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Integrated Maritime Strategy and Resource Governance: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

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GS-2GS-320 sub-themes · 73 news items

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India has transitioned from a 'Coastal Infrastructure' focus (Sagarmala, 2015) to an 'Ocean-wide Sovereignty' paradigm (Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047). This shift integrates three pillars: Strategic Security (Underwater Domain Awareness and the Bureau of Port Security), Economic Resource Extraction (Critical Mineral Auctions and Deep Ocean Mission), and Institutional Maturity (converting Port Trusts to corporate Port Authorities). The strategy now views the ocean not just as a trade route, but as a primary source of critical minerals and a sovereign frontier requiring constant digital and physical surveillance.

Cross-Theme Insight

A 'Structural Divergence' is visible across the maritime and primary sectors: while India's strategic footprint is moving deeper into the 'High Seas' (BBNJ Treaty, deep-sea mining, island bases like Great Nicobar), its food security and logistical efficiency are increasingly moving 'Inland' (80% growth in aquaculture, and a target to increase inland waterway modal share to 12% by 2047). This creates a dual-layered governance challenge: managing localized inland aquatic ecosystems while simultaneously projecting power and securing submarine assets in the deep ocean.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks (e.g., Nitin Singhania p. 433; Majid Husain p. 24) still focus on the 12 Major Ports framework and the initial Sagarmala project objectives. However, recent developments like the 'Major Port Authorities Act 2021' have corporatized these ports, and the 'Merchant Shipping Bill 2025' introduces the 'Bureau of Port Security' (BoPS) as a statutory body—a development missing from current editions. Similarly, while books list 30 critical minerals, the 2023 Amendment to the MMDR Act now empowers the Central Government to exclusively auction these, fundamentally changing the federal mineral governance structure described in older texts.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The strategy has evolved from 'Project Implementation' (2014-2020: building berths and roads) to 'Regulatory & Institutional Refinement' (2021-2026). This is characterized by the creation of specialized financial and security vehicles such as the Sagarmala Finance Corporation (SMFCL) and the State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI), which move the focus from 'state-funded construction' to 'private-sector-led operational efficiency' and 'competitive federalism' in resource management.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC has shifted from factual mapping of ports (CDS 2017, nid:12355) to testing the corporate structure of ports (IAS 2023, nid:6043) and complex resource legislation (IAS 2025, nid:6245). Recent questions on 'Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047' (NDA 2024, nid:17202) and 'C-Bot' underwater vehicles (NDA 2025, nid:10088) indicate a high examiner interest in indigenous technology and long-term policy targets rather than just static geography.

Probable Prelims Angles

Statutory powers of the Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) under the Merchant Shipping Bill 2025.
The 'State Mining Readiness Index' (SMRI) parameters and ranking of mineral-rich states.
Exclusive economic rights for Central Government in critical mineral auctions (Lithium, Niobium, REEs).
Features of the 'BBNJ Treaty' (High Seas Treaty) and India's role in its ratification.
Submarine Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) nodes in Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep.

Mains Themes

The impact of the Major Port Authorities Act 2021 on the competitiveness of Indian ports against global hubs like Colombo and Singapore.
Analyze the 'Security-Development Nexus' in India's Island territories (Great Nicobar Project vs. Ecological and Tribal Rights).
The role of the District Mineral Foundation (DMF) in mitigating the 'Resource Curse' in mining-affected regions.
Evaluating the shift from marine capture fisheries to inland aquaculture as a sustainable food security strategy.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (20 themes, 74 news items)

Strategic Modernization of India's Maritime Sector (2025-2026)

Focus: A collection of developments regarding the legislative governance, security protocols, infrastructure expansion, and cultural promotion within India's domestic port ecosystem.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the holistic government push in the maritime sector, covering legal frameworks (Ports Act), security (CISF), and infrastructure (Sagarmala/Vizhinjam) relevant to GS Paper III.

6 news items in this theme:

2026-01-10 [Society & Culture] — All India Major Port Cultural Meet Begins at Paradip Port
The 25th All India Major Port Cultural Meet began at Paradip Port, organised by the Paradip Port Authority under the aegis of the Major Ports Sports Control Board, with over 200 participants from nine major ports.
More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- 25th All India Major Port Cultural Meet began at Paradip Port
- Organised by Paradip Port Authority
- Over 200 participants from nine major ports
2025-11-22 [Defense & Security] — CISF Designated as Safety Regulator for Seaports
The Union Government has designated the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) as the new safety regulator for over 250 major and minor seaports across India. This empowers CISF to regulate, oversee, and enforce security standards across India's maritime facilities. CISF was established in 1969 through an Act of Parliament and later became a full-fledged armed force under the CISF Act, 1983.
More details
UPSC Angle: CISF designated as safety regulator for major seaports.
Key Facts:
- CISF designated as the Recognised Security Organisation (RSO) for all major and minor seaports
- CISF to regulate, oversee, and enforce security standards
- CISF established in 1969 through an Act of Parliament
- CISF Act: 1983
2025-09-29 [Polity & Governance] — Indian Ports Act 2025
The Indian Ports Act, 2025, replacing the 1908 Act, aims to modernize port governance. It covers major and non-major ports, promoting efficiency, sustainability, and cooperative federalism. The Act expands the authority of Port Officers, gives statutory recognition to State Maritime Boards, and establishes Dispute Resolution Committees.
More details
UPSC Angle: Indian Ports Act 2025 replaces 1908 Act to modernize port governance.
Key Facts:
- Act: Indian Ports Act, 2025
- Replaces: Indian Ports Act, 1908
- Coverage: Major and non-major ports
- Objective: Efficiency, sustainability, cooperative federalism
- Expanded Authority: Port Officers (Conservator)
- Statutory Recognition: State Maritime Boards (SMBs)
- Dispute Resolution: Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs) at state level
- 95% of India's EXIM cargo by volume and ~70% by value
- Ship turnaround time halved to 48 hours
- Coastal Shipping Volumes increased by 118%
- Cargo Growth: Increased from 972 MMT to 1,594 MMT (+64%)
- Port Capacity: Expanded by 87%
2025-09-20 [History & Heritage] — National Maritime Heritage Complex Review
Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to review the progress of the National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) at Lothal, Gujarat. The NMHC, a ₹4,500 crore project under the Sagarmala Programme, will showcase 5,000 years of India's maritime history through history, research, education, and entertainment.
More details
UPSC Angle: PM to review progress of National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal.
Key Facts:
- PM Modi to review NMHC progress at Lothal, Gujarat
- NMHC is a flagship project under the Sagarmala Programme
- Estimated cost: ₹4,500 crore
- Will showcase 5,000 years of India's maritime history
- Lothal is a 5,000-year-old Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) port town
2025-04-19 [Economy] — First Semi-Automated Deep-Water International Container Transshipment Port
India's first semi-automated deep-water international container transshipment port is being developed under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) between the Kerala Government and Adani Ports, with an investment of over ₹18,000 crore.
More details
UPSC Angle: India's first semi-automated deep-water transshipment port development.
Key Facts:
- Type: Semi-automated deep-water international container transshipment port
- Partners: Kerala Government and Adani Ports
- Investment: ₹18,000 crore
- Structure: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
2025-04-17 [Economy] — Vizhinjam International Seaport Inauguration
Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to inaugurate the Vizhinjam international seaport on May 2, 2025. Kerala Governor Rajendra Arlekar and Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan will be present at the inauguration.
More details
UPSC Angle: Vizhinjam seaport inauguration: Important for infrastructure and trade.
Key Facts:
- Vizhinjam international seaport
- Inauguration date: May 2, 2025
- PM Narendra Modi to inaugurate
- Governor Rajendra Arlekar and CM Pinarayi Vijayan to attend

Governance, Safety, and Reform Frameworks in India's Mining Sector

Focus: A collection of items detailing the regulatory bodies (DGMS), exploration agencies (GSI), welfare policies (DMF), and safety incidents defining the current mining landscape.

