiment battalion of the Indian Army. The exercise focuses on sub-conventional operations in urban environments under a United Nations mandate, preparing forces for peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, and stability operations.
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  UPSC Angle: India-U.A.E. Joint Military Exercise DESERT CYCLONE-II in Abu Dhabi.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise DESERT CYCLONE-II will be held at Abu Dhabi, UAE, from 18 to 30 December 2025.
  • The Indian contingent comprises 45 personnel, primarily from a Mechanised Infantry Regiment battalion of the Indian Army.
  • The A.E. Land Forces are represented by a contingent of similar strength from the 53 Mechanised Infantry Battalion.
  • India-UAE Joint Military Exercise DESERT CYCLONE-II to be held in Abu Dhabi from December 18-30, 2025.
  • Indian contingent comprises 45 personnel from The Mechanised Infantry Regiment.
  • UAE Land Forces contingent represented by the 53 Mechanised Infantry Battalion.
  • Exercise focuses on urban environment training and sub-conventional operations under UN mandate.
  • Integration of UAS and counter-UAS techniques will be carried out.
  • Exercise: DESERT CYCLONE–II
  • Location: Abu Dhabi
  • Participating forces: Indian Army and UAE Land Forces
  • Focus: Enhancing operational cooperation, urban warfare scenarios
  • Key features: Training in fighting in built-up areas (FIBUA), Heliborne operations, Integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
• 2025-12-06 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Harimau Shakti 2025
  The 5th edition of Exercise Harimau Shakti 2025 between India and Malaysia commenced at Mahajan Field Firing Range, Rajasthan. The exercise aims to strengthen coordination in counter-insurgency and peacekeeping operations.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise Harimau Shakti 2025 between India and Malaysia commenced in Rajasthan.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Name: Harimau Shakti 2025
  • Participating Countries: India and Malaysia
  • Location: Mahajan Field Firing Range, Rajasthan
  • Objective: Strengthen coordination in counter-insurgency and peacekeeping operations
  • Indian Army contingent: Troops primarily from the Dogra Regiment
  • Royal Malaysian Army contingent: Personnel from the 25th Battalion
  • First Edition: 2012 in Malaysia
• 2025-12-06 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Garuda Shakti
  Exercise Garuda Shakti is the joint exercise conducted between special forces of India and Indonesia. The exercise aims to strengthen mutual understanding, cooperation and interoperability between the Special Forces of the two nations. The Indian contingent is represented by troops from THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (Special Forces), while the Indonesian contingent comprises personnel from the Indonesian Special Forces.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise Garuda Shakti is the joint exercise between India and Indonesia.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Name: GARUDA SHAKTI
  • Edition: 10th
  • Participating Countries: India and Indonesia
  • Location: Special Forces Training School, Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh
  • Indian Representation: THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (Special Forces)
  • Indonesian Representation: Indonesian Special Forces
  • Exercise Garuda Shakti is the joint exercise conducted between special forces of India and Indonesia
  • The Indian contingent is represented by troops from THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (Special Forces)
  • The Indonesian contingent comprises personnel from the Indonesian Special Forces
• 2025-11-19 [Defense & Security] — India-UK Joint Military Exercise 'AJEYA WARRIOR-25' Commences in Rajasthan
  The eighth edition of the India-UK Joint Military Exercise “AJEYA WARRIOR-25” commenced at the Foreign Training Node, Mahajan Field Firing Ranges, Rajasthan. The 14-day bilateral exercise is scheduled from 17 to 30 November 2025. The exercise focuses on counter-terrorism operations in semi-urban environment and brings together 240 personnel with equal representation from Indian Army and the British Army.
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  UPSC Angle: India-UK Joint Military Exercise 'AJEYA WARRIOR-25' commences in Rajasthan.

  Key Facts:

