Investigative Agencies & Cyber-Financial Crimes: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The Indian investigative landscape is shifting from traditional physical-evidence corruption probes to high-tech, transnational financial warfare and psychological cyber-crimes. Central agencies like the ED and CBI are increasingly operating at the intersection of international law (Interpol) and domestic federal friction, while the Judiciary is actively stepping in to define the boundaries of digital evidence collection and agency jurisdiction. This transformation is driven by the rise of borderless crimes like 'digital arrests' and the aggressive use of the PMLA for asset recovery.

Cross-Theme Insight

When viewed together, these threads reveal a 'Double-Edged Digital Sword': while technology allows agencies to track masterminds via food delivery apps (e.g., Ravindra Soni case), it also enables transnational syndicates to execute sophisticated 'digital arrest' scams targeting vulnerable demographics. This necessitates a three-tier response: specialized domestic enforcement (ED/NIA), international asset tracing (Interpol Silver Notices), and judicial safeguards (protecting advocate-client privilege) to prevent the investigative process from becoming the punishment.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

While standard textbooks state that 'the CBI is not a statutory body and derives its powers from the DSPE Act, 1946' (Laxmikanth, 7th ed., p. 503), the current reality shows the agency evolving into a tech-centric 'National Central Bureau' for Interpol, managing real-time global databases like the BHARATPOL portal. Furthermore, textbooks typically define cybercrime through stalking or hacking (Majid Husain, 9th ed., p. 93), whereas 2025-26 trends show a surge in 'impersonation-based psychological coercion' (digital arrests) which requires a legal framework for 'Section 6 consent' even for digital-only investigations as directed by the Supreme Court.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from investigating 'conventional crimes' (murder/rape) to 'economic offenses' (bank fraud) and finally to 'asymmetric digital threats.' The trajectory suggests a future where internal security is managed through AI-driven forensics and deep-integration with global policing networks like Interpol.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Recent exams have shifted from asking about the basic structure of agencies to their functional jurisdiction and specific legislative mandates. For example, IAS 2025 (NID 6242) tested the ministry-level oversight of ED vs DRI, and IAS 2017/CAPF 2022 (NID 5730, 11555) focused on the legal compulsion to report cyber security incidents. There is a growing focus on portals and international synergy (NDA 2025 - BHARATPOL).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Distinction between general and specific consent for CBI under Section 6 of DSPE Act.
• The 'Silver Notice' by Interpol: its specific role in tracing illicit financial assets.
• Statutory status of NIA vs non-statutory status of CBI (Laxmikanth, p. 503, 513).
• CERT-In reporting timelines: 6-hour window for mandatory reporting of cyber breaches.
• PMLA provisions regarding 'Provisional Attachment of Assets' (Section 5).

Mains Answer Framework

• The paradigm of internal security in India is undergoing a structural shift, where the 'digital footprint' has replaced the physical trail, and agencies are now required to bridge the gap between domestic jurisdiction and transnational crime.
• Institutional Evolution: The transition of the CBI from a 'caged parrot' to a global coordinator via the BHARATPOL portal and Interpol synergy.. Judicial Checks: The Supreme Court's role in balancing state power with fundamental rights (e.g., upholding advocate-client privilege during ED raids).. Federal Challenges: The friction between central agency mandates and state consent (Section 6 DSPE Act), especially in high-profile cases in West Bengal and South India.
• A forward-looking investigative framework must integrate 'Privacy-by-Design' into digital forensics while strengthening the 'Interpol-CBI' nexus to tackle the borderless nature of 21st-century financial crimes.

Essay Connections

• 'Technology: A Tool for Enforcement or an Instrument of Crime?' — Use digital arrest scams and the BlueChip Group tracker case as contrasting examples.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Laxmikanth's chapters on CBI and NIA to establish the statutory and non-statutory frameworks. Then, layer the 2025-26 news items regarding 'Digital Arrests' and 'ED Writ Powers' to understand how these agencies are currently being tested by both criminals and the Judiciary.