UPSC Value: Studying these items together provides a holistic view of the mining sector's institutional architecture, from safety enforcement (DGMS) and exploration (GSI) to welfare governance (DMF) and performance indices (SMRI).

6 news items in this theme:

2026-01-08 [Polity & Governance] — DGMS Marks 125 Years
The Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) celebrated its 125th Foundation Day on January 7, 2026, in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, emphasizing mine workers' safety, health, and welfare. The event included the launch of a new DGMS logo, theme song, and digital publications. The DGMS enforces safety standards in coal, metalliferous, and oil mines and is closely linked to the Mines Act, 1952.
More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- DGMS celebrated its 125th Foundation Day on January 7, 2026
- Celebration held in Dhanbad, Jharkhand
- Minister of State for Labour & Employment, Shobha Karandlaje, was the chief guest
- New DGMS logo, theme song, and digital publications launched
- Established: 1902
- Parent Ministry: Ministry of Labour & Employment
- Headquarters: Dhanbad, Jharkhand
- Legal Framework: Mines Act, 1952
2025-11-22 [Geography] — International Seminar on Geological Survey of India
The Union Minister of Coal & Mines inaugurated the International Seminar titled “Unearthing the Past, Shaping the Future: 175 Years of GSI” as part of the Geological Survey of India's (GSI) 175th Foundation Year celebrations. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is India's premier national geoscientific organization under the Ministry of Mines, established formally in 1851 by Sir Thomas Oldham.
More details
UPSC Angle: International Seminar on Geological Survey of India's 175th Foundation.
Key Facts:
- Event: International Seminar “Unearthing the Past, Shaping the Future: 175 Years of GSI”
- Geological Survey of India (GSI) is India's premier national geoscientific organization
- GSI established in 1851 by Sir Thomas Oldham
- GSI under the Ministry of Mines
2025-10-19 [Economy] — State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) Unveiled
The Ministry of Mines (MoM) has unveiled the first-of-its-kind 'State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI)' and state-level rankings to promote reforms in the mining sector at the state-level. The index aims to foster healthy competition among states to undertake structural reforms, adopt e-governance, and bolster compliance and environmental management in mining operations.
More details
UPSC Angle: Ministry of Mines unveils State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI).
Key Facts:
- Ministry of Mines (MoM)
- State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI)
- Objective: Promote reforms in the mining sector
- Top Performing States:
- MP (Category-A)
- Goa (Category-B)
- Punjab (Category-C)
- Incentive: Rs 100 crore to each top-performing state
- First-of-its-kind State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) and state-level rankings unveiled by the Ministry of Mines (MoM)
- Objective: To promote reforms in the mining sector at the state-level
- Aims to foster healthy competition among states
- Evaluates States on four criteria: auction performance, mine operationalisation, exploration efforts, and sustainable mining practices
- Top Performers: Madhya Pradesh (Category-A), Goa (Category-B) and Punjab (Category-C)
2025-07-25 [Disaster Management] — NDRF, BCCL Launch Rescue Operation at Dhanbad Mine
A joint search operation was launched by the NDRF and Bharat Coking Coal Ltd (BCCL) to rescue miners allegedly trapped during illegal mining in an abandoned coal mine in Dhanbad, Jharkhand. The operation commenced after an unsuccessful search the previous evening.
More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- NDRF: 35-member squad
- BCCL mines' rescue wing: 15 members
- Location: Dhanbad, Jharkhand
2025-07-10 [Polity & Governance] — District Mineral Foundation (DMF) Role in Mining Areas
District Mineral Foundations (DMF) established under the Mines & Minerals Act, 2015, play a role in CSR and mining-affected tribal areas. They also converge with the Aspirational District Programme.
More details
UPSC Angle: DMFs use funds for development in mining-affected areas, linking to ADP.
Key Facts:
- District Mineral Foundations (DMF) are established under the Mines & Minerals Act, 2015.
- DMFs play a role in CSR and mining-affected tribal areas.
- DMFs converge with the Aspirational District Programme.
2025-05-04 [Society & Culture] — Coal Miners Day 2025
Coal Miners Day is celebrated on May 4th every year in India, to honour miners and recognize coal as a major fossil fuel containing carbon.
More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Coal Miners Day is annually observed on May 4th.

Structural Growth of India's Fisheries Sector

Focus: Reports detailing the long-term production milestones, infrastructure development (Blue Revolution), and regulatory potential (EEZ) of India's fisheries sector.

UPSC Value: Useful for studying the 'Blue Revolution' and the structural transformation of the primary sector towards value-added production and global leadership.

5 news items in this theme:

2026-01-29 [Agriculture] — Growth in India's Fisheries Sector
India's fisheries sector has seen production rise from 96 lakh tonnes (2013–14) to 197.75 lakh tonnes (2024–25). Seafood exports are worth Rs. 62,408 crore to nearly 130 countries.
More details
UPSC Angle: India's fisheries sector production rises to 197.75 lakh tonnes in 2024-25.
Key Facts:
- Fisheries production rise from 96 lakh tonnes (2013–14) to 197.75 lakh tonnes (2024–25)
- Public investment exceeding Rs. 39,000 crore
- Seafood exports worth Rs. 62,408 crore to nearly 130 countries
- Target Rs. 1 lakh crore export by 2030–31
2025-11-21 [Agriculture] — India's Fisheries and Aquaculture Growth
World Fisheries Day 2025 highlighted India's rapid rise in fisheries and aquaculture. India's total aquatic production rose from 44 million tonnes (1980s) to 17.54 million tonnes (2022–23), driven mainly by inland aquaculture. India contributed 23 million tonnes of aquatic animals, becoming the world's 2nd-largest aquaculture producer after China.
More details
UPSC Angle: India's aquatic production rose to 17.54 million tonnes (2022–23).
Key Facts:
- India's total aquatic production was 17.54 million tonnes in 2022-23.
- India is the world's 2nd-largest aquaculture producer after China.
- Inland fisheries have grown 140% between 2013-14 and 2024-25.
- India sustains 30 million livelihoods through fisheries.
- India is the world's 2nd-largest aquaculture producer
- Marine products exports increased 8%
- Total fish output doubled from 96 lakh tonnes to 195 lakh tonnes
- Inland fisheries grew 140%
2025-09-10 [Economy] — Achievements in Fish Production (2020–2025)
India has become the 2nd largest fish producer globally, contributing 8% of global fish production. Fish production increased from 141.64 lakh tonnes in 2019-20 to 195 lakh tonnes in 2024-25. Exports rose from ₹46,662.85 crore in 2019-20 to ₹60,524.89 crore in 2023-24.
More details
UPSC Angle: India is now the 2nd largest fish producer globally (8%).
Key Facts:
- Fish Production: 2019–20: 141.64 lakh tonnes; 2024–25: 195 lakh tonnes
- India: 2nd largest fish producer globally (8% of global share)
- Exports: 2019–20: ₹46,662.85 crore; 2023–24: ₹60,524.89 crore
- Livelihoods: 58 lakh direct and indirect livelihoods created
- Women Empowerment: 99,018 women covered under proposals worth ₹4,061.96 crore
- Financial support of 60% for projects, up to ₹1.5 crore
- Climate Resilience: 100 coastal villages declared as Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages
2025-08-30 [Agriculture] — India's Marine Fisheries Potential
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying released draft rules and guidelines to enable “sustainable” fishing in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the High Seas. India is the third largest fish-producing country in the world accounting for 8% of global production in 2022-2023.
More details
UPSC Angle: Draft rules for sustainable fishing in Indian EEZ and High Seas.
Key Facts:
- India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): spans nearly 2 million sq km
- Estimated annual potential of capture fisheries: 5.31 million metric tonnes (MMT)
- India's marine fish catch in 2023-24: 44.95 lakh tonnes
- India's marine fish catch in 2022-23: 44.32 lakh tonnes
- India's coastline: approximately 11,098.81 km
- India is the third largest fish-producing country in the world accounting for 8% of global production in 2022-2023
2025-07-11 [Economy] — India's Fisheries Sector Growth
India's fish production has more than doubled in 11 years, from 95.79 lakh tonnes to 195 lakh tonnes, reflecting the success of the country's 'blue revolution'. Inland and Aquaculture Production increased by 77.71 lakh tonnes from 2014–24, compared to 26.78 lakh tonnes from 2004–14 and marine Fish Production doubled from 5.02 lakh tonnes (2004–14) to 10.52 lakh tonnes (2014–24). Seafood Exports (2023–24) reached 17.8 lakh MT worth ₹60,524 crore.
More details
UPSC Angle: India's fish production doubled in 11 years due to blue revolution.
Key Facts:
- Total Fish Production (2023–24): 195 lakh tonnes
- Inland and Aquaculture Production increased by 77.71 lakh tonnes (2014–24)
- Marine Fish Production doubled from 5.02 lakh tonnes (2004–14) to 10.52 lakh tonnes (2014–24)
- Seafood Exports (2023–24): 17.8 lakh MT worth ₹60,524 crore
- Inland and Aquaculture Production (2014–24): Increased by 77.71 lakh tonnes
- Marine Fish Production: Doubled from 5.02 lakh tonnes (2004–14) to 10.52 lakh tonnes (2014–24)
- Seafood Exports (2023–24): 17. 8 lakh MT worth ₹60,524 crore
- Budgetary Support (2025–26): Highest ever allocation of ₹2,703.67 crore
- Kisan Credit Cards for Fishers: 4.5 lakh cards sanctioned
- PMMSY Allocation: Total outlay of ₹20,050 crore for 2020–25