  • The eighth edition of the India-UK Joint Military Exercise “AJEYA WARRIOR-25” commenced on November 17, 2025.
  • The 14-day bilateral exercise is scheduled from 17 to 30 November 2025.
  • The exercise brings together 240 personnel with equal representation from Indian Army and the British Army.
  • The Indian Army is being represented by troops of the Sikh Regiment.
  • Conducted under a United Nations mandate.
  • The exercise focuses on counter-terrorism operations in semi-urban environment.
  • Held biennially since 2011.
• 2025-11-15 [Defense & Security] — India's Joint Military Exercises in 2025
  In 2025, India participated in several bilateral and multilateral joint military exercises with countries including the USA, Australia, France, Japan, and South Korea to strengthen strategic ties, enhance interoperability, and share defense expertise. These exercises, conducted across land, air, and sea, reflect India's growing defense cooperation and readiness in a multi-domain security environment, improving coordination among participating forces and helping India bolster regional and global security partnerships.
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  UPSC Angle: India participated in joint military exercises with various countries in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Participating nations: USA, Australia, France, Japan, South Korea
  • Exercise AUSTRAHIND: India, Australia (Irwin Barracks, Perth, Australia)
  • Exercise Samudra Shakti 2025 (5th Edition): India, Indonesia (Visakhapatnam)
  • Exercise IN–RoKN Bilateral Naval Exercise: India, South Korea (Busan, South Korea)
  • Exercise Yudh Abhyas (21st Edition): India, USA (Alaska, USA)
  • Exercise Maitree (14th Edition): India, Thailand (Umroi, Meghalaya)
• 2025-11-10 [Defense & Security] — India-Sri Lanka Joint Military Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2025 Commences
  The 11th edition of the joint military exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2025 between India and Sri Lanka began at the Foreign Training Node in Belagavi, Karnataka, and will continue until November 23. The exercise aims to rehearse sub-conventional operations under Chapter VII of the United Nations Mandate and enhance coordination in counter-terror scenarios.
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  UPSC Angle: MITRA SHAKTI-2025 is a joint military exercise between India and Sri Lanka.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: MITRA SHAKTI-2025
  • Edition: 11th
  • Participating countries: India and Sri Lanka
  • Location: Foreign Training Node, Belagavi, Karnataka
  • Date: November 10-23, 2025
  • Indian contingent: 170 personnel, mainly from the RAJPUT Regiment
  • Sri Lankan contingent: 135 personnel, mainly from the GAJABA Regiment
  • Indian Air Force: 20 personnel
  • Sri Lankan Air Force: 10 personnel
  • Focus: Sub Conventional Operations under Chapter VII of United Nations Mandate, counter-terrorist operations
  • Activities: raid, search and destroy missions, heliborne operations, Army Martial Arts Routine (AMAR), combat reflex shooting, Yoga, employment of Drones and Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems, drills to secure helipads, casualty evacuation
• 2025-08-30 [Defense & Security] — India's Participation in Joint Military Exercises
  In 2025, India participated in several joint military exercises, demonstrating its commitment to global security and strengthened relations with participating nations. These exercises include multilateral naval exercise Sea Dragon 2025, Exercise Cyclone 2025 with Egypt, Exercise Dharma Guardian 2025 with Japan, and Exercise TROPEX 2025. These exercises aim to enhance interoperability and tactical proficiency.
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  UPSC Angle: India participated in several joint military exercises in 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Sea Dragon 2025: Anti-submarine warfare exercise off the coast of Guam
  • Exercise Cyclone 2025: Bilateral exercise with Egypt at Mahajan Field Firing Range, Rajasthan from February 10 – 23, 2025
  • Exercise Dharma Guardian 2025: Exercise with Japan at Mount Fuji, Japan, February 25 – March 9, 2025
  • Exercise TROPEX 2025: maritime exercise by the Indian Navy
• 2025-07-15 [Defense & Security] — India-Australia Defence Cooperation
  India has made its debut in Australia's largest bilateral military exercise, Exercise Talisman Sabre, marking a significant milestone in the deepening defence and security cooperation between the two nations in the Indo-Pacific region.
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  UPSC Angle: India debuts in Australia's Exercise Talisman Sabre.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: Talisman Sabre 2025
  • Significance: India's debut in the exercise
  • Edition: 11th
  • Location: Australia
  • Significance: First-time participation for India
• 2025-06-18 [Defense & Security] — India-France Joint Military Exercise 'Shakti' 2025
  The 8th edition of the India-France joint military exercise 'Shakti' is scheduled from June 18 to July 1, 2025, at Camp Larzac, La Cavalerie, in southern France. A 90-member Indian Army contingent is participating to enhance counter-terrorism capabilities, tactical cooperation, and interoperability. The Indian contingent includes a battalion from the Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.
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  UPSC Angle: India-France joint military exercise 'Shakti' 2025 in France.

  Key Facts:

