Integrated Urban Metabolism and Hydro-Governance: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is transitioning from basic service delivery (providing water and collecting trash) to a 'Circular Urban Metabolism' model. This involves shifting from linear disposal to resource recovery (wastewater recycling, legacy waste remediation) and from groundwater extraction to managed aquifer recharge. The overarching tension lies between rapid digital/urban growth (e.g., water-heavy data centers) and the finite 'hydrological means' of the country.

Cross-Theme Insight

When viewed together, these threads reveal that India's water crisis is no longer just a 'scarcity' problem but a 'management of extremes' problem. While high-tech solutions like toxic waste incineration in Bhopal (Thread 1) and mega-recharge projects in the Tapti basin (Thread 3) show engineering progress, the persistent 72,368 MLD wastewater gap (Thread 4) and inter-basin disputes (Thread 6) highlight that local implementation and federal cooperation remain the weakest links in the chain.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like 'Understanding Economic Development' (NCERT Class X, p. 13) highlight a terminal decline in groundwater, stating '60% of the country would be overusing reserves in 25 years.' However, the 2024 Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment (News Item 3) shows a significant trend reversal, with over-exploited units dropping from 17.24% (2017) to 11.13% (2024). Similarly, while 'Environment' (Shankar IAS, p. 86) warns that incineration is 'not a clean process,' the successful completion of the Bhopal toxic waste incineration (News Item 1) demonstrates that modern, regulated thermal disposal is now the primary path for hazardous waste that cannot be landfilled.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The 2025-2026 trajectory shows a shift toward 'Mission-Mode' remediation. Rather than just building new infrastructure, the focus has moved to reclaiming lost assets: DRAP for reclaiming 202 landfill sites and AMRUT 2.0 for rejuvenating stagnant urban water bodies (Bengaluru lakes) and treating 6,000 MLD of wastewater for reuse.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Recent years show a shift from broad environmental concepts to specific regulatory frameworks and technical schemes. IAS 2020 (NID 5849) tested the statutory origin of the CGWA and groundwater stats. IAS 2019 (NID 6406) focused on the technicalities of the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016. CAPF 2022 (NID 11552) targeted the 'thrust areas' of AMRUT, indicating a trend toward testing the functional pillars of urban missions.

Probable Prelims Angles

• Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment 2024: Trend of over-exploited units (declining) vs regional concentration (Punjab/Haryana).
• Dumpsite Remediation Action Plan (DRAP): Target timeline (Sept 2026) and number of high-impact sites (214).
• Tapti Basin Mega Recharge Project: Identifying it as the world's largest and its central-state funding ratio (90%).
• AMRUT 2.0 milestones: 77% urban tap coverage and 6,000 MLD wastewater treatment capacity.
• Global Water Bankruptcy Report: Definition (usage exceeding renewable inflows) and the issuing body (UNU-INWEH).

Mains Answer Framework

• India's urban centers are currently operating under a state of 'hydrological bankruptcy,' where the extraction of resources and generation of waste have outpaced the natural and administrative capacity for replenishment and treatment.
• Technological Leapfrogging: Using bioremediation (Bokashi balls in Hussain Sagar) and high-temp incineration for hazardous waste (Bhopal).. Implementation Deficit: Despite AMRUT's success in connections, the 44% treatment capacity gap remains a primary driver of water-borne disease (98 crore cases 2005-2022).. The Federal Dimension: Inter-basin transfers like Indrapuri (Bihar-Jharkhand) require political consensus that currently lags behind engineering feasibility.
• Achieving 'Garbage-Free' and 'Water-Secure' status requires moving beyond infrastructure-centric goals toward the 'Source-to-Sea' governance model, integrating rural WASH success with urban industrial circularity.

Essay Connections

• Water is the New Oil: Use the concept of 'Global Water Bankruptcy' and the impact of data centers on water scarcity to argue for sustainable digital growth.
• The City as a Living Organism: Use the urban wastewater gap and landfill remediation (DRAP) to discuss the 'metabolism' of modern Indian cities.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Start with NCERT Class XII (Water Resources) to understand the physical distribution and 'static' scarcity. Then, layer Shankar IAS for the regulatory framework (SWM Rules, AMRUT). Finally, integrate the current items to see how these frameworks are being 'stress-tested' by 2025-2026 climate realities (e.g., hottest year 1901 effect on the water gap).

Textbook Roadmap

• NCERT Class XII, Chapter 4: Water Resources. Groundwater utilisation patterns across different states.. Thread 3 (Groundwater crisis) and Thread 7 (Resource management).
• Shankar IAS, Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution. Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 and Incineration techniques.. Thread 1 (Incineration) and Thread 11 (Landfill remediation).
• Majid Husain, Chapter 3: Drainage System. National Water Policy 2012 and Inter-basin transfer schemes.. Thread 6 (River linking) and Thread 5 (Scarcity).

Revision Bullets

• 358 tonnes: Amount of Bhopal toxic waste successfully incinerated by June 2025.
• 11.13%: Percentage of over-exploited groundwater units in 2024 (down from 17.24% in 2017).
• 72,368 MLD: Daily urban wastewater generation in India.
• September 2026: Deadline for DRAP to clear 8.8 crore tonnes of legacy waste.
• 77%: Current urban tap water coverage as of 2025-26 (up from 49% in 2011).
• ₹3,000 crore: Cost of the Gargai Dam project to supply Mumbai.
• 6,000 MLD: Current capacity of treated wastewater under urban missions.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (11 themes, 50 news items)

Urban Wastewater and Sanitation Management Crisis

Focus: A comprehensive cluster detailing the cycle of sewage generation, treatment gaps, drainage failures, and river pollution in Indian cities, alongside government infrastructure responses like AMRUT.