Statutory Benefit-Sharing and Natural Resource Governance

Focus: The notification of regulations, collection of revenue, and disbursement of funds under India's statutory benefit-sharing frameworks (NBA and DMF) for natural resource use.

UPSC Value: Understanding these mechanisms is vital for GS Paper 2 (Governance) and GS Paper 3 (Environment), specifically regarding the 'Access and Benefit Sharing' (ABS) and 'Polluter Pays' principles.

4 news items in this theme:

2026-02-12 [Environment & Ecology] — NBA Provides ₹6.09 Crore to Strengthen Biodiversity Governance
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) has released ₹6.09 crore in financial assistance to State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) and Union Territory Biodiversity Councils (UTBCs) for FY 2025–26. This funding aims to strengthen India's decentralized biodiversity governance framework and supports the implementation of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023 at the State and local levels. The focus is on enhancing the functionality of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs), improving People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs), and strengthening Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanisms.
More details
UPSC Angle: NBA provides ₹6.09 Crore to strengthen biodiversity governance.
Key Facts:
- National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) released ₹6.09 crore to SBBs and UTBCs
- Financial assistance for FY 2025–26
- Aimed at strengthening decentralized biodiversity governance
- Supports implementation of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023
- Focus on enhancing BMC functionality and improving PBR quality
- Strengthening Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanisms
2025-11-13 [Environment & Ecology] — NBA releases funds for Red Sanders conservation in Odisha
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) released ₹ 29.40 lakh to the Odisha Forest Department for Conservation and Protection of Red Sanders.
More details
UPSC Angle: NBA releases funds for Red Sanders conservation in Odisha.
Key Facts:
- NBA released ₹ 29.40 lakh
- Odisha Forest Department
- Conservation and Protection of Red Sanders
2025-07-11 [Schemes & Programs] — DMF Exhibition at Handloom Haat in New Delhi
Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy inaugurated a DMF Exhibition at Handloom Haat in New Delhi, showcasing products and enterprises supported by DMF funds. Odisha has collected the highest amount of Rs. 31,324 crores under the DMF, surpassing all other mineral bearing states.
More details
UPSC Angle: DMF exhibition showcases products supported by DMF funds; Odisha leads.
Key Facts:
- Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy
- DMF Exhibition
- Handloom Haat
- New Delhi
- Odisha: Rs. 31,324 crores under the DMF
2025-05-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Biodiversity Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025 Notified
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) has notified the Biodiversity Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025, introducing updated rules under the Biological Diversity Act to regulate equitable benefit sharing from the use of India's biological resources, including digital sequence information. The regulations ensure that users, especially industries, share a portion of their economic benefits with local communities and biodiversity conservers. The rules delineate turnover-based slabs, including no sharing for ₹0-5 crore turnover, 0.2% for ₹5-50 crore, 0.4% for ₹50-250 crore, and 0.6% above ₹250 crore.
More details
UPSC Angle: Biodiversity Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025 update rules under Biological Diversity Act.
Key Facts:
- National Biodiversity Authority (NBA): Notified the Biodiversity Benefit Sharing Regulations 2025.
- Biological Diversity Act: The regulations are updated rules under this act.
- Turnover-Based Slabs for Benefit Sharing: ₹0–5 crore: No sharing, ₹5–50 crore: 0.2%, ₹50–250 crore: 0.4%, Above ₹250 crore: 0.6%.

Inland Waterways Cargo Growth and Future Targets

Focus: Statistical tracking of cargo volume (MMT) on inland waterways across fiscal years and future budgetary targets.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the trajectory of modal shift in logistics from road/rail to water.

4 news items in this theme:

2026-02-01 [Economy] — Union Budget 2026-27: Key Infrastructure and Logistics Initiatives
The Union Budget 2026-27 includes an increase in public capex to ₹12.2 lakh crore for FY 2026-27 and the creation of an Infrastructure Risk Guarantee Fund. New freight corridors will connect Dankuni (East) to Surat (West). The budget aims to increase inland waterway share to 12% by 2047, with incentives for indigenizing seaplane manufacturing.
More details
UPSC Angle: Union Budget: Public capex increased to ₹12.2 lakh crore for FY27.
Key Facts:
- Public Capex: Increased to ₹12.2 lakh crore for FY 2026-27
- Freight Corridors: New corridors connecting Dankuni (East) to Surat (West)
- Waterways: 20 new National Waterways; NW-5 in Odisha to be operationalized first. Ship repair hubs in Varanasi and Patna.
- Inland Waterway Target: Increase inland waterway share to 12% by 2047
2025-12-27 [Economy] — India's Maritime Sector Growth
India's maritime sector has seen significant growth, with cargo projected to increase from 974 million tonnes (MMT) in 2014 to 1,594 MMT in 2025, according to the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. Port capacity has increased by 57%, and ship turnaround time has halved to 48 hours. Coastal shipping has grown by 118%, and cargo traffic through inland waterways is projected to increase from 18.1 MMT in 2014 to 145.5 MMT in 2025.
More details
UPSC Angle: India's maritime sector growth: cargo volume increase.
Key Facts:
- Cargo growth projected to increase from 974 MMT in 2014 to 1,594 MMT in 2025.
- Port capacity increased by 57%.
- Ship turnaround time halved to 48 hours.
- Coastal shipping grew by 118%.
- Cargo traffic through inland waterways projected to increase from 18.1 MMT in 2014 to 145.5 MMT in 2025.
- India has 12 Major Ports and 217 Minor Ports by 2025, with 66 being cargo ports.
- Cargo growth is projected to increase to 1,594 MMT in 2025 from 974 MMT in 2014.
- Port capacity has increased by 57%.
- Ship turnaround time has halved to 48 hours.
- Coastal shipping has grown by 118%.
- Inland waterways cargo traffic is projected to increase to 145.5 MMT in 2025 from 18.1 MMT in 2014.
2025-04-25 [Economy] — India's Record Cargo Movement on Inland Waterways
India's inland waterways recorded 145.5 million tonnes (MMT) of cargo movement in FY 2024–25, a significant increase from 18.1 MMT in FY 2013–14, reflecting a CAGR of 20.86%. Five bulk commodities (coal, iron ore, iron ore fines, sand, fly ash) constituted 68% of the total cargo, and passenger traffic also increased to 1.61 crore in 2023–24.
More details
UPSC Angle: India's inland waterways recorded 145.5 MMT cargo movement in FY25.
Key Facts:
- 145.5 MMT cargo movement through inland waterways in FY 2024–25.
- Cargo traffic increased from 18.1 MMT (FY14).
- Expanded from 5 (2014) to 111 (2024) National Waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Operational Length: Increased from 2,716 km (2014–15) to 4,894 km (2023–24).
- Passenger Movement: Touched 1.61 crore in FY 2023–24.
- Cargo Movement (FY 2024–25): 145.5 million tonnes (MMT)
- Cargo Movement (FY 2013–14): 18.1 MMT
- CAGR: 20.86%
- Increase from FY 2023–24: 9.34%
- Bulk Commodities (68% of total): coal, iron ore, iron ore fines, sand, fly ash
- Passenger traffic (2023–24): 1.61 crore
2025-03-01 [Economy] — Government Initiatives Strengthening the Waterways Sector
The government is taking steps to shift 17% of cargo transport to national waterways, reducing reliance on road and rail networks, by providing financial and operational incentives to promote water-based logistics. Cargo transport on national waterways increased from 18 million tonnes to 133 million tonnes in FY 2023-24, enhancing infrastructure and freight movement, lowering logistics costs, and reducing congestion on highways and rail networks.
More details
UPSC Angle: Government initiatives strengthening the waterways sector.
Key Facts:
- Aims to shift 17% of cargo transport to national waterways
- Cargo transport on national waterways increased from 18 million tonnes to 133 million tonnes in FY 2023-24