  • The 8th edition of Exercise Shakti is scheduled from June 18 to July 1, 2025.
  • The exercise is held at Camp Larzac, La Cavalerie, in southern France.
  • A 90-member Indian Army contingent is participating.
  • The Indian contingent includes a battalion from the Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.
  • The French side is represented by the 13th Foreign Legion Half-Brigade (13th DBLE).
  • Exercise Shakti-VIII is scheduled from June 18 to July 1, 2025.
  • The exercise will take place at La Cavalerie, France.
  • The aim is to enhance joint military capability for Multi Domain Operations.
  • Exercise name: SHAKTI
  • Edition: 8th
  • Participating countries: India and France
  • Location: Camp Larzac, La Cavalerie, France
  • Dates: June 18, 2025 to July 1, 2025
• 2025-06-16 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Khaan Quest 2025
  Exercise KHAAN QUEST 2025 will be conducted from 14th to 28th June 2025. The conduct of Exercises NOMADIC ELEPHANT and KHAAN QUEST marks a significant milestone in India's expanding defence diplomacy and underscores the strategic importance of its partnership with Mongolia.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise Khaan Quest 2025 conducted.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise KHAAN QUEST 2025
  • June 14th to 28th 2025
  • India
  • Mongolia
• 2025-06-13 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Tiger Claw 2025: India-US Special Forces
  Exercise Tiger Claw 2025, held from May 26 to June 10, marked the first joint special forces operation between the Garud Commandos of the Indian Air Force and the USAF Special Forces. The drill, conducted at the Garud Regimental Training Centre in Uttar Pradesh, aimed to boost interoperability, share best practices in air-based special operations, and enhance combat readiness. This deepens India–US defence ties, adding a new dimension to their existing military collaboration.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise Tiger Claw 2025: India-US joint special forces operation.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Tiger Claw 2025
  • May 26 - June 10
  • Garud Commandos of the Indian Air Force
  • USAF Special Forces
  • Garud Regimental Training Centre
  • Uttar Pradesh
  • Boost interoperability
  • Share best practices in air-based special operations
  • Enhance combat readiness
• 2025-04-28 [Defense & Security] — DRDO News Updates
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has released its news updates for April 26-28, 2025. The updates cover various activities, including the India- Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK-VI, which commenced on April 16, 2025, and is scheduled to run until April 28, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • India- Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK-VI commenced on April 16, 2025
  • Exercise DUSTLIK-VI is scheduled to be conducted from April 16 to 28, 2025
  • 60 personnel in the Indian contingent represented by a Battalion of JAT Regiment and IAF
  • Uzbekistan contingent represented by personnel from Uzbekistan Army
  • Joint Exercise DUSTLIK -VI is an annual training event conducted alternatively in India and Uzbekistan

India-Thailand Multi-Domain Defense Cooperation

Focus: Bilateral military exercises between India and Thailand occurring across Air, Navy, and Army domains within a six-month window.

UPSC Value: Highlights the deepening strategic partnership and interoperability with a key ASEAN partner, reinforcing India's 'Act East' policy and security architecture in the Bay of Bengal.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [International Relations] — IAF Conducts Joint Exercise with Royal Thai Air Force
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) conducted an in-situ joint exercise in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) from February 9-12, 2026 to strengthen military cooperation and interoperability. The exercise involved air combat training with Su-30MKI fighters and SAAB Gripen jets, supported by IAF IL-78 mid-air refuelling tankers and AWACS aircraft. The exercise demonstrated a shared commitment to regional security and collaborative readiness.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF and RTAF joint exercise to strengthen military cooperation in IOR.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: Joint in-situ air exercise
  • Participants: Indian Air Force and French Air and Space Force
  • Indian Air Force Assets: Su-30MKI fighter aircraft, Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), Airborne Early Warning & Control (AEW&C) platforms, and IL-78 mid-air refuelling aircraft
  • Objective: Enhance operational coordination, interoperability, and mutual understanding in aerial operations
  • Exercise dates: February 9-12, 2026
  • Location: Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
  • Participants: Indian Air Force (IAF) and Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF)
  • Aircraft: Su-30MKI, SAAB Gripen, IAF IL-78, AWACS
  • Purpose: Strengthen military cooperation and interoperability
• 2026-02-07 [Defense & Security] — India, Thailand to hold joint air exercise near Malacca Strait
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) will deploy Sukhoi-30 MKI jets for a joint air exercise with Thailand's Gripen fighters near the Malacca Strait on February 9, marking its first international drill of 2026. The exercise will be held near the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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  UPSC Angle: India, Thailand to hold joint air exercise near Malacca Strait.

  Key Facts:

  • Joint air exercise between Indian Air Force and Royal Thai Air Force on February 9
  • Exercise to be held near the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the North Malacca Strait
  • India will deploy four to six Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft
• 2026-01-23 [Defense & Security] — Indian, Thai Air Forces to Conduct Joint Exercise Near Malacca Strait
  The Indian Air Force and the Royal Thai Air Force will conduct a joint exercise near the Malacca Strait. The exercise aims to enhance interoperability and test joint operations in challenging maritime environments, involving India's Sukhoi-30MKI fighters and Thailand's Saab Gripens.
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  UPSC Angle: India, Thai Air Forces to conduct joint exercise near Malacca Strait.

  Key Facts:

  • Participating nations: Indian Air Force and Royal Thai Air Force
  • Location: Near Malacca Strait and Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Aircraft: Sukhoi-30MKI (India) and Saab Gripens (Thailand)
  • Objective: Enhance interoperability and joint operations in maritime environments
• 2025-12-01 [Defense & Security] — Exercise SITMEX 2025 Concludes
  The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN), the Indian Navy (IN) and the Royal Thai Navy (RTN) completed the 5th Singapore-India-Thailand Maritime Exercise (SITMEX) from 24 to 29 November 2025. The exercise was held in Singapore and the Andaman Sea, reaffirming the strong and enduring defence relations among the three countries.
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  UPSC Angle: SITMEX 2025: Singapore-India-Thailand Maritime Exercise completed.