UPSC Value: Connects the systemic failure of urban sewage management to public health outcomes (diseases) and evaluates specific government interventions (AMRUT, Flood Management) aimed at rectification.

9 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-27 [Schemes & Programs] — AMRUT and Tap Water Coverage in Urban India
  Tap water coverage in urban India has risen from 49% in 2011 to approximately 77% in 2025-26, with 228 lakh household tap connections provided. 20 lakh sewer connections have been added, and Faecal Sludge and Septage Management coverage has expanded. Approximately 6,000 MLD of treated wastewater is now reused.
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  UPSC Angle: AMRUT: Tap water coverage in urban India increased to 77%.

  Key Facts:

  • Coverage rose from 49% (2011) to ~77% (2025–26).
  • 228 lakh household tap connections provided so far.
  • 20 lakh sewer connections added and Faecal Sludge and Septage Management coverage expanded.
  • ~6,000 MLD of treated wastewater now reused.
  • AMRUT (2015–): 6,008 projects approved (₹83,470.84 cr).
  • AMRUT 2.0 (2021–): ~9,000 projects approved (₹1.89 lakh cr); focus on water security, reuse, and universal coverage.
  • Jal Hi Amrit: Water Resource Recovery Cells set up in 25 States/UTs; AMRUT Mitra engaged 28,000+ women SHG members.
• 2026-01-05 [Society & Culture] — Crisis of Unsafe Drinking Water in India
  India faces a recurring crisis of unsafe drinking water, leading to widespread illness and deaths, as highlighted by incidents like the Bhagirathpura tragedy in Indore. Between 2005 and 2022, over 98 crore cases of major water-borne diseases were reported, causing more than 50,000 deaths.
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  UPSC Angle: India faces a recurring crisis of unsafe drinking water.

  Key Facts:

  • Cases of major water-borne diseases (2005-2022): over 98 crore
  • Deaths due to water-borne diseases (2005-2022): more than 50,000
• 2026-01-03 [Environment & Ecology] — Urban Wastewater Management Gaps
  Recent incidents highlight serious gaps in Urban Wastewater Management (UWM) in Indian cities, posing public health risks. India generates approximately 72,368 MLD of urban wastewater daily, but the treatment capacity is only about 28-44%. Untreated sewage contributes to nearly 80% of diseases and a significant portion of child mortality in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Gaps in Urban Wastewater Management (UWM) pose public health risks.

  Key Facts:

  • India generates approximately 72,368 MLD of urban wastewater daily.
  • Treatment capacity is only about 28-44% of the wastewater generated.
  • Untreated sewage contributes to nearly 80% of diseases in India.
• 2025-12-24 [Environment & Ecology] — State of India's Environment
  According to the 'State of India's Environment 2025 in Figures' report, Indian states are falling short of environmental performance benchmarks, with untreated sewage and river pollution remaining significant challenges. Andhra Pradesh, the top-ranked state in environmental management, scored only 68.38 out of 100, due to shortcomings in sewage treatment and persistent river pollution.
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  UPSC Angle: 'State of India's Environment 2025' reports states are falling short.

  Key Facts:

  • State of India's Environment 2025 in Figures
  • Andhra Pradesh environment score: 68.38/100
  • Untreated sewage
  • River pollution
• 2025-11-19 [Schemes & Programs] — Key National Water Conservation Initiatives
  The government is targeting universal tap-water coverage in all statutory towns. As part of this initiative, 3568 water-supply projects, worth ₹1.14 lakh crore, have been sanctioned, and 181 lakh new tap connections have been approved, emphasizing sustainability, sewage, septage, and smart water systems in urban areas.
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  UPSC Angle: Government targets universal tap-water coverage in all statutory towns.

  Key Facts:

  • Targets universal tap-water coverage in all statutory towns
  • 3568 water-supply projects sanctioned
  • ₹1.14 lakh crore sanctioned for water-supply projects
  • 181 lakh new tap connections approved
  • Focus on sustainability, sewage, septage, and smart water systems
• 2025-10-04 [Schemes & Programs] — Urban Flood Risk Management Programme
  The Urban Flood Risk Management Programme aims to mitigate the risk of urban flooding through uniform structural and non-structural intervention measures. The program includes 11 cities: Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Kanpur, Patna, Raipur, Trivandrum, Vishakhapatnam, Indore and Lucknow.
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  UPSC Angle: Urban Flood Risk Management Programme includes 11 cities.

  Key Facts:

  • The program includes 11 cities: Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Kanpur, Patna, Raipur, Trivandrum, Vishakhapatnam, Indore and Lucknow
  • 90% funding from the Centre and 10% from the State
• 2025-09-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Energy Saving Potential and River Rejuvenation for Indian Cities
  Air conditioners and water pumps have significant energy-saving potential for India, while many Indian cities face severe river pollution from domestic and industrial sewage. CSE invites applications for a training program on river revival, emphasizing the need for cities to rethink water management and rejuvenate rivers for long-term sustainability.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Air conditioners
  • water pumps
  • energy saving potential
  • river pollution
  • Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
  • training programme
  • rivers and their revival
• 2025-08-24 [Science & Technology] — Wastewater Surveillance Expansion
  The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) will expand wastewater surveillance to 50 cities to detect early signs of virus spread. Currently operational in five cities, the initiative aims to monitor virus growth trends and enable timely public health interventions. The surveillance involves testing sewage for pathogens to detect community-level infection trends.
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  UPSC Angle: ICMR expands wastewater surveillance to 50 cities.