Expansion and Modernization of India's Port Infrastructure

Focus: Specific major port projects (greenfield and brownfield) and policy advocacy for maritime capacity building within India.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper 3 (Infrastructure: Ports) and the Sagarmala initiative's role in port-led development and the Blue Economy.

4 news items in this theme:

2026-01-20 [Economy] — Vadhavan Port Development
Vadhavan Port, a proposed new port 140 km north of Mumbai in Maharashtra's Palghar District, is being developed as an all-weather greenfield deep-draft major port. It offers a natural depth of 20 meters, making it suitable for large container and bulk vessels.
More details
UPSC Angle: Vadhavan Port is being developed as an all-weather greenfield deep-draft major port.
Key Facts:
- Location: 140 km north of Mumbai, Palghar District, Maharashtra
- Type: All-weather greenfield deep-draft major port
- Natural depth: 20 meters
2025-11-14 [Economy] — New Mangalore Port modernisation projects
The Indian government has initiated modernisation projects worth ₹1,500 crore at the New Mangalore Port (NMP) as part of its Golden Jubilee celebrations. NMP, located on India's west coast in Karnataka, is a major port handling petroleum, coal, container, and agricultural cargo.
More details
UPSC Angle: Modernization of New Mangalore Port will improve trade infrastructure.
Key Facts:
- ₹1,500 crore worth of modernisation projects launched at New Mangalore Port
- New Mangalore Port is the only major port in Karnataka
- NMP renamed as New Mangalore Port Authority in 2021 under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021
2025-11-03 [Economy] — India's Focus on Port Development
India is urged to focus more on port development to enhance its economy, as highlighted during the Maritime Week celebration. While India has been training sailors, increased attention should be given to ports and adopting different policies to improve the economy.
More details
UPSC Angle: India urged to focus more on port development.
Key Facts:
- India needs to focus on port development to improve its economy.
2025-07-17 [Economy] — Machilipatnam Port Project to Boost Economy
The first phase of the Machilipatnam Port project will cost ₹5,155 crore, featuring four berths initially with potential expansion to 16 berths. With a handling capacity of 36 million tonnes per year, the port is designed for ships weighing up to 80,000 tonnes and will handle key exports like coal, cement, pharmaceuticals, and fertilisers. The Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board oversees the project, expecting it to boost the regional economy and create job opportunities.
More details
UPSC Angle: Machilipatnam Port project to boost economy.
Key Facts:
- Machilipatnam Port project cost (Phase 1): ₹5,155 crore
- Initial berths: 4
- Potential berths: 16
- Handling capacity: 36 million tonnes per year
- Ship capacity: Up to 80,000 tonnes
- Machilipatnam Port project's first phase cost: ₹5,155 crore.
- Initial capacity: four berths, expandable to 16.
- Handling capacity: 36 million tonnes per year.
- Designed for ships up to 80,000 tonnes.
- Overseen by Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board.

Blue Economy: Sustainable Resources and Governance

Focus: Items focused on the economic utilization of marine resources (fisheries, aquaculture) and the legal frameworks governing them.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding India's push for a 'Blue Economy' through digitized census data, new farming techniques, and leadership in global ocean governance.

4 news items in this theme:

2026-01-19 [Agriculture] — First Open-Sea Marine Fish Farming Project
India launched its first open-sea Marine Fish Farming Project in the Andaman Sea at North Bay, Sri Vijaya Puram. Launched on 18 January 2026, the project focuses on open-sea cultivation of marine finfish and seaweed under natural ocean conditions, aiming to integrate scientific innovation with livelihood generation for coastal communities.
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UPSC Angle: India's first open-sea Marine Fish Farming Project launched in Andaman Sea.
Key Facts:
- Location: North Bay, Sri Vijaya Puram, in the Andaman Sea
- Launch date: 18 January 2026
- Collaboration between: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), UT Administration of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2025-12-14 [Economy] — India's Blue Economy framework focus
The Indian Ocean is a focal point of global climate, economic and geopolitical shifts, prompting calls for a new Blue Economy framework. India is championing “Common Heritage of Mankind” aligning with Small Island Developing States (SIDS) during UNCLOS, advocating that seabed resources beyond national jurisdiction be treated as a global common, strengthening its moral leadership.
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UPSC Angle: India's Blue Economy framework focus.
Key Facts:
- New Blue Economy framework for Indian Ocean
- India aligns with Small Island Developing States (SIDS) during UNCLOS
- Advocates for seabed resources beyond national jurisdiction as a global common
2025-11-01 [Agriculture] — First Fully Digitised National Marine Fisheries Census 2025 Launched
The first fully digitised National Marine Fisheries Census 2025 was launched on October 31, 2025, at ICAR–CMFRI, Kochi, Kerala, by Shri George Kurian, Union Minister of State for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. The census, tagged “Smart Census, Smarter Fisheries,” will cover over 1.2 million fisher households in 4,000 marine fishing villages across 9 coastal states and 4 UTs during a 45-day enumeration from November 3 to December 18, 2025.
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UPSC Angle: First fully digitised National Marine Fisheries Census 2025 launched.
Key Facts:
- Launched: October 31, 2025.
- Location: ICAR–CMFRI, Kochi, Kerala.
- Launched by: Shri George Kurian, Union Minister of State for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
- First fully digitised edition of India’s Marine Fisheries Census.
- Tagline: “Smart Census, Smarter Fisheries”.
- Coverage: Over 1.2 million fisher households in 4,000 marine fishing villages across 9 coastal states and 4 UTs.
- Enumeration period: 45 days (Nov 3–Dec 18, 2025).
- Marine Fisheries Census (MFC) 2025
- Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
- CMFRI nodal agency, FSI partner
- Multilingual Android apps
- 1,200 landing centers
- Slogan: “Smart Census, Smarter Fisheries”
2025-09-11 [International Relations] — India Hosts COLP48
For the first time in nearly 50 years, India hosted COLP48 in New Delhi, organized by the Stockton Center for International Law, U.S. Naval War College and Gujarat Maritime University, with the Ministry of Earth Sciences. The theme was “Developing World Approaches to Ocean Governance: Perspectives from the Indian Ocean Rim”.
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UPSC Angle: India hosted COLP48, organized by Stockton Center and Gujarat Maritime University.
Key Facts:
- COLP48
- New Delhi
- Stockton Center for International Law
- U.S. Naval War College
- Gujarat Maritime University
- Ministry of Earth Sciences
- Theme: Developing World Approaches to Ocean Governance: Perspectives from the Indian Ocean Rim

Strategic Maritime Infrastructure and Island Security

Focus: Developments focused on expanding India's permanent military infrastructure, strategic commands, and testing capabilities within its island territories and coastal naval bases.