  Key Facts:

  • SITMEX completed from 24 to 29 November 2025
  • Participating navies: RSN, IN, RTN
  • Location: Singapore and Andaman Sea
• 2025-09-01 [Defense & Security] — India-Thailand Joint Military Exercise Maitree 2025
  The 14th edition of the joint bilateral military Exercise Maitree between India and Thailand is being conducted from September 1–14, 2025, at the Foreign Training Node, Umroi. The exercise aims to enhance operational capabilities for both armies in undertaking joint company-level counter-terrorism operations in semi-urban terrain under the United Nations mandate, reflecting a shared commitment towards global peace and security.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Thailand Joint Military Exercise Maitree 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Maitree 2025 is the 14th edition of the joint military exercise between India and Thailand.
  • The exercise is being conducted from September 1–14, 2025.
  • The location of the exercise is the Foreign Training Node, Umroi.
• 2025-08-30 [Defense & Security] — Joint Air Exercise Between India and Thailand
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) is conducting a joint air exercise with the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) to enhance operational coordination and interoperability. The exercise involves IAF's Su-30MKI, AWACS, AEW&C, and IL-78 refuelling aircraft, alongside RTAF's Gripen aircraft, strengthening defence cooperation and regional synergy.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Thailand conduct joint air exercise.

  Key Facts:

  • Joint air exercise between Indian Air Force (IAF) and Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF)
  • IAF: Su-30MKI, AWACS, AEW&C, and IL-78 refuelling aircraft
  • RTAF: Gripen aircraft
  • Objective: Enhance operational coordination and interoperability

India's Bilateral Military Exercises (2025-2026)

Focus: A series of joint military drills between India and partner nations (UAE, Australia, USA) aimed at enhancing interoperability and defense diplomacy.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking India's defense engagement strategy, partner diversification, and the specific operational focus (e.g., counter-terror, HADR) of recent joint exercises.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-18 [Defense & Security] — India-UAE Joint Military Exercise 'Desert Cyclone-II' Concludes
  The second edition of the India-UAE Joint Military Exercise, Desert Cyclone-II, concluded in Abu Dhabi, focusing on enhancing interoperability and promoting regional peace and security. The exercise, held from December 18 to 30, 2025, involved intensive joint training in urban operations under a United Nations mandate.
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  UPSC Angle: India-UAE Joint Military Exercise 'Desert Cyclone-II' concludes.

  Key Facts:

  • The second edition of the India-UAE Joint Military Exercise was codenamed Desert Cyclone-II.
  • The exercise was held at Al-Hamra Training City in Abu Dhabi from December 18 to 30, 2025.
  • The exercise focused on sub-conventional operations under a United Nations mandate.
  • The Indian contingent consisted of 45 personnel from The Mechanised Infantry Regiment.
  • The UAE Land Forces contingent was from the 53 Mechanised Infantry Battalion.
• 2026-01-02 [Defense & Security] — Desert Cyclone II Exercise Concludes
  The India-UAE Desert Cyclone II exercise concluded in Abu Dhabi, enhancing interoperability and strengthening defense cooperation between the two nations. The exercise, which took place from December 18 to 30, 2025, focused on sub-conventional operations and joint peacekeeping activities under a United Nations mandate.
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  UPSC Angle: India-UAE Desert Cyclone II exercise enhances defense cooperation.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: Desert Cyclone II
  • Location: Al-Hamra Training City, Abu Dhabi
  • Dates: December 18 to 30, 2025
  • Objective: Enhance interoperability and strengthen defense cooperation
  • Focus: Sub-conventional operations and joint peacekeeping activities
  • India-UAE Joint Military Exercise Desert Cyclone-II concluded in Abu Dhabi
  • Held from December 18 to 30, 2025
  • Indian contingent consisted of 45 personnel from The Mechanised Infantry Regiment
  • UAE counterparts from the 53 Mechanised Infantry Battalion
• 2025-12-18 [International Relations] — INS Visakhapatnam and INS Trikand Participate in Exercise Zayed Talwar
  Indian Navy ships INS Visakhapatnam and INS Trikand participated in the bilateral naval exercise “Zayed Talwar” with the U.A.E., aimed at enhancing naval interoperability and synergy. India and the U.A.E. established diplomatic relations in 1972. The first-ever India–U.A.E. Joint Air Forces exercise was conducted in September 2008 at the Al-Dhafra Air Base, Abu Dhabi.
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  UPSC Angle: INS Visakhapatnam and INS Trikand participate in Exercise Zayed Talwar.