  Key Facts:

  • ICMR to launch wastewater surveillance in 50 cities
  • Surveillance will cover 10 viruses
  • Aims to detect early signs of virus spread and growth trends
  • Currently operational in five cities
• 2025-06-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Urban Drainage Crisis in India
  Indian cities are facing frequent urban flooding due to dysfunctional drainage systems, climate change, and increasing concretization, highlighting the need for better urban flood management. Man-made issues like unplanned urbanization, poor design standards, illegal constructions, and sewage infiltration exacerbate the problem. Urban drainage infrastructure is failing across major Indian cities.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian cities face urban flooding due to drainage issues and climate change.

  Key Facts:

  • Unplanned Urbanisation: Encroachment on floodplains and concretisation has reduced ground permeability.
  • Poor Design Standards: Drainage designed for 1-in-2-year events is insufficient for today's storm intensities.
  • Illegal Constructions: Unauthorized covers on drains make desilting and maintenance difficult.
  • Infiltration of Sewage: Lack of separate sewerage and drainage lines in cities like Patna and Bhopal.

Groundwater Depletion Crisis and Recharge Strategies

Focus: Items detailing groundwater extraction levels, depletion statistics, and specific technological or infrastructural recharge solutions (projects, mapping, schemes).

UPSC Value: Useful for studying the extent of India's groundwater crisis and the specific supply-side interventions (recharge shafts, aquifer mapping, basin projects) being implemented.

8 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-23 [Geography] — Groundwater central to India's water security
  Groundwater is critical for India's water security, supporting agriculture and drinking water needs but faces depletion and contamination. Key issues include free electricity, water-intensive cropping, urbanization, climate change, and a weak legal framework. Government measures include the Model Groundwater Bill, JSA: CTR, JSJB, NAQUIM 2.0, Atal Bhujal Yojana, and Mission Amrit Sarovar.
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  UPSC Angle: Groundwater is critical for India's water security.

  Key Facts:

  • Groundwater supplies 62% irrigation
  • Groundwater supplies 85% rural water needs
  • Groundwater supplies 50% urban water needs
  • Government measures include the Model Groundwater Bill, JSA: CTR, JSJB, NAQUIM 2.0, Atal Bhujal Yojana, and Mission Amrit Sarovar
  • Groundwater meets 62% irrigation, 85% rural, 50% urban water demand
  • NAQUIM 2.0 provides Panchayat-level aquifer data
  • Atal Jal covers 7 States with ₹6,000 crore outlay
  • Mission Amrit Sarovar ponds: 1 acre area, 10,000 m³ capacity
  • National Network: 43,228 groundwater level monitoring stations, 53,264 water quality stations, 6,519 piezometers, 8,201 rain gauges
  • Institutional Support: 712 Jal Shakti Kendras as district-level hubs
• 2026-01-02 [Environment & Ecology] — Groundwater Resource Assessment Report 2024
  The Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report, 2024 indicates improvements in groundwater recharge and a decline in over-exploitation. Over-exploited units have decreased from 17.24% in 2017 to 11.13% in 2024. However, regional imbalances persist with over-exploitation concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana, and Gujarat.
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  UPSC Angle: Groundwater recharge improves, over-exploitation declines per 2024 report.

  Key Facts:

  • Report: Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report, 2024
  • Total Annual Groundwater Recharge: 446.90 BCM
  • Improvement due to: Rainwater harvesting and water conservation structures
  • Over-exploited units decreased from 17.24% (2017) to 11.13% (2024)
  • Annual groundwater extraction: 245.64 BCM
  • Stage of extraction: 60.47%
  • 73.4% of assessment units are categorized as Safe
  • 25.34 BCM recharge from tanks, ponds and water conservation structures
• 2025-12-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Groundwater Crisis in Odisha
  In Odisha, groundwater depth has decreased from 20 meters to nearly 140 meters, and there are over 1.4 million abandoned borewells. Solutions include assessing the region's geohydrological survey, ensuring deep cleaning of borewells, constructing recharge shafts, and implementing filtration layers, with costs around ₹40,000 in rural areas and over ₹1 lakh in urban areas, and an annual recharge potential of around 10,000 cubic meters per year per unit.
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  UPSC Angle: Groundwater crisis in Odisha with decreasing water depth and abandoned borewells.

  Key Facts:

  • Groundwater depth decreased from 20m to 140m
  • Over 1.4 million abandoned borewells
  • Cost per unit: ₹40,000 (rural), over ₹1 lakh (urban)
  • Annual recharge potential: 10,000 cubic meters per year per unit
• 2025-10-02 [Schemes & Programs] — Government Initiatives for Water Conservation
  The government is undertaking multiple initiatives for water conservation, including MGNREGS to support the construction of water harvesting structures and Jal Shakti Abhiyan running as Catch the Rain 2024 implemented in all districts. AMRUT 2.0 focuses on urban rainwater harvesting and aquifer recharge, and Atal Bhujal Yojana is implemented in 8,213 Gram Panchayats across seven states for groundwater management.
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  UPSC Angle: Government initiatives for water conservation, including MGNREGS and Jal Shakti Abhiyan.