UPSC Value: Crucial for analyzing India's maritime security posture, the 'Net Security Provider' role in the IOR, and the strategic importance of the Andaman and Lakshadweep archipelagos.

4 news items in this theme:

2025-12-03 [Defense & Security] — Navy to Increase Presence in Lakshadweep
The Navy is setting up a detachment in Bitra Island. The Navy also plans to increase military presence in Lakshadweep, with new naval detachments planned for Minicoy and Agatti Islands.
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UPSC Angle: Navy to increase military presence in Lakshadweep islands.
Key Facts:
- Bitra Island is located in the northern region of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.
- Bitra Island is the smallest inhabited island in the territory with a land area of 0.105 sq.km.
- As per the 2011 census, the population of Bitra Island is 271.
2025-11-28 [Defense & Security] — India Issues Missile Test Alert Near Andaman & Nicobar Islands
India issued an official NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) and maritime advisory near the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, indicating a likely missile test window scheduled between 25–27 November 2025. This region is one of India's most critical strategic military zones, located at the crossroads of the Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and the wider Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
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UPSC Angle: India issues missile test alert near Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
Key Facts:
- NOTAM (Notice to Airmen)
- maritime advisory
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands
- missile test window
- November 25–27, 2025
2025-09-22 [Defense & Security] — 3rd Edition of Dweep Diksha Dialogue
The 3rd Edition of Dweep Diksha Dialogue, hosted by the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC), had the theme 'Evolution of ANC as a Strategic Hub and Beyond'. The dialogue aims to explore the ANC's role in shaping India's maritime and security posture in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and emphasize the growing importance of multi-domain warfare, grey-zone strategies, and maritime security.
More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Hosted by – Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC).
- Theme – 'Evolution of ANC as a Strategic Hub and Beyond'.
- ANC is India's 1st and only joint services operational command, integrating the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard.
2025-04-08 [Defense & Security] — Project Varsha: Nuclear Submarine Base
India is set to commission its first dedicated nuclear submarine base, INS Varsha, in Andhra Pradesh in 2026, as part of Project Varsha, and plans to operationalise its third nuclear-powered submarine, INS Aridhaman. The project is located near Rambilli, about 50 km south of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
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UPSC Angle: India to commission its first dedicated nuclear submarine base, INS Varsha.
Key Facts:
- India's first dedicated nuclear submarine base
- Name: INS Varsha
- Location: near Rambilli, about 50 km south of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh
- To be commissioned in 2026
- Part of Project Varsha
- Plans to operationalise its third nuclear-powered submarine, INS Aridhaman

Sea Port Infrastructure and Performance Metrics

Focus: Updates specifically regarding capacity, cargo handling growth, and infrastructure dedication at India's major sea ports.

UPSC Value: Distinguishes sea port performance (Sagarmala) from inland waterways (Jal Marg Vikas).

4 news items in this theme:

2025-10-30 [Economy] — Achievements in India's Maritime Sector
Major ports' capacity has doubled, turnaround time has been reduced, and cruise tourism has expanded, while inland waterway cargo movement rose by 700%, and operational waterways increased from 3 to 32. The net annual surplus of ports grew ninefold in ten years, and Indian ports now rank among the most efficient in the developing world, outperforming many in the developed world.
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UPSC Angle: Achievements in India's maritime sector: capacity doubled, turnaround time reduced.
Key Facts:
- Major ports' capacity doubled
- Turnaround time reduced
- Cruise tourism expanded
- Inland waterway cargo movement rose by 700%
- Operational waterways increased from 3 to 32
- Net annual surplus of ports grew ninefold in ten years
2025-05-14 [Economy] — Major Ports Register Growth
In FY 2024-25, Major Ports registered an annual growth rate of 4.3% in cargo handling, increasing from 819 million tonnes in FY 2023-24 to approximately 855 million tonnes. Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants (POL) led the charts with 254.5 million tonnes (29.8%), followed by container traffic at 193.5 million tonnes (22.6%), and coal at 186.6 million tonnes (21.8%).
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UPSC Angle: Major Ports register 4.3% growth in cargo handling in FY25.
Key Facts:
- Annual growth rate of 4.3% in cargo handling
- Increased from 819 million tonnes in FY 2023-24 to ~855 million tonnes in FY 2024-25
- Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants (POL) led with 254.5 million tonnes (29.8%)
- Container traffic at 193.5 million tonnes (22.6%)
- Coal at 186.6 million tonnes (21.8%)
- Cargo volume
- 855 million tonnes
- FY 2024-25
- 819 million tonnes
- FY 2023-24
- annual growth rate
- 4.3%
- 962 acres
- port land allocated
- valuation of ₹7,565 crore
- expected investment potential ₹68,780 crore
2025-05-03 [Economy] — Vizhinjam International Seaport Dedicated to the Nation
Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated the Vizhinjam International Seaport in Kerala to the nation, a project worth ₹8,800 crore, developed under the Sagarmala Programme, aiming to modernize port infrastructure and enhance coastal community development. The port is India's first dedicated container transshipment port, strategically located near busy international sea routes with a natural draft of ~20 meters, enabling docking of ultra-large cargo vessels. It seeks to reduce India's reliance on foreign transshipment hubs and is integrated with the PM-Gati Shakti Master Plan for multi-modal connectivity.
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UPSC Angle: PM dedicates Vizhinjam International Seaport to the nation.
Key Facts:
- Vizhinjam International Seaport dedicated to the nation on May 3, 2025
- Project cost: ₹8,800 crore
- Developed under the Sagarmala Programme
- First dedicated container transshipment port in India
- Natural draft of ~20 meters
- Located near one of the world's busiest international sea routes
- Aims to reduce India's reliance on foreign transshipment hubs like Colombo, Singapore, and Port Klang
- Linked with PM-Gati Shakti Master Plan
2025-04-04 [Economy] — Indian Ports Show Growth in Cargo Handling in FY25
Deendayal Port saw an increase of over 13%, from 132 MMT (in FY24) to 150.15 MMT (in FY25) and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) saw a growth of 7.4% in cargo handled to 86 MMT.
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UPSC Angle: Deendayal and JNPA ports show cargo handling growth in FY25.
Key Facts:
- Deendayal Port increased cargo handling by over 13%, from 132 MMT (in FY24) to 150.15 MMT (in FY25).
- Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) saw a growth of 7.4% in cargo handled to 86 MMT.

Strategic Development of Underwater Infrastructure

Focus: Developments focusing on the expansion, resilience, and security surveillance of India's submarine cable networks and underwater domain.

UPSC Value: Highlights the intersection of critical digital infrastructure (subsea cables) and national security (UDA) in the maritime domain.

3 news items in this theme:

2026-01-31 [Defense & Security] — Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) Technologies for Co-Production
India and the U.S. have identified Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) technologies for co-production in India, marking a significant step in bilateral defence cooperation. India is the first country with which the U.S. defence industry has offered collaboration on such advanced technologies.
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UPSC Angle: India and US co-production of Underwater Domain Awareness technologies.
Key Facts:
- India and the U.S. have identified Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) technologies for co-production in India
- India is the first country with which the U.S. defence industry has offered collaboration on such advanced technologies
2025-08-20 [International Relations] — India to bolster submarine cable resilience amid geopolitical tensions
Amid rising geopolitical tensions, India is taking steps to strengthen the resilience of its submarine cable infrastructure, which carries 6,400 Tbps of data globally. This move is crucial for maintaining global digital flows and ensuring uninterrupted communication networks.
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UPSC Angle: India to bolster submarine cable resilience amid geopolitical tensions.
Key Facts:
- India is working to bolster submarine cable resilience.
- Submarine cables carry 6,400 Tbps of data.
2025-04-04 [Science & Technology] — Airtel's 2Africa Pearls Subsea Cable Lands in India
Airtel's 2Africa Pearls subsea cable has landed in India, boosting internet capacity by 100 Tbps, highlighting the growing need for robust undersea cable infrastructure. Undersea cables are fibre-optic cables laid on the ocean floor that enable global internet and telecommunication connectivity.
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UPSC Angle: Airtel's 2Africa Pearls subsea cable lands in India.
Key Facts:
- Airtel's 2Africa Pearls subsea cable has landed in India, boosting internet capacity by 100 Tbps.