  Key Facts:

  • The exercise name is “Zayed Talwar”.
  • India and the U.A.E. established diplomatic relations in 1972.
  • The A.E. opened its Embassy in New Delhi in 1972, while India opened its Embassy in Abu Dhabi in 1973.
  • The first-ever India–U.A.E. Joint Air Forces exercise was conducted in September 2008 at the Al-Dhafra Air Base, Abu Dhabi.
• 2025-10-26 [Defense & Security] — AUSTRAHIND 2025 Joint Military Exercise
  The fourth edition of the Joint Bilateral Military Exercise AUSTRAHIND between India and Australia was conducted from October 13-26, 2025, at the Irwin Barracks, Perth, Australia. The exercise aimed to strengthen operational capabilities for both armies in undertaking joint Company-level operations in urban & semi-urban terrain, under the United Nations mandate, reflecting the shared commitment towards global peace and security.
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  UPSC Angle: AUSTRAHIND 2025: Joint military exercise between India and Australia.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise AUSTRAHIND 2025 was held from October 13-26, 2025.
  • Location: Irwin Barracks, Perth, Australia.
  • Participating countries: India and Australia.
  • The exercise focused on joint Company-level operations in urban and semi-urban terrain.
• 2025-04-11 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Tiger Triumph 2025 Concludes
  The United States and India concluded Exercise Tiger Triumph 2025, a tri-service military drill held from April 4-11, 2025, focused on enhancing interoperability and HADR capabilities. The exercise, which took place near Kakinada Beach in the Bay of Bengal, involved approximately 3,000 personnel and over a dozen military platforms from both countries. This was the fourth and most advanced iteration of the exercise, incorporating new technologies like autonomous systems.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise Tiger Triumph 2025 concludes, focused on HADR and interoperability.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Tiger Triumph 2025 was conducted from April 4 to April 11, 2025.
  • It is a bilateral tri-service military drill between the United States and India.
  • The exercise focused on advancing interoperability, joint operational readiness, and humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR) capabilities.
  • It was held along India's eastern seaboard near Kakinada Beach in the Bay of Bengal.
  • Approximately 3,000 personnel and over a dozen military platforms from both countries participated.
  • The Indian Army's 4/8 Gurkha Rifles Infantry Battalion, part of the 91st Infantry Brigade, led a large-scale amphibious landing operation at Kakinada Beach.
  • Indian troops deployed in Mahindra Armored Light Specialist Vehicles (ALSVs) and BMP-II Sarath amphibious infantry combat vehicles.
  • Exercise Tiger Triumph 2025 was the fourth edition of the bilateral exercise.
  • It was a tri-service Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) amphibious exercise.
  • The exercise was conducted from April 1 to April 11, 2025.
  • The exercise included combined combat drills, jointmanship and interoperability.
  • The exercise incorporated new dimensions such as autonomous systems innovation and enhanced command-and-control architecture.

Civil-Military Fusion and Inter-Agency Preparedness

Focus: Exercises specifically designed to test coordination between the Indian Armed Forces, paramilitary units, and civil administration agencies for domestic security and disaster response.

UPSC Value: Highlights the operationalization of 'Civil-Military Fusion' and the 'Whole of Government' approach to internal security and crisis management.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-25 [Defense & Security] — Army and CISF Conduct Joint Training
  Troops from the Southern Command of the Indian Army and the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) concluded a two-week joint training program at the Aundh Military Station in Pune, aimed at enhancing inter-agency coordination and preparedness against evolving security challenges.
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  UPSC Angle: Army and CISF conduct joint training to enhance security capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Joint training program between Indian Army's Southern Command and CISF
  • Training held at Aundh Military Station in Pune
  • Aimed to strengthen inter-agency coordination
• 2026-01-11 [Defense & Security] — Joint Military-Civil Fusion Exercise Held in Pune
  A joint Military Civil Fusion (MCF) exercise, “Sanjha Shakti”, was conducted in Pune, Maharashtra from January 8-9, 2026. The exercise involved the Indian Army and 16 major civil agencies, including the Maharashtra Police and Fire Department.
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  UPSC Angle: Joint Military Civil Fusion exercise conducted in Pune.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise 'Sanjha Shakti' conducted by the Indian Army
  • Joint Military–Civil Fusion exercise
  • Location: Dighi Hills Range
  • Under the aegis of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa Area of the Southern Command
  • Joint Military Civil Fusion (MCF) exercise, “Sanjha Shakti”, was conducted in Pune, Maharashtra from 08 to 09 January, 2026
  • Participating agencies included: Maharashtra Police, Force One, and the Fire Department
  • More than 350 personnel participated in the exercise excluding army personnel
  • Exercise focused on enhancing interoperability, quick response and coordinated action
• 2025-05-07 [Defense & Security] — Civil Defence Mock Drill
  The Union Ministry of Home Affairs ordered a nationwide Civil Defence Mock Drill across 244 districts on May 7, 2025, called 'Operation Abhyaas', to assess emergency preparedness against military and disaster threats. Civil Defence Districts are selected based on strategic vulnerability, such as proximity to international borders, critical infrastructure, urban density, and coastal sensitivity. This drill includes activating air-raid sirens, blackout measures, bunker checks, and civilian training for hostile attacks.
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  UPSC Angle: Nationwide Civil Defence Mock Drill 'Operation Abhyaas' for emergency preparedness.