Textbook Roadmap

• Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity, 7th ed., Chapter 65 (CBI). Threads 3, 5, 7, 15. Read about the Director's appointment process and the 'National Central Bureau' role for Interpol.
• Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity, 7th ed., Chapter 67 (NIA). Threads 13, 16. Focus on the 2019 Amendment which allows NIA to investigate crimes committed outside India against Indian citizens.
• Majid Husain, Geography of India, 9th ed., Chapter 17 (Cyber Crime). Threads 1, 9, 20. The basic classification of cybercrime to contrast with the new 'Digital Arrest' modality.

Revision Bullets

• Section 6 of DSPE Act: Requires state consent for CBI investigations.
• Interpol Silver Notice: New tool launched to target the 'proceeds of crime' internationally.
• 71 fugitives: Located abroad by CBI in 2024-25 (highest in 12 years).
• Digital Arrest loss: Estimated at ₹3,000 crore in India alone (2025 data).
• BHARATPOL: Portal developed by CBI to streamline international police cooperation.
• Section 50 of PMLA: Often contested powers of the ED regarding statements and evidence.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (16 themes, 58 news items)

Enforcement Directorate (ED) High-Profile Probes

Focus: Recent actions by the ED (raids, arrests, chargesheets) against political and corporate figures under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).

UPSC Value: Highlights the operational scope of the ED and the legal-political friction arising from its investigations into high-profile entities.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Stays Kolkata Police Probe Against ED Officials
  The Supreme Court has halted the Kolkata Police investigation into Enforcement Directorate (ED) officials who conducted searches at the I-PAC office and the residence of its co-founder, Pratik Jain, on January 8. The court's intervention was based on allegations that sensitive election records of the Trinamool Congress were purportedly stolen during the raids.
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  UPSC Angle: SC stays probe against ED officials; relates to federalism.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court
  • Stays Kolkata Police probe
  • Enforcement Directorate (ED) officials
  • I-PAC office
  • Pratik Jain
  • January 8
  • Trinamool Congress
• 2026-01-08 [Polity & Governance] — Mamata Banerjee Allegedly Took Evidence in Coal Scam Case
  The Directorate of Enforcement alleged that West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee entered the residence of I-PAC director Pratik Jain during a raid in a money laundering case linked to alleged coal smuggling, and took away “key” evidence, including physical documents and electronic devices.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Mamata Banerjee
  • I-PAC director Pratik Jain
  • Kolkata
  • Money laundering case linked to alleged coal smuggling
• 2025-11-13 [Economy] — ED arrests Jaypee Infratech MD Manoj Gaur in money laundering case.
  The Enforcement Directorate (ED) arrested Manoj Gaur, the former executive chairman and CEO of Jaiprakash Associates Limited (JAL) and former chairman and managing director of Jaypee Infratech Limited (JIL), on money laundering charges. The investigation stems from multiple cases registered by the Economic Offences Wings (EOW) of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh police, following complaints from homebuyers in the Jaypee Wishtown and Jaypee Greens projects.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Enforcement Directorate (ED) arrested Manoj Gaur.
  • Manoj Gaur is the former executive chairman and chief executive officer of Jaiprakash Associates Limited (JAL) and former chairman and managing director of Jaypee Infratech Limited (JIL).
  • The probe is based on multiple cases registered by the Economic Offences Wings (EOW) of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh police.
  • Complaints were filed by homebuyers of Jaypee Wishtown and Jaypee Greens projects.
• 2025-07-17 [Polity & Governance] — ED Files Chargesheet Against Robert Vadra in Haryana Land Deal Case
  The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has filed a chargesheet against Robert Vadra, husband of Congress MP Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, in a money laundering case linked to a land deal in Haryana's Shikohpur. This is the first time any probe agency has filed a prosecution complaint against Mr. Vadra in a criminal case.
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  UPSC Angle: ED Files Chargesheet Against Robert Vadra in Haryana Land Deal Case.