Institutional and Structural Evolution of India's Maritime and Port Governance

Focus: The creation of new statutory bodies, organizational milestones, and administrative restructuring aimed at enhancing India's maritime security and port infrastructure.

UPSC Value: Provides insights into maritime security architecture, infrastructure development (Ports), and administrative reforms in the shipping and coastal defense sectors.

3 news items in this theme:

2026-01-31 [Defense & Security] — Indian Coast Guard Marks 50 Years of Service
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) is celebrating its golden jubilee on February 1, 2026, marking 50 years of protecting India's maritime interests. From its beginnings in 1977, the ICG has grown into one of the world's largest coast guard services, operating 155 ships and 80 aircraft.
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UPSC Angle: Indian Coast Guard marks 50 years of service.
Key Facts:
- Indian Coast Guard is celebrating its golden jubilee on February 1, 2026.
- The ICG operates a fleet of 155 ships and 80 aircraft.
- The Coast Guard maintains 55 to 60 ships and 10 to 12 aircraft deployed daily.
- The Coast Guard has conducted over 17,321 Community Interaction Programmes since 2009.
2025-12-20 [Defense & Security] — Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) to be established
The Union Home Minister initiated the constitution of a dedicated Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) to enhance the security of vessels and port facilities. It will be established as a statutory body under Section 13 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 2025, functioning under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has been designated as a Recognised Security Organisation for ports.
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UPSC Angle: Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) to be established as a statutory body.
Key Facts:
- BoPS will be established as a statutory body under Section 13 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 2025
- It will function under the aegis of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
- It will be headed by a Director General of the rank of an IPS officer at Pay Level-15
- CISF has been designated as a Recognised Security Organisation for ports
2025-05-20 [Economy] — Shipping Ministry to Reposition India Ports Global Limited (IPGL)
The Shipping Ministry plans to transform IPGL from a purely strategic asset to a commercially active operator, including domestic terminals. A new umbrella entity, Bharat Global Ports, will act as an integrated port infrastructure provider, with IPGL as its operational wing.
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UPSC Angle: Shipping Ministry to reposition India Ports Global Limited (IPGL).
Key Facts:
- A new umbrella entity, Bharat Global Ports, will act as an integrated port infrastructure provider, with IPGL as its operational wing

India's Blue Economy and Fisheries Development Strategy

Focus: Specific policy moves, reports, and bilateral agreements focused on expanding India's domestic Blue Economy and deep-sea fisheries capabilities.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's specific economic approach to its EEZ, contrasting domestic development goals with global conservation trends.

3 news items in this theme:

2026-01-16 [International Relations] — India-Israel Joint Declaration on Fisheries and Aquaculture
India and Israel signed a Joint Ministerial Declaration of Intent to deepen cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture during the Global Summit on Blue Food Security 2026 in Eilat. The declaration aims to strengthen collaboration through technology transfer, joint research, innovation, and capacity building, aligned with sustainable and climate-resilient development goals.
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UPSC Angle: India and Israel sign declaration on fisheries and aquaculture cooperation.
Key Facts:
- Signed during the Global Summit on Blue Food Security 2026 in Eilat
- Involves technology transfer, joint research, innovation, and capacity building
- Aligned with sustainable and climate-resilient development goals
2025-10-14 [Economy] — NITI Aayog Releases Report on India's Blue Economy
NITI Aayog released a report titled "India's Blue Economy – Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries," outlining a scientific, sustainable, and inclusive roadmap for developing India's deep-sea and offshore fisheries. India's deep-sea fishing sector remains underdeveloped despite an estimated 7.16 million tonnes (MT) potential within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The report suggests policy overhauls, institutional strengthening, fleet modernization, and sustainable management practices to harness the potential of deep-sea fisheries.
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UPSC Angle: NITI Aayog releases report on India's Blue Economy.
Key Facts:
- Estimated 7.16 million tonnes (MT) potential for deep-sea fishing within India's EEZ.
- In FY 2023–24, exports from deep-sea expansion could enhance exports beyond the ₹60,523 crore.
- A modern vessel can yield ₹32 lakh annual profit, 10 times more than small motorized boats.
- Untapped 1.847 MT in lanternfish, squids, and deep-sea shrimp holds new value.
- Recommendations include drafting a national EEZ Fisheries Act harmonized with UNCLOS.
- Establish a Deep-Sea Fisheries Authority and invest in research, data systems, and scientific manpower.
2025-09-07 [International Relations] — India's Ocean Jurisdiction and the Blue Economy
According to international law, a nation's jurisdiction extends 200 nautical miles from its coastline, within which the country has the right to implement its laws and initiatives. India maintains ecological health up to 200 nautical miles to support its blue economy.
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UPSC Angle: India's ocean jurisdiction: 200 nautical miles and economic rights.
Key Facts:
- National jurisdiction: 200 nautical miles from the coastline
- Focus: Maintaining ecological health up to 200 nautical miles
- Objective: Supporting the blue economy

PM Gati Shakti and Cargo Terminal Expansion

Focus: These items track the framework, specific implementation, and statistical progress of the PM Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal (GCT) policy.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the rollout of the National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity and its impact on freight infrastructure.

3 news items in this theme:

2026-01-15 [Economy] — Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal (GCT) Policy
The Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal (GCT) Policy, 2021, aims to accelerate modern cargo terminal development, encourage private participation, and strengthen India's freight ecosystem. Indian Railways has approved 306 GCTs, with 118 already commissioned. Freight revenues from GCTs grew fourfold between 2022–23 and 2024–25, reaching Rs 12,608 crore.
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UPSC Angle: Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal (GCT) Policy aims to accelerate cargo terminal development.
Key Facts:
- Policy: Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal (GCT) Policy, 2021
- Objective: Modernize cargo terminals, encourage private participation
- GCTs Approved: 306
- GCTs Commissioned: 118
- Freight Revenue (2024-25): Rs 12,608 crore
2025-06-18 [Economy] — India's Largest Automobile Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal Inaugurated
On June 17, 2025, the Union Minister for Railways, Information & Broadcasting and Electronics & Information Technology inaugurated India's largest automobile Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal at Maruti Suzuki India Limited, Manesar, Haryana. The terminal is connected to Patli railway station.
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UPSC Angle: India's largest automobile Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal inaugurated.
Key Facts:
- Location: Maruti Suzuki India Limited, Manesar, Haryana
- Connected to: Patli railway station
- Inaugurated on: June 17, 2025
2025-06-13 [Schemes & Programs] — PM Gati Shakti Initiative Details
The PM Gati Shakti initiative, launched in October 2021, is a National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity aimed at integrating infrastructure planning and execution across various Ministries and State Governments. It accelerates growth through synchronized, holistic, integrated and comprehensive planning based on knowledge, technology and innovation.
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UPSC Angle: PM Gati Shakti: National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity.
Key Facts:
- PM Gati Shakti
- Launched October 2021
- National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity
- Integrates infrastructure planning and execution

MoPSW Strategic and Financial Initiatives for Maritime Development

Focus: Policy and institutional frameworks led by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways to enhance India's maritime capacity, financing, and regional strategic influence.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the 'Blue Economy' and India's maritime security strategy (SAGAR/MAHASAGAR) through integrated industrial and financial policy.