  Key Facts:

  • Nationwide Civil Defence Mock Drill: Operation Abhyaas
  • Date: May 7, 2025
  • Districts covered: 244
  • Implementing body: Union Ministry of Home Affairs
  • Civil Defence Act, 1968 governs the Civil Defence programmes
  • Selection criteria for Civil Defence Districts: Proximity to International Borders, Critical Infrastructure Presence, Urban Density & Civilian Risk, Coastal Sensitivity
  • Conducted on May 7, 2025
  • 244 districts participated
  • First drill since 1971
  • Simulates wartime scenarios like missile strikes and air raids
  • Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) issued instructions
  • Includes air raid sirens, blackouts, and bunker drills
  • Tests hotline and radio communication with the Indian Air Force
  • Evaluates control and shadow control room functionality
  • Trains civilians and students on civil defense
  • Checks crash blackout measures and camouflage of essential plants
  • Verifies activation of civil defense services (firefighting, rescue)
  • Simulates traffic diversions and mobile signal suspensions
  • Exercise being conducted under the provisions of the Civil Defence Rules, 1968
• 2025-05-07 [Defense & Security] — Nationwide Mock Drills Conducted Amid Tensions
  Following the Pahalgam terror attack, states across India conducted mock drills directed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). The drills tested air-raid warning systems, crash blackout measures, evacuation plans, and coordination with the Indian Air Force. Mock drills were carried out at 259 categorized civil defence districts across the country.
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  UPSC Angle: Nationwide mock drills conducted by MHA after Pahalgam terror attack.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) directed states to conduct mock drills
  • Mock drills tested air-raid warning signs, crash blackout measures, camouflaging vital installations, evacuation plans
  • The Indian Air Force launched a high-intensity aerial exercise over the desert sector along the Western border.
  • Mock drills conducted in regions with sensitive installations like nuclear plants, military bases, refineries, and hydroelectric dams.
  • Mock drills conducted across 259 categorised civil defence districts

Indian Domestic Tri-Service Operational Readiness Exercises

Focus: Large-scale, domestic Indian military exercises aimed at validating tri-service synergy, interoperability, and theater-level combat readiness.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the evolution of India's integrated theater commands and the shift towards tri-service synergy in domestic defense.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-02 [Defense & Security] — Tri-Services Exercise 'Trishul 2025' Commences
  The Indian Navy is leading the Tri-Services Exercise (TSE-2025) “Trishul,” commencing on November 3, 2025, with the Indian Army and Indian Air Force, across Rajasthan and Gujarat, extending into the northern Arabian Sea, coordinated by the Headquarters Western Naval Command. The exercise aims to validate joint operational procedures, enhance interoperability, strengthen network integration, and emphasizes the use of indigenous systems, reflecting the principles of Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
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  UPSC Angle: Tri-Services Exercise 'Trishul 2025' involves Navy, Army, and Air Force.

  Key Facts:

  • Tri-Services Exercise (TSE-2025) “Trishul” will commence on November 3, 2025
  • Indian Navy leading the exercise
  • Includes the Indian Army and Indian Air Force
  • Exercise across the creek and desert sectors of Rajasthan and Gujarat, extending into the northern Arabian Sea
  • Coordinated by the Headquarters Western Naval Command
  • Key focus: joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR), Electronic Warfare (EW), and Cyber Warfare operations
  • Emphasizes the use of indigenous systems
  • Amphibious landings using INS Jalashwa and Landing Craft Utility vessels
  • Air-sea coordinated missions with the IAF
• 2025-05-17 [Defense & Security] — Indian Army Conducts Exercise Teesta Prahar
  The Indian Army recently conducted a large-scale integrated field training exercise named 'Teesta Prahar' at the Teesta field firing range in West Bengal, near the Siliguri corridor. The exercise showcased the Army's operational readiness and coordination among combat and support arms in riverine terrain.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Army conducted Exercise Teesta Prahar at Teesta field firing range.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise name: Teesta Prahar
  • Location: Teesta field firing range in West Bengal
  • Included Infantry, Artillery, Armoured Corps, Mechanised Infantry, Para Special Forces, Army Aviation, Engineers, and Signals
  • Location: Teesta field firing range, West Bengal
  • Strategic Importance: Near Siliguri corridor (Chicken's Neck)
  • Purpose: To showcase operational readiness and coordination
• 2025-03-05 [Defense & Security] — TROPEX 2025: India's Largest Tri-Service Military Exercise
  A total of over 25,000 troops conducted India's largest-ever tri-service military exercise, TROPEX (Theatre-level Operational Readiness Exercise) 2025, between 15 February and 7 March 2025 in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The exercise emphasised amphibious warfare, coastal defence and joint warfare tactics. The exercise utilised assets such as the INS Chennai (destroyer), INS Vikrant (aircraft carrier), Su-30 MKI and Rafale combat aircraft and T-90 tanks.
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  UPSC Angle: TROPEX 2025: India's largest tri-service military exercise.