  Key Facts:

  • MGNREGS: Supports construction of water harvesting structures
  • Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Running as Catch the Rain 2024
  • AMRUT 2.0: Focuses on urban rainwater harvesting, aquifer recharge, and stormwater management
  • Atal Bhujal Yojana: Implemented in 8,213 Gram Panchayats across seven states
• 2025-09-09 [Geography] — Ancient River Route Mapped in Uttar Pradesh
  An ancient river route with water storage potential of 3,500–4,000 million cubic meters (MCM) has been mapped in Uttar Pradesh using satellite imagery. The project collaborates with the Uttar Pradesh State Groundwater and Irrigation Department. The first phase focuses on developing 20-25 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) sites to improve groundwater levels.
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  UPSC Angle: Ancient river route mapped in Uttar Pradesh using satellite imagery.

  Key Facts:

  • Ancient river route mapped using satellite imagery and geospatial data
  • Water storage potential of nearly 3,500–4,000 million cubic meters (MCM)
  • Project is in collaboration with the Uttar Pradesh State Groundwater and Irrigation Department
  • Over 150 MAR sites have been identified
  • First phase will focus on developing 20-25 MAR sites
  • Recharge structures, each measuring 5m × 5m × 3m, will be constructed
• 2025-09-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Advanced Tools for Groundwater Management in India
  India is rapidly extracting groundwater, making natural recharge difficult in urban areas due to lost green spaces. Mapping aquifers using remote sensing and GIS technologies is critical for pinpointing groundwater reserves and potential recharge areas.
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  UPSC Angle: Groundwater management: Mapping aquifers using remote sensing and GIS.

  Key Facts:

  • groundwater extraction
  • natural recharge
  • Remote Sensing
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • aquifer mapping
• 2025-05-14 [Environment & Ecology] — Groundwater Depletion in Uttar Pradesh
  In 2023, India extracted 241 billion cubic meters (bcm) of groundwater, with Uttar Pradesh alone withdrawing 46 bcm. Producing 1 kg of rice in Uttar Pradesh consumes 649 litres of groundwater, nearly 1.5 times the national average of 452 litres.
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  UPSC Angle: Groundwater depletion in Uttar Pradesh: 46 bcm withdrawn in 2023.

  Key Facts:

  • India groundwater extraction: 241 bcm in 2023
  • Uttar Pradesh groundwater withdrawal: 46 bcm in 2023
  • Water consumption to produce 1 kg rice in UP: 649 litres
  • National average water consumption to produce 1 kg rice: 452 litres
• 2025-05-12 [Environment & Ecology] — Tapti Basin Mega Recharge Project
  India announced the Tapti Basin Mega Recharge Project, described as the world's largest groundwater recharge scheme, involving Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. The project aims to utilize 31.13 TMC of water, with 90% funding expected from the Central Government.
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  UPSC Angle: Tapti Basin Mega Recharge Project is world's largest groundwater recharge scheme.

  Key Facts:

  • The project is described as the world's largest groundwater recharge scheme.
  • Total planned water usage: 31.13 TMC (Thousand Million Cubic Feet).
  • Allocation: Maharashtra: 19.36 TMC, Madhya Pradesh: 11.76 TMC.
  • Land Requirement: 3,362 hectares in M.P.
  • Irrigation Benefits: M.P.: Irrigation for 1,23,082 hectares, Maharashtra: Irrigation for 2,34,706 hectares.
  • Expected 90% funding by the Central Government.
  • Project Features
  • Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
  • Total planned usage: 31.13 TMC (Thousand Million Cubic Feet)
  • Allocation: Maharashtra: 19.36 TMC. Madhya Pradesh: 11.76 TMC.
  • No displacement or rehabilitation needed.
  • Irrigation Benefits: M.P.: Irrigation for 1,23,082 hectares. Maharashtra: Irrigation for 2,34,706 hectares.
  • Funding: Expected 90% funding by the Central Government.
  • World's largest groundwater recharge scheme
  • Ken-Betwa River Link with Uttar Pradesh

Water Resource Management and Crisis

Focus: Systemic challenges in India's water sector, encompassing scarcity, pollution, infrastructure planning, and federal governance disputes.

UPSC Value: Essential for GS-3 (Environment/Water Resources) and GS-2 (Federalism), highlighting the interplay between development, resource management, and pollution.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Polity & Governance] — Bihar–Jharkhand dispute over Indrapuri reservoir project
  A water sharing dispute between Bihar and Jharkhand over the Indrapuri reservoir project is ongoing, touching on federalism and resource governance. This is important for UPSC covering federalism and water disputes.
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  UPSC Angle: Bihar-Jharkhand dispute over Indrapuri reservoir project.

  Key Facts:

  • Federalism
  • Water disputes
  • resource governance
• 2026-01-08 [Environment & Ecology] — Contaminated Water Crisis in Indore & Bhopal
  Contaminated Water Crisis in Indore & Bhopal. Recent Aravalli judgment revived debate on environmental governance, mining, and climate commitments.
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  UPSC Angle: Aravalli judgment impacts environmental governance, mining, and climate commitments.

  Key Facts:

  • Contaminated Water Crisis
  • Indore & Bhopal
• 2025-12-01 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Data Centre Growth and Water Crisis
  India is establishing large-scale data centers in water-scarce regions to expand its digital capabilities, raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of India's digital growth.
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  UPSC Angle: Data center growth in water-scarce regions raises sustainability concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • Issue: Data centre growth in water-scarce regions
  • Concern: Sustainability of digital growth
• 2025-08-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Parliamentary Committee Highlights Issues in India's Water Management
  A Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources reported that India faces socio-economic losses from floods and water scarcity despite technological advancements and investments. They recommended upgrading flood forecasting systems to address climate change challenges and expediting interlinking river projects.
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  UPSC Angle: Parliamentary Committee highlights issues in India's water management.