3 news items in this theme:

2025-12-29 [Economy] — Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Scheme and Shipbuilding Development Scheme
The Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) has notified the operational guidelines for the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Scheme (SBFAS) and the Shipbuilding Development Scheme (SbDS). It will remain valid until 2036. The aim is to strengthen India's domestic shipbuilding capacity and improve global competitiveness.
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UPSC Angle: Operational guidelines notified for Shipbuilding Financial Assistance and Development Schemes.
Key Facts:
- Ministry: Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW)
- Schemes: Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Scheme (SBFAS) and the Shipbuilding Development Scheme (SbDS)
- Validity: until 2036
- Aim: to strengthen India's domestic shipbuilding capacity and improve global competitiveness
2025-06-28 [Economy] — Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited Inaugurated
The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) inaugurated Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL), formerly known as Sagarmala Development Company Limited. It is a Mini Ratna, Category-I, Central Public Sector Enterprise and has been formally registered as a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and it is India's first NBFC in the maritime sector.
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UPSC Angle: Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL) inaugurated.
Key Facts:
- Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL) was formerly known as Sagarmala Development Company Limited.
- SMFCL is a Mini Ratna, Category-I, Central Public Sector Enterprise.
- It is registered as a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
- SMFCL is India's first NBFC in the maritime sector.
- Sarbananda Sonowal Inaugurated India's First Maritime NBFC — Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL).
2025-06-04 [International Relations] — India's Maritime Vision: MAHASAGAR
Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) participated in a Ministerial Discussion on 'Shipping & Ocean Business' and reaffirmed India's vision of MAHASAGAR ensuring 'Growth for All'. MAHASAGAR builds upon the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy of 2015, strengthening trade and connectivity, enhancing maritime security and domain awareness, boosting disaster resilience and humanitarian aid, and deepening economic and cultural ties with island nations.
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UPSC Angle: MAHASAGAR vision promotes maritime growth and cooperation.
Key Facts:
- Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) participated in Ministerial Discussion on 'Shipping & Ocean Business'
- MAHASAGAR: Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security Across the Regions
- SAGAR: Security and Growth for All in the Region (policy of 2015)
- Focus of MAHASAGAR: Strengthening trade and connectivity, enhancing maritime security and domain awareness, boosting disaster resilience and humanitarian aid, and deepening economic and cultural ties with island nations

Strategic Evolution of Colombo’s Maritime and Economic Hub

Focus: Legislative, regulatory, and operational milestones occurring in 2025 within the Colombo Port and the adjacent Colombo Port City Special Economic Zone.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding regional maritime connectivity, the governance of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), and the strategic economic competition in the Indian Ocean Region.

3 news items in this theme:

2025-12-29 [Economy] — Colombo Port City Regulations Revised
The Colombo Port City (Development Control) Regulations No. 1 of 2023 have been revised following recommendations from the Colombo Port City Economic Commission. The revisions, outlined in an extraordinary gazette notification dated December 29, 2025, pertain to adjustments of land area, maximum vertical development escalation, and categorization of usage matrix.
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UPSC Angle: Colombo Port City regulations revised based on commission recommendations.
Key Facts:
- Colombo Port City (Development Control) Regulations No. 1 of 2023
- Colombo Port City Economic Commission Act No. 11 of 2021
- Extraordinary gazette notification dated December 29, 2025
- Land area adjustments
- Maximum vertical development escalation
- Categorization of usage matrix
2025-11-24 [Economy] — Cabinet Approves Amendment of Colombo Port City Economic Commission Act
The Cabinet of Ministers granted approval to amend the Colombo Port City Economic Commission Act No. 11 of 2021, adding amendments for encouraging taxes and strengthening supervision as well as institutional restructuring. The Attorney General has granted clearance for the draft bill prepared by the Legal Draftsmen.
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UPSC Angle: Cabinet approves amendment of Colombo Port City Economic Commission Act.
Key Facts:
- Amendment of Colombo Port City Economic Commission Act No. 11 of 2021 approved.
- Amendments for encouraging taxes and strengthening supervision and institutional restructuring.
- Clearance of the Attorney General has been granted for the draft bill.
2025-04-08 [International Relations] — Operations Commence at Adani-backed Colombo Port Terminal
Operations have begun at the Adani-backed port terminal in Colombo, marking a significant development in regional infrastructure and maritime activities.
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UPSC Angle: Adani-backed Colombo Port Terminal operations impact regional maritime activities.
Key Facts:
- Adani
- Colombo port terminal

Regulatory Governance of India's Coastal and Marine Zones

Focus: Policy decisions and regulatory frameworks governing the balance between infrastructure development, resource extraction, and environmental protection in India's coastal and maritime territories.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the legal and administrative challenges in managing India's Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) and Marine Protected Areas (MPA).

3 news items in this theme:

2025-12-11 [Environment & Ecology] — Protected marine areas not part of offshore blocks: Govt.
Protected marine areas are not part of offshore blocks.
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UPSC Angle: Protected marine areas are not part of offshore blocks.
Key Facts:
- Protected marine areas
- offshore blocks
2025-09-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Great Nicobar Island project concerns
Tribal people have contested their tribal rights have not been heard of in Great Nicobar Island project and they have appealed, and this is where the central government has basically seek an opinion what are the concerns which this tribal people are having with respect to developmental project. Government planned to develop as there was less development at par with other areas of the country.
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UPSC Angle: Great Nicobar Island project faces tribal rights concerns.
Key Facts:
- Great Nicobar island project
- less development at par with other areas of the country
2025-06-28 [Geography] — India's Coastline Addition
India has added more than 3,500 kilometers to its coastline. This addition will not impact the Exclusive Economic Zone claims but will affect areas under the Coastal Regulation Zone rules, which govern activities near the coast.
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UPSC Angle: India has added more than 3,500 kilometers to its coastline.
Key Facts:
- India added 3,500+ km to its coastline
- No impact on Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
- Impact on Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules

Institutional Convergence for the Empowerment of Vulnerable Sections

Focus: Administrative initiatives involving the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) and the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) to create institutional frameworks—through MoUs and strategic sessions—for the upliftment of DNTs, PwDs, and rural SHGs.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the 'Whole-of-Government' approach and the role of inter-ministerial convergence in implementing social justice and rural development schemes, a key topic for GS-II Governance.

3 news items in this theme:

2025-11-30 [Schemes & Programs] — MoSJE–DWBDNC and MoRD–DAY NRLM Sign MoU to Empower De‑Notified
MoSJE–DWBDNC and MoRD–DAY NRLM Sign Landmark MoU to Empower De‑Notified.
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UPSC Angle: MoSJE–DWBDNC and MoRD–DAY NRLM Sign MoU to Empower De‑Notified.
Key Facts:
- MoSJE–DWBDNC and MoRD–DAY NRLM Sign MoU to Empower De‑Notified
2025-06-25 [Schemes & Programs] — Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) Session
On June 25, 2025, the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) organized a brainstorming session in New Delhi. The session aimed to enhance the Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) for Self-Help Group (SHG) members, including Lakhpati Didis and rural entrepreneurs.
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UPSC Angle: DAY-NRLM session to enhance Ease of Doing Business for SHGs.
Key Facts:
- DAY-NRLM held a brainstorming session in New Delhi on June 25, 2025.
2025-06-20 [Schemes & Programs] — Tripartite MoU for Inclusive Education
The Centre signed a tripartite MoU between DEPwD, NIOS, and NCERT to strengthen inclusive education for children with disabilities, focusing on curriculum reform, accessibility, and institutional partnerships.
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UPSC Angle: MoU to strengthen inclusive education for children with disabilities.
Key Facts:
- MoU signed between DEPwD, NIOS, and NCERT
- Objective: Strengthen inclusive education for children with disabilities
- Focus on curriculum reform, accessibility, and institutional partnerships

Ocean Governance and Blue Economy Frameworks

Focus: Policy frameworks, international treaties, and regulations aimed at sustainable ocean management and the Blue Economy.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the regulatory and diplomatic architecture supporting India's maritime economy.