  Key Facts:

  • Over 25,000 troops conducted India's largest-ever tri-service military exercise, TROPEX (Theatre-level Operational Readiness Exercise) 2025, between 15 February and 7 March 2025 in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
  • Assets utilized included INS Chennai, INS Vikrant, Su-30 MKI, Rafale combat aircraft, and T-90 tanks.
• 2025-03-04 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Desert Hunt 2025
  Exercise Desert Hunt 2025 was an integrated Tri-Service Special Forces exercise involving elite units from the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. The exercise involved the Para (Special Forces) of Indian Army, Marine Commandos (MARCOS) of Indian Navy and Garud Special Forces of Indian Air Force.
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  UPSC Angle: Exercise Desert Hunt 2025 was a Tri-Service Special Forces exercise.

  Key Facts:

  • Integrated Tri-Service Special Forces exercise
  • Para (Special Forces) of Indian Army
  • Marine Commandos (MARCOS) of Indian Navy
  • Garud Special Forces of Indian Air Force

Strategic Posturing on the Western Front

Focus: Major IAF and joint military exercises specifically conducted in sectors bordering Pakistan (Rajasthan, Gujarat, and the Arabian Sea).

UPSC Value: Illustrates continued operational readiness and strategic signaling vis-à-vis Pakistan through high-intensity offensive and defensive drills.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-06 [Defense & Security] — IAF to Conduct Vayu Shakti 2026
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) will conduct Vayu Shakti 2026, a major air combat exercise near the Pakistan border, showcasing its offensive and defensive capabilities. The exercise will be held at Pokaran Field Firing Range in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer district and is expected to be the IAF's largest air combat drill of the year.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF to conduct Vayu Shakti 2026 near Pakistan border.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise: Vayu Shakti 2026
  • Conducted by: Indian Air Force (IAF)
  • Location: Pokaran Field Firing Range, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
  • Aircraft participating: Rafale, Su-30 MKI, Tejas, MiG-29, Jaguar, Mirage-2000 and Hawk
  • The indigenous Prachand attack helicopter will also participate, firing rockets during live drills
• 2025-09-02 [Defense & Security] — IAF Exercises in Arabian Sea and India-US 'Yudh Abhyas 2025'
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) is conducting a two-day military exercise over the Arabian Sea near Gujarat and Rajasthan from September 2-3, 2025. The 21st edition of the India-US Joint Military Exercise 'Yudh Abhyas 2025' began on September 1, 2025, at Fort Wainwright, Alaska, continuing until September 14, involving tactical training and interoperability exercises.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF exercise in Arabian Sea and India-US 'Yudh Abhyas 2025'.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise name: Yudh Abhyas 2025
  • Edition: 21st
  • Location: Fort Wainwright, Alaska
  • Participating countries: India and US
  • IAF two-day exercise: Arabian Sea, near Gujarat and Rajasthan, 11 am September 2 to 2 pm September 3
  • Exercise zone close to Pakistan's airspace
  • Yudh Abhyas 2025: Fort Wainwright, Alaska, September 1-14
  • Indian Army contingent from Madras Regiment
  • US contingent from 5th Infantry Regiment, Arctic Wolves Brigade Combat Team, 11th Airborne Division
  • Tactical training: heliborne operations, mountain warfare, rock craft, casualty evacuation, artillery, aviation, electronic warfare, UAS
  • Experts sessions on UAS/counter-UAS, information warfare, communications, logistics
  • Exercise: Yudh Abhyas 2025 (21st edition)
  • Dates: September 1-14, 2025
  • Indian contingent: personnel from a battalion of the Madras Regiment
  • US contingent: 5th Infantry Regiment, “Bobcats” of the Arctic Wolves Brigade Combat Team, US 11th Airborne Division
  • Training includes: heliborne operations, mountain warfare, UAS, counter-UAS, and joint tactical drills
• 2025-09-02 [Defense & Security] — IAF to conduct two-day military exercise
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) will conduct a two-day military exercise over the Arabian Sea, near Gujarat and Rajasthan, from September 2 to 3, 2025, between 11 am and 2 pm. The exercise area is close to Pakistan's airspace and is described as a routine training drill.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF to conduct two-day military exercise over Arabian Sea.

  Key Facts:

  • IAF military exercise: Arabian Sea, near Gujarat and Rajasthan
  • Dates: September 2-3, 2025
  • Time: 11 am to 2 pm
  • Exercise zone close to Pakistan's airspace

The 'Prachand' Series of Military Maneuvers

Focus: Indian military exercises conducted in 2025 utilizing the 'Prachand' (Fierce) nomenclature to demonstrate multi-domain integration and battlefield modernization.