  Key Facts:

  • Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources
  • Central Water Commission (CWC)
  • 340 flood forecasting sites covering 22 states and 2 UTs
  • Target to increase to around 375 sites by 2026
  • Dam Safety Act, 2021 mandates EAP preparation within five years of enactment
  • Increase of 11.36 billion cubic meters (BCM) in 2024 with respect to 2017
• 2025-06-07 [Environment & Ecology] — Water Management in India: Source to Sea Approach
  India is facing a water crisis with pollution and overexploitation. A Source-to-Sea (S2S) approach to water governance is emerging as a critical alternative to the current fragmented systems. The UN's International Year of Glacier Preservation 2025 and World Water Day 2025 emphasized the need to protect the earth's cryosphere.
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  UPSC Angle: Source-to-Sea (S2S) approach to water governance in India.

  Key Facts:

  • World Water Day 2025 theme: 'Glacier Preservation'
  • UN's International Year of Glacier Preservation: 2025
  • India must integrate the Source-to-Sea approach into its national water policy
  • More than 70% of India's surface water is polluted
  • UN’s International Year of Glacier Preservation 2025
  • World Water Day 2025 focused on 'Glacier Preservation'
  • S2S approach integrates water governance from glacial sources to coastal ecosystems

Inter-Basin Water Transfer and Diversion Projects

Focus: Infrastructure projects specifically designed to divert water from one river basin to another to address surplus/deficit issues.

UPSC Value: Useful for studying the engineering and political challenges of river-linking and inter-basin transfers in India's water management strategy.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-17 [International Relations] — Shahpur Kandi Dam Project
  India plans to block the surplus water flow from the Ravi River to Pakistan as the delayed Shahpur Kandi dam on the J&K–Punjab border heads for completion. It is located on the Ravi River in Pathankot district, Punjab, downstream from the existing Ranjit Sagar Dam. The water released by Ranjit Sagar Dam is utilized for generating power from this project.
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  UPSC Angle: Shahpur Kandi dam to block Ravi River water flow to Pakistan.

  Key Facts:

  • Located on the Ravi River in Pathankot district, Punjab
  • Downstream from the existing Ranjit Sagar Dam
  • The water released by Ranjit Sagar Dam is utilized for generating power from this project
  • Declared a national project in 2008
  • Punjab contributing 80 percent and the Centre funding the remaining 20 percent
• 2025-06-26 [Polity & Governance] — Approval of Inter-State Water Project Sparks Conflict
  A new inter-state water conflict has emerged between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh over the Banakacherla reservoir project, with Telangana alleging violation of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. The Banakacherla Reservoir Project is proposed by Andhra Pradesh to divert surplus Godavari River water to Rayalaseema via the Krishna River system.
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  UPSC Angle: Inter-state water conflict emerges between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Project Name: Banakacherla Reservoir Project
  • Conflict between: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
  • Objective: Divert surplus Godavari River water to Rayalaseema
• 2025-06-10 [Environment & Ecology] — Ken-Betwa Link Project Concerns
  Experts flagged concerns over the construction work for the Ken-Betwa river linking project in the Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh, citing a severe impact on the wildlife population. The project aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken River (Madhya Pradesh) to the water-scarce Betwa basin (Uttar Pradesh), both tributaries of the Yamuna. Phase I involves the construction of the Daudhan Dam in Madhya Pradesh, a 77-meter-high structure, and a 221 km long canal.
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  UPSC Angle: Concerns over Ken-Betwa river linking project's impact on Panna Tiger Reserve.

  Key Facts:

  • Ken-Betwa Link Project
  • Panna Tiger Reserve
  • Madhya Pradesh
  • Ken River
  • Betwa basin
  • Uttar Pradesh
  • Yamuna
  • Daudhan Dam
  • 77-meter-high
  • 221 km long canal
  • 103 MW of hydropower
  • 27 MW of solar power
• 2025-03-04 [Geography] — Pandoh Dam diverts Beas River water for power generation
  Pandoh Dam, commissioned in 1977 and located 10 km from Manali, diverts water from the Beas River through a 38 km channel for power generation at the Dehar Power House (990 MW capacity) before discharging into the Sutlej River. The dam has created Pandoh Lake and is managed by the Bhakra Beas Management Board.
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  UPSC Angle: Pandoh Dam diverts Beas River water for power generation.

  Key Facts:

  • Pandoh Dam commissioned in 1977
  • Located 10 km from Manali
  • Diverts water from Beas River
  • Channel is 38 km long
  • Power generation at Dehar Power House with 990 MW capacity
  • Dam is under the Bhakra Beas Management Board

Water Storage Infrastructure and Capacity Management

Focus: The monitoring, construction, and rejuvenation of water storage bodies ranging from local ponds to major metropolitan dams and reservoirs.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding India's multi-tiered approach to water security, urban infrastructure development, and climate change adaptation.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-20 [Geography] — Chennai reservoir to provide water to 1.3 million
  A new reservoir is under construction in Chennai to provide water to 13 lakh people.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Chennai
  • 13 lakh people
• 2025-12-10 [Geography] — Maharashtra's Gargai Dam Project
  The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) issued a ₹3,000 crore tender to construct the 69-meter Gargai dam in Palghar district, which aims to add 440 million litres per day to Mumbai's drinking water supply. The project includes transplanting three lakh trees and compensatory afforestation across 658 hectares in Washim, Chandrapur, and Hingoli districts.
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  UPSC Angle: BMC issues tender for Gargai dam to add water to Mumbai.