  Key Facts:

  • ED filed chargesheet against Robert Vadra in a money laundering case.
  • Case linked to a land deal in Haryana's Shikohpur.
  • First time any probe agency has filed a prosecution complaint against Mr. Vadra.
• 2025-03-10 [Polity & Governance] — ED custody of SDPI chief extended in PFI money laundering case
  A Delhi court extended the ED custody of Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) national president M.K. Faizy by three days in a money laundering case related to the Popular Front of India (PFI). Additional sessions judge Chander Jit Singh extended the custody on EDs plea.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • SDPI national president: M.K. Faizy
  • Case: Money laundering related to PFI
  • Court: Delhi court
  • Judge: Chander Jit Singh

NIA Crackdown on Transnational Terror and Organized Crime

Focus: Operations and investigations led by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) targeting high-profile suspects in terrorism, organized crime, and illegal immigration networks with international links.

UPSC Value: Understanding the mandate and efficacy of the NIA in addressing internal security threats and its coordination with international legal processes like extradition.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-19 [Defense & Security] — NIA Arrests Anmol Bishnoi in Delhi
  The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has arrested Anmol Bishnoi, brother of the jailed gangster Lawrence Bishnoi, in Delhi after he was deported from the United States. He had been on the run since 2022 and is the 19th person held in the NIA's terror-gangster conspiracy case.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Anmol Bishnoi, brother of Lawrence Bishnoi, arrested by NIA in Delhi.
  • Accused had been on the run since 2022.
  • 19th person held in the NIA's terror-gangster conspiracy case.
  • Charged in March 2023 for allegedly helping his brother and Goldy Brar carry out terror activities between 2020 and 2023.
• 2025-07-12 [Polity & Governance] — Investigations into Human Trafficking Networks Exploiting 'Donkey Route'
  The Enforcement Directorate (ED) and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) are intensifying their investigations into human trafficking networks exploiting the "Donkey Route," an illegal immigration pathway used predominantly by Indian migrants to reach the United States. Agents charge ₹30-60 lakh, depending on the route, with some cases involving passengers paying ₹40 lakh–₹1.25 crore for Nicaragua-bound flights via Europe. The probe reveals a web of traffickers, agents, fake visa consultancies, and international conduits, posing risks of terror infiltration, financial crimes, and straining bilateral relations.
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  UPSC Angle: ED and NIA investigate human trafficking networks exploiting 'Donkey Route'.

  Key Facts:

  • Investigations into human trafficking via the 'Donkey Route'
  • Target destination: United States
  • Cost to migrants: ₹30-60 lakh
  • Some paid ₹40 lakh – ₹1.25 crore for Nicaragua-bound flights via Europe
  • Involvement of fake visa consultancies
  • Student visa route via Canada costs ₹50–60 lakh per person
• 2025-06-22 [Defense & Security] — NIA Arrests Two in Pahalgam Terror Attack Case
  The NIA arrested two men for allegedly harboring terrorists involved in the Pahalgam terror attack, which resulted in 26 fatalities and 16 injuries. The accused, Parvaiz Ahmad Jothar and Bashir Ahmad Jothar, disclosed the identities of the three Pakistani terrorists from Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) involved in the attack.
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  UPSC Angle: NIA Arrests Two in Pahalgam Terror Attack Case.

  Key Facts:

  • NIA arrested Parvaiz Ahmad Jothar and Bashir Ahmad Jothar
  • Accused harbored terrorists involved in the Pahalgam terror attack
  • Attack resulted in 26 deaths and 16 injuries
  • Terrorists identified as Pakistani nationals affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)
• 2025-04-12 [Defense & Security] — NIA interrogates Rana regarding 26/11 attack
  The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is interrogating Rana to investigate his links with those accused in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack. This highlights the ongoing investigation and pursuit of justice for the victims of the attack.
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  UPSC Angle: NIA interrogates Rana regarding 26/11 attack links.

  Key Facts:

  • Agency: NIA
  • Person: Rana
  • Event: 26/11 Mumbai terror attack
• 2025-04-11 [Defense & Security] — Extradition of 26/11 Mumbai Attack Accused
  An accused in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack has been extradited to India from the United States, marking a significant milestone in the fight against cross-border terrorism. Extradition involves the surrender of an individual sought for criminal prosecution, provided the offense is extraditable and punishable with at least one year of imprisonment.
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  UPSC Angle: Accused in 26/11 Mumbai terror attack extradited to India from US.