UPSC Value: Understanding the specific focus and naming conventions of domestic military exercises is essential for analyzing India's evolving defense posture and internal security preparedness.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-03 [Defense & Security] — Tri-Service Military Exercise 'Poorvi Prachand Prahar'
  A tri-service military exercise named 'Poorvi Prachand Prahar' will be held in Mechuka, Arunachal Pradesh. This exercise aims to enhance warfighting capabilities, technological adaptation, and operational synergy among the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It will validate multi-domain integration across land, air, and maritime fronts, involving special forces, unmanned platforms, precision systems, and networked operations centers.
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  UPSC Angle: 'Poorvi Prachand Prahar' tri-service exercise in Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Tri-service military exercise: 'Poorvi Prachand Prahar'
  • Location: Mechuka, Arunachal Pradesh
  • Aims: Enhancing warfighting capabilities, technological adaptation, and operational synergy
  • Involves: Coordinated employment of special forces, unmanned platforms, precision systems, and networked operations centers
• 2025-07-20 [Defense & Security] — Exercise Prachand Shakti
  The Ram Division of the Indian Army conducted a high-impact demonstration titled 'Prachand Shakti,' showcasing battlefield modernization efforts.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise name: Prachand Shakti
  • Conducted by: Ram Division of the Indian Army
  • Purpose: Battlefield modernization demonstration
• 2025-03-28 [Defense & Security] — Indian Armed Forces Conduct Tri-Services Exercise 'Prachand Prahar'
  The Indian Armed Forces conducted a tri-service integrated multi-domain exercise named 'Prachand Prahar' from March 25 to 27. The exercise focused on coordinated operations involving the Army, Air Force, and Navy. It included the deployment of advanced surveillance assets from all three services, along with space-based resources and elite Indian Army Special Forces, to establish seamless domain awareness and detect simulated targets.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Armed Forces conduct tri-services exercise 'Prachand Prahar'.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise name: Prachand Prahar
  • Duration: Three days (March 25-27)
  • Participating forces: Army, Air Force, and Navy
  • Assets deployed: Advanced surveillance assets, space-based resources, and elite Indian Army Special Forces
  • Exercise Prachand Prahar conducted in Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Tri-service military drill involving the Army, Air Force, and Navy.
  • Focused on integrated operations.
  • Utilized advanced surveillance assets and synchronized joint firepower.

IAF Expeditionary Air Combat Exercises

Focus: The Indian Air Force participating in multinational air combat exercises hosted by foreign nations in the EMEA (Europe, Middle East) region.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the IAF's growing capability for long-range power projection, interoperability with NATO/Western standards, and military diplomacy beyond the immediate neighborhood.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-26 [Defense & Security] — IAF participates in multinational air combat exercise 'Ocean Sky 2025'
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) is participating in 'Ocean Sky 2025', a multinational air combat exercise hosted by the Spanish Air Force from 20 to 31 October 2025, at Gando Air Base in the Canary Islands, Spain. This exercise enhances the IAF's operational readiness and international cooperation.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF participates in multinational air combat exercise 'Ocean Sky 2025'.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise Ocean Sky 2025
  • Host: Spanish Air Force
  • Location: Canary Islands
  • Participants: Spain, India, USA, France, European allies
  • First time a non-NATO country (India) participated
  • Indian Air Force (IAF)
  • Ocean Sky 2025
  • multinational air combat exercise
  • Spanish Air Force
  • October 20 to 31, 2025
  • Gando Air Base
  • Canary Islands
  • Spain
• 2025-04-21 [Defense & Security] — Indian Air Force participates in Exercise Desert Flag-10
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) participated in Exercise Desert Flag-10, a multinational air combat exercise hosted by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) at Al Dhafra Air Base. The IAF deployed MiG-29 and Jaguar aircraft. The exercise aims to simulate complex aerial combat scenarios and enhance air combat tactics among participating air forces.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF participates in Exercise Desert Flag-10 in UAE.

  Key Facts:

  • Hosted by: United Arab Emirates (UAE).
  • Location: Al Dhafra Air Base.
  • IAF Aircraft: MiG-29 and Jaguar.
  • Indian Air Force (IAF)
  • Exercise Desert Flag-10
  • United Arab Emirates (UAE)
  • Al Dhafra Air Base
  • MiG-29
  • Jaguar
  • Australia
  • Bahrain
  • France
  • Germany
  • Qatar
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Korea
  • Turkey
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
• 2025-04-02 [Defense & Security] — Exercise INIOCHOS-25
  The IAF's participation in Exercise INIOCHOS-25, with its Su-30 MKI fighter jets and IL-78 and C-17 combat support aircraft, enhanced its operational preparedness and strengthened India's strategic ties with friendly nations.
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  UPSC Angle: IAF participated in Exercise INIOCHOS-25 to enhance operational preparedness.

  Key Facts:

  • Exercise INIOCHOS was held from April 8 to April 18, 2024 in Greece.
  • IAF participated with Su-30 MKI fighter jets and IL-78 and C-17 combat support aircraft.