  Key Facts:

  • Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
  • ₹3,000 crore
  • 69-metre Gargai dam
  • Palghar district
  • 440 million litres per day
  • November 2013
  • 1.6-kilometre tunnel
  • 2.2 metres diameter
  • 1,200-kilowatt hydropower unit
  • ₹3,000 crore tender
  • 69-meter Gargai dam
  • Three lakh trees
  • 658 hectares in Washim, Chandrapur, and Hingoli districts
• 2025-09-15 [Schemes & Programs] — Amrit Sarovar Mission Data
  Over 68 thousand ponds have been created under the Amrit Sarovar Mission, launched in April 2022 to construct or rejuvenate 75 ponds in each district as part of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav. Each pond has a pondage area of at least 1 acre and a water holding capacity of about 10,000 cubic meters.
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  UPSC Angle: Amrit Sarovar Mission creates ponds as part of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav.

  Key Facts:

  • Amrit Sarovar Mission
  • 68,000+
  • ponds
  • April 2022
  • Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav
  • 1 acre
  • 10,000 cubic meters
• 2025-04-05 [Environment & Ecology] — Water Levels in Key Indian Reservoirs Below 40%
  Data from the Central Water Commission indicates that India's 161 major reservoirs have dropped below 40% of their capacity at the end of March 2025. Levels in 65 of these reservoirs are below 50%.
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  UPSC Angle: Water levels in key Indian reservoirs below 40%.

  Key Facts:

  • India's 161 major reservoirs dropped below 40% capacity
  • Levels in 65 reservoirs are below 50%

Urban Water Quality Management and Pollution Remediation

Focus: Administrative directives and technical interventions by various state and local authorities to address pollution, sewage contamination, and ecological degradation in urban water bodies and supply systems.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Environmental Pollution and Management) and GS Paper I (Urbanization and associated issues), highlighting the multi-agency approach to urban water crises.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Environment & Ecology] — CPCB Directs SPCBs to Identify Pollution Sources in Bengaluru Lakes
  The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has directed the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to identify the source of pollution in stagnant water bodies in Bengaluru and across the state to improve water quality. The CPCB raised the issue in a letter dated Jan. 6, 2025, after reviewing water quality data of lakes, tanks, and ponds, submitted under the National Water Quality Monitoring (NWMP) program.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CPCB directs SPCBs to identify pollution sources in Bengaluru lakes.

  Key Facts:

  • The CPCB issued a directive on Jan. 6, 2025, to identify pollution sources.
  • A report by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) stated that about six months are required to complete the works diverting sewage flowing into the Yelahanka Puttenahalli Lake.
  • The CPCB highlighted that over 90% of the water bodies in Karnataka, with the majority located in Bengaluru, are in a state of neglect and fail to meet the standards prescribed by the Board.
• 2025-11-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Bioremediation for Hussain Sagar Lake
  The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) proposes introducing an advanced bioremediation process using enzyme solutions and biochar-based Bokashi balls to tackle algal blooms, foul odor, and declining water quality in Hussain Sagar lake. Hussain Sagar is an artificial lake located in Hyderabad, Telangana, also known as Tank Bund, lying on a tributary of the River Musi.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Bioremediation proposed for Hussain Sagar Lake to tackle algal blooms.

  Key Facts:

  • Advanced bioremediation process for Hussain Sagar lake
  • Enzyme solutions and biochar-based Bokashi balls
  • Located in Hyderabad, Telangana
  • Also called Tank Bund
  • Lies on a tributary of River Musi
  • Built during the reign of Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah by Hussain Shah Wali in 1562 AD
• 2025-07-22 [Polity & Governance] — Delhi Jal Board Directed to Take Remedial Actions
  The Delhi Jal Board (DJB) has been directed to take remedial actions after reports indicated sewage contamination in tap water. The order comes after a report revealed high levels of E. coli in the water supply.
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  UPSC Angle: Delhi Jal Board directed to take remedial actions on water contamination.

  Key Facts:

  • Delhi Jal Board (DJB)
  • Sewage in tap water
  • E. coli contamination
  • Remedial actions ordered
• 2025-03-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Delhi Waterbody Pollution
  The Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) convened a meeting on March 13, 2025, directing DDA and MCD to coordinate on cleaning a polluted pond.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) convened a meeting on March 13, 2025
  • Directed DDA and MCD to coordinate on cleaning a polluted pond

Incineration-Based Waste Management Initiatives

Focus: Diverse applications of incineration technology for managing specific waste streams (toxic, municipal, and sanitary) across different Indian cities.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the efficacy and regulatory framework of incineration as a waste disposal method for hazardous vs. municipal waste.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-22 [Environment & Ecology] — CPCB Issues Guidelines for Waste-to-Energy Plants
  The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) issued guidelines on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration-based Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants on August 18, 2025. These guidelines apply to all WtE plants and aim to identify key waste streams and prescribe mitigation and control measures for their effective management.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CPCB issues guidelines for Waste-to-Energy plants.

  Key Facts:

  • Guidelines: On MSW incineration-based Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants
  • Issued by: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
  • Date: August 18, 2025
  • Objective: Identify key waste streams and prescribe mitigation and control measures
• 2025-06-30 [Environment & Ecology] — Bhopal toxic waste incineration completed
  Authorities announced the complete incineration of 358 tonnes of toxic waste from the defunct Union Carbide factory in Bhopal at a waste treatment facility in Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh, concluding the process around 1 a.m. on June 30.
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  UPSC Angle: Incineration of toxic waste from Union Carbide factory in Bhopal completed.