3 news items in this theme:

2025-11-10 [Schemes & Programs] — New Deep-Sea Fishing Rules 2025
The Government of India has notified new Deep-Sea Fishing Rules, 2025, aimed at realizing the vision of a prosperous and inclusive Blue Economy and unlocking the vast potential of India's 11,099 km coastline and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Exclusive priority is given to Fishermen Cooperative Societies and Fish Farmer Producer Organisations (FFPOs) for deep-sea fishing licenses using advanced vessels.
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UPSC Angle: New Deep-Sea Fishing Rules 2025 aim for a prosperous Blue Economy.
Key Facts:
- New Deep-Sea Fishing Rules, 2025 notified by the Government of India.
- Aims to realize the vision of a prosperous and inclusive Blue Economy.
- India's coastline is 11,099 km.
- Exclusive priority for deep-sea fishing licenses given to Fishermen Cooperative Societies and Fish Farmer Producer Organisations (FFPOs).
2025-06-12 [International Relations] — India committed to High Seas Treaty ratification, proposes action plan at UN Ocean Conference
At the 2025 UN Ocean Conference in Nice, India's Minister of State for Earth Sciences reaffirmed the nation's commitment to the High Seas Treaty and proposed a six-point action plan for science-based and sustainable ocean governance, enhancing marine research, expanding marine protected areas and tackling marine pollution. India is actively moving toward ratification of the High Seas Treaty (formally the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction – BBNJ – Agreement).
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UPSC Angle: India committed to High Seas Treaty ratification, proposes action plan.
Key Facts:
- India has signed the BBNJ Treaty.
- India proposed a six-point action plan at the 2025 UN Ocean Conference.
- India has signed the UN High Seas Treaty but is unlikely to ratify it.
- The treaty has four pillars: marine protected areas, marine genetic resources, capacity building and technology transfer, and environmental impact assessments.
- As of June 2025, 134 countries have signed the treaty.
- India signed the BBNJ Treaty
- Minister of State for Earth Sciences confirmed India's commitment to the treaty at the 2025 UN Ocean Conference in Nice
- Six-point action plan proposed by India
- Treaty adopted in June 2023 at the United Nations
2025-06-10 [International Relations] — India, Norway Strengthen Marine Cooperation
India and Norway reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening cooperation in marine planning, Arctic research, and the Blue Economy at the Monaco Marine Conference. India aims to scale Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) across its coastline, reinforcing its leadership in sustainable ocean management. The Indo-Norwegian Integrated Ocean and Research Initiative supports MSP as a science-based framework for optimizing ocean resources, protecting biodiversity, and ensuring coastal livelihoods.
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UPSC Angle: India and Norway strengthen cooperation in marine planning and Blue Economy.
Key Facts:
- India
- Norway
- Monaco Marine Conference (MCC)
- Marine Spatial Planning (MSP)
- Indo-Norwegian Integrated Ocean and Research Initiative
- Puducherry
- Lakshadweep
- India aims to scale Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) across its coastline
- Under the Indo-Norwegian Integrated Ocean and Research Initiative
- MSP is a science-based framework
- Pilot projects in Puducherry and Lakshadweep

Dynamics of India's Fisheries Sector: Inland Growth vs. Marine Stagnation

Focus: A comparison of the rapid expansion and policy focus on inland aquaculture and state-level fisheries promotion against the ecological and economic stagnation of marine capture fisheries.

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive view of the 'Blue Revolution,' highlighting the transition from traditional marine fishing to technology-driven inland aquaculture for food security and rural livelihoods.

3 news items in this theme:

2025-11-03 [Agriculture] — Punjab Declares Rohu as State Fish
Punjab Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries Minister Gurmeet Singh Khudian declared Rohu (Labeo Rohita) as the State Fish of Punjab. Punjab has 43,683 acres under fish farming, producing 2 lakh metric tonnes of fish annually, with Rohu contributing 42,353 metric tonnes (21.18%). Rohu is valued between ₹160–₹200 per kg and is known for its high nutritional value.
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UPSC Angle: Punjab declares Rohu (Labeo Rohita) as the State Fish.
Key Facts:
- Rohu (Labeo Rohita) declared State Fish of Punjab
- 43,683 acres under fish farming in Punjab
- Annual fish production: 2 lakh metric tonnes
- Rohu contribution: 42,353 metric tonnes (21.18%)
- Rohu value: ₹160–₹200 per kg
2025-06-14 [Agriculture] — Collaborative Push for PMMSY at Inland Fisheries Meet 2025
The Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Meet 2025 focused on catalyzing innovation, investment, and coordinated action to unlock the full growth potential of India's inland fisheries sector, which is crucial for rural livelihoods, food security, and export potential. The fisheries sector is growing at 9% annually, supports 3 crore livelihoods, and has increased inland fish production by 142% since 2013–14, making India the second-largest fish producer globally.
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UPSC Angle: Inland Fisheries Meet 2025 focused on innovation and investment.
Key Facts:
- Fisheries sector growing at 9% annually
- Supports approximately 3 crore livelihoods
- Inland fish production increased by 142% since 2013–14
- India is the second-largest fish producer globally
- PMMSY is a scheme aimed at enhancing fish production and promoting sustainable fisheries
2025-05-22 [Environment & Ecology] — Overfishing Threatens Ocean Wealth and Livelihoods
India's marine capture fisheries have plateaued at 3–4 million tonnes annually, suggesting India has reached its maximum potential yield. Small-scale fishers (90%) account for only 10% of the catch, while mechanised operations dominate the volume. Despite large-scale production, 75% of marine fisher families live below the poverty line.
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UPSC Angle: Overfishing threatens ocean wealth and livelihoods in India.
Key Facts:
- India's marine capture fisheries have plateaued at 3–4 million tonnes annually
- Small-scale fishers (90%) account for only 10% of the catch
- 75% of marine fisher families live below the poverty line

India's Maritime and Strategic Infrastructure Development

Focus: Developments across the maritime domain, including regulatory status upgrades for commercial shipping, strategic island infrastructure projects, and the commissioning of naval stealth frigates.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Infrastructure: Ports and Shipping) and GS Paper III (Security: Naval indigenization and maritime security).

3 news items in this theme:

2025-10-31 [Environment & Ecology] — Fully Aware of Great Nicobar Project's Impact, Says Centre
The central government has stated it is fully aware of the potential impacts of the Great Nicobar project. This project is likely related to infrastructure or development initiatives on the island.
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UPSC Angle: Centre aware of potential impacts of the Great Nicobar project.
Key Facts:
- Great Nicobar project
- central government
2025-09-22 [Economy] — Large Ships Granted Infrastructure Status
The Ministry of Finance has granted infrastructure status to large ships, defined as Indian-owned and flagged commercial vessels with a gross tonnage of 10,000 or more, or Indian-built, owned, and flagged commercial ships of 1,500 gross tonnage or more. This inclusion in the harmonized master list of infrastructure sectors under the 'Transport and Logistics' category makes them eligible for all benefits accorded to infrastructure projects.
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UPSC Angle: Large ships granted infrastructure status for financing benefits.
Key Facts:
- Large ships are defined as Indian-owned and flagged commercial vessels with a gross tonnage of 10,000 or more, or Indian-built, owned, and flagged commercial ships of 1,500 gross tonnage or more.
2025-03-24 [Defense & Security] — INS Tavasya Commissioned
INS Tavasya, a Krivak class stealth frigate built by Goa Shipyard Limited with technology transfer from Russia, has been commissioned. It has indigenous content of 56% and a displacement of approximately 3800 tonnes and utilizes stealth technology.
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UPSC Angle: INS Tavasya commissioned, a Krivak class stealth frigate.
Key Facts:
- INS Tavasya is a Krivak category stealth frigate
- Built by Goa Shipyard Limited
- Technology transfer from Russia
- Displacement of approximately 3800 tonnes
- 56% indigenous content
- Tavasya launched in March 2025.
- Two frigates are being built in India: Triput (launched July 2024), Tavasya (launched March 2025).
- Second frigate of Project 1135.6 named 'Tavasya' launched on March 22, 2025

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