  Key Facts:

  • 358 tonnes of toxic waste
  • From Bhopal’s defunct Union Carbide factory
  • Incinerated at Pithampur industrial area, Dhar district
  • Incineration completed around 1 a.m. on June 30
  • Regional Officer, Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB): Sriniwas Dwivedi
  • Plant: Ramky Group’s Pithampur Industrial Waste Management plant
  • Location: Pithampur industrial area, Dhar district
  • Source of Waste: Defunct Union Carbide factory in Bhopal
  • Amount of Waste: 358 tonnes
  • Status: Incineration completed
  • 358 tonnes of toxic waste incinerated
  • Waste from Bhopal's defunct Union Carbide factory
  • Incineration completed at Pithampur industrial area
• 2025-04-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Karad Sanitary Waste Management Model
  Karad city in Maharashtra's Satara district has achieved 100% safe segregation, collection, and disposal of sanitary and biomedical waste, setting a national benchmark. The model employs a comprehensive system involving segregation, collection, and high-temperature incineration.
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  UPSC Angle: Karad achieves 100% safe sanitary waste management.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Karad city, Satara district, Maharashtra
  • Achievement: 100% safe segregation, collection, and disposal of sanitary and biomedical waste
  • Method: segregation, collection, and high-temperature incineration
  • Temperature for incineration: up to 1200°C
  • Managed by: Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF), run by the Karad Hospital Association
• 2025-03-01 [Environment & Ecology] — Union Carbide Waste Incineration
  Trial incineration of Union Carbide waste begins with officials reporting normal air quality.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Trial incineration of Union Carbide waste begins.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Carbide waste
  • Incineration

India's Multi-Dimensional WASH Strategy

Focus: Initiatives and agreements specifically centered on the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) framework, encompassing international diplomacy, national infrastructure campaigns, and community-level recognition.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the integrated approach to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) through diplomatic, administrative, and grassroots interventions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Schemes & Programs] — WaSH Warriors Recognized
  The Ministry of Jal Shakti honored WaSH Warriors from across India at a Samvad Samaroh in New Delhi in January 2026. WaSH Warriors are grassroots champions from rural communities leading efforts in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH), especially under the Jal Jeevan Mission and allied programmes.
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  UPSC Angle: WaSH Warriors are grassroots champions leading water, sanitation, and hygiene efforts.

  Key Facts:

  • Ministry of Jal Shakti honored WaSH Warriors in New Delhi in January 2026
  • WaSH Warriors are grassroots champions leading efforts in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH)
  • Related to Jal Jeevan Mission and allied programmes
• 2025-11-21 [Schemes & Programs] — Hamara Shauchalaya, Hamara Bhavishya Campaign
  The Ministry of Jal Shakti launched the nationwide “Hamara Shauchalaya, Hamara Bhavishya” campaign on World Toilet Day 2025. The campaign is a national sanitation initiative to upgrade rural toilets, enhance their maintenance, and promote community-led sanitation responsibility across Gram Panchayats.
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  UPSC Angle: “Hamara Shauchalaya, Hamara Bhavishya” campaign upgrades rural toilets.

  Key Facts:

  • “Hamara Shauchalaya, Hamara Bhavishya” campaign launched by Ministry of Jal Shakti.
  • Aims to upgrade rural toilets and enhance maintenance.
  • Promotes community-led sanitation responsibility across Gram Panchayats.
• 2025-06-10 [International Relations] — India and Nepal Sign MOU for Water Sanitation and Hygiene
  India and Nepal signed an MOU to strengthen cooperation in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector (WASH).
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  UPSC Angle: India and Nepal sign MOU for Water Sanitation and Hygiene.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • Nepal
  • MOU
  • water
  • sanitation
  • hygiene sector (WASH)

Global and National Water Scarcity Assessments

Focus: Reports highlighting the widening gap between water demand and renewable supply (water bankruptcy), distinguishing 'scarcity' from the 'sanitation' issues in the previous thread.

UPSC Value: Provides critical data on water insecurity and the 'water gap' at both a global scale (UN reports) and within India, essential for understanding resource sustainability.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-23 [Environment & Ecology] — Global Water Bankruptcy: UN Report
  The United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH) released a report titled “Global Water Bankruptcy: Living Beyond Our Hydrological Means in the Post-Crisis Era”, describing a state where long-term water use exceeds renewable inflows, causing irreversible damage. The report highlights that nearly 75% of the world's population lives in countries classified as water-insecure or critically water-insecure as of 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: UN report: Global Water Bankruptcy.

  Key Facts:

  • Report: Global Water Bankruptcy: Living Beyond Our Hydrological Means in the Post-Crisis Era
  • Released by UNU-INWEH
  • 75% of world population in water-insecure countries (2026)
  • Highlights long-term water use exceeding renewable inflows
• 2025-08-26 [Society & Culture] — UN: Lack of safe drinking water, sanitation persists
  A UN report highlights that one in four people worldwide still lack access to safe drinking water, and 3.4 billion lack safely managed sanitation. Rural populations, children, ethnic minorities, and indigenous groups face the greatest disparities, with women and girls often spending significant time fetching water.
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  UPSC Angle: UN report: One in four lack safe drinking water globally.

  Key Facts:

  • One in four worldwide still lacks access to safe drinking water
  • 3.4 billion people still lack access to safely managed sanitation facilities
  • 354 million still practice open defecation
  • Rural populations, children, ethnic minorities and indigenous groups face the greatest disparities
  • Women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa and Central and South Asia spend more than half an hour each day fetching water
• 2025-03-15 [Environment & Ecology] — India Grapples with Increasing Water Gap
  India is facing a severe water crisis due to rising temperatures, with 2024 being the hottest year since 1901, which intensified heatwaves and widened the water gap. The water gap refers to the difference between renewable water availability and consumption, indicating unsustainable water use when demand exceeds supply. Consequences include agricultural stress and rivers unfit for drinking due to contamination.
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  UPSC Angle: India faces a severe water crisis due to rising temperatures.

  Key Facts:

  • 2024: Hottest year since 1901 in India
  • Temperature rise in January 2025: 0.9°C compared to the previous year
  • Heatwave deaths in 2024: 733
  • Contamination: 75% of India's rivers are unfit for drinking (according to the Central Pollution Control Board)
  • 2024
  • hottest year since 1901
  • 0.9°C
  • January 2025
  • 733 deaths
  • 11.1 cubic km/year
  • 1.5°C warming
  • 17.2 cubic km/year
  • 3°C warming

Urban Waste Management and Landfill Remediation Initiatives

Focus: Specific national policies, local infrastructure projects, and certifications focused on remediating legacy waste and achieving zero-waste-to-landfill goals in India.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the multi-level implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission goals through policy frameworks, Public-Private Partnerships, and infrastructure sustainability milestones.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-10 [Schemes & Programs] — Mission-Mode Dumpsite Remediation (DRAP)
  DRAP is a year-long national initiative to fast-track the clearance of legacy waste dumpsites and reclaim valuable urban land by September 2026. It focuses on 214 high-impact landfill sites across 202 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) containing 8.8 crore tonnes (80%) of India's legacy waste. Its Implementation follows the 5P framework- Political leadership, Public finance, Public advocacy, Project management, and Partnerships.
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  UPSC Angle: DRAP aims to clear legacy waste dumpsites by September 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • DRAP is a year-long national initiative.
  • Aims to fast-track the clearance of legacy waste dumpsites and reclaim valuable urban land by September 2026.
  • Focuses on 214 high-impact landfill sites across 202 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
  • Targets 8.8 crore tonnes (80%) of India's legacy waste.
  • Implementation follows the 5P framework- Political leadership, Public finance, Public advocacy, Project management, and Partnerships.
• 2025-07-19 [Environment & Ecology] — Delhi's IGI Airport receives 'Net zero waste to landfill' platinum certification
  Delhi's Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport has been awarded the 'Net zero waste to landfill' platinum certification, marking a significant achievement in sustainable waste management in the infrastructure sector.
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  UPSC Angle: Delhi's IGI Airport receives 'Net zero waste to landfill' platinum certification.

  Key Facts:

  • IGI Airport received 'Net zero waste to landfill' platinum certification.
• 2025-03-20 [Environment & Ecology] — India's First PPP-Based Green Waste Processing Plant Set to Launch in Indore
  India's first Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model Green Waste Processing Plant is set to begin operations in Indore, under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban. The facility will process wood, branches, leaves, and flowers to generate revenue for the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) and promote a circular economy. This project serves as a model for other cities, showcasing the potential of public-private partnerships in addressing environmental concerns and achieving environmental sustainability and urban resilience.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's first PPP-based green waste processing plant to launch in Indore.

  Key Facts:

  • First Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model Green Waste Processing Plant in India
  • Location: Indore
  • Launched under: Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban
  • Processes: wood, branches, leaves, and flowers
  • Generates revenue for: Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC)

Municipal Waste Management Implementation Challenges

Focus: Reports on the execution, funding, and challenges of specific waste management projects (legacy waste remediation, organic waste handling) at the municipal level (Lucknow, Ludhiana).

UPSC Value: Provides case studies for GS-2 (Urban Governance) and GS-3 (Environment) on the practical difficulties of achieving 'Garbage-Free Cities' despite central funding.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-03 [Schemes & Programs] — Legacy Waste Remediation at Shivri, Lucknow
  The Lucknow Municipal Corporation (LMC) launched a Rs 106.18 crore remediation project at the Shivri site to tackle 18.5 lakh MT of accumulated legacy waste. Rs 96.53 crore is funded under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM-I). Bhumi Green Energy began the project in March 2024, processing 12.86 lakh MT of legacy waste into Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF), Bio-soil, and Construction-grade debris.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Swachh Bharat Mission funds Lucknow's legacy waste remediation project.

  Key Facts:

  • Lucknow Municipal Corporation (LMC) launched a remediation project at Shivri
  • Project cost: Rs 106.18 crore
  • 18.5 lakh MT of accumulated legacy waste to be tackled
  • Rs 96.53 crore funded under Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM-I)
  • Project awarded to Bhumi Green Energy, which began work in March 2024
  • 12.86 lakh MT of legacy waste processed into Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF), Bio-soil and Construction-grade debris
• 2025-03-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Legacy Waste Remediation Challenges India's Garbage-Free Goal
  India faces significant challenges in remediating its legacy waste, which could derail its goal of becoming garbage-free by 2025-26. Despite the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and other policy reforms, the problem persists.
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  UPSC Angle: India faces challenges in remediating legacy waste by 2025-26.

  Key Facts:

  • Goal: garbage-free India by 2025-26
  • Challenges in remediating legacy waste
  • Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) efforts
• 2025-03-13 [Environment & Ecology] — NGT Guidelines and Management of Vegetable Waste from Ludhiana
  The Punjab Mandi Board is making efforts to adhere to the NGT guidelines and manage vegetable waste from the Ludhiana vegetable market in accordance with the Solid Waste Management Rules. The report of January 2025 was uploaded to the NGT website March 13, 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Punjab Mandi Board adheres to NGT guidelines
  • Management of vegetable waste from Ludhiana market
  • Report of January 2025 uploaded to NGT website March 13, 2025