  Key Facts:

  • Accused in 26/11 Mumbai terror attack extradited to India from the US
  • Extradition: Surrender of a person sought for criminal prosecution
  • Extraditable offense: Punishable with at least one year of imprisonment

Narcotics Trafficking and Enforcement Framework

Focus: Multi-agency and international efforts to monitor, report, and dismantle narcotics production and trafficking networks within India.

UPSC Value: Understanding the multi-dimensional nature of internal security challenges related to drug trafficking, the role of specialized agencies like DRI/NCB, and the impact of international oversight.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Defense & Security] — DRI Seizes Mephedrone in Sahyadri Forest
  The DRI (Directorate of Revenue Intelligence) launched an operation disrupting clandestine drug production networks in the Sahyadri forest region. A hidden mobile methamphetamine (mephedrone) lab disguised as a poultry farm was located. 21.912 kg of mephedrone and 71.5 kg of raw materials (capable of producing ~15 kg of drugs) were seized, with an illicit market value of ₹55 crore.
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  UPSC Angle: DRI disrupts clandestine drug production networks in Sahyadri forest region.

  Key Facts:

  • DRI operation in Sahyadri forest region
  • Seized 21.912 kg of mephedrone
  • Seized 71.5 kg of raw materials
  • Estimated illicit value of ₹55 crore
• 2025-09-18 [Polity & Governance] — Operation Weed Out
  Operation Weed Out is a pan-India crackdown on drug trafficking syndicates smuggling hydroponic cannabis into India, operating under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985. This crackdown supports the government's vision of a "Nasha Mukt Bharat" by dismantling drug syndicates and curbing narcotics smuggling, addressing the sharp rise in hydroponic weed smuggling from Thailand via multiple airports.
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  UPSC Angle: Operation Weed Out: Crackdown on hydroponic cannabis trafficking.

  Key Facts:

  • Operation: Pan-India crackdown on drug trafficking
  • Target: Hydroponic cannabis smuggling into India
  • Legal Framework: NDPS Act, 1985
  • Objective: Support "Nasha Mukt Bharat" vision
• 2025-06-06 [Defense & Security] — Security Operations Launched Along India-Myanmar Border
  Indian security forces have launched operations in Arunachal Pradesh along the India-Myanmar border following intelligence inputs regarding the movement of unknown armed individuals, aiming to address cross-border security threats and dismantle insurgent camps. Joint operations, such as Operation Sunrise carried out by the Indian and Myanmar armies, have been launched to counter insurgent activities in the region.
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  UPSC Angle: Security operations launched along India-Myanmar border in Arunachal Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Operations launched in Arunachal Pradesh following intelligence inputs on armed individuals.
  • NSCNK, ULFAI, PLA, and NDFB are among the insurgent groups that have used Myanmar as a safe haven.
  • The 2021 military coup in Myanmar has contributed to cross-border security threats.
  • Operation Sunrise is a joint operation carried out by the Indian Army and Myamar Army.
  • Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) and Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) are working to intercept drug smuggling networks.
  • Initiatives include smart fencing under the comprehensive integrated border management system (CIBMS).
  • June 5, 2025
  • India-Myanmar border
  • Arunachal Pradesh
  • Pongchau Circle
  • Longding district
• 2025-03-27 [International Relations] — US report flags India as source of drug trafficking equipment
  A U.S. intelligence report, the '2025 Annual Threat Assessment (ATA)', identifies India and China as key sources of drug trafficking equipment and precursor chemicals for illicit fentanyl production. The report highlights transnational criminal organizations producing and trafficking large amounts of illicit drugs, endangering American lives.
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  UPSC Angle: US report identifies India as source of drug trafficking equipment.

  Key Facts:

  • Report: 2025 Annual Threat Assessment (ATA)
  • Source countries: India and China
  • Items: Precursors and equipment for drug traffickers
  • Primary source: Illicit fentanyl precursor chemicals and pill pressing equipment

Central Agency Investigations in Southern India

Focus: High-profile investigations conducted by central agencies (CBI, ED) into state-level incidents across Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

UPSC Value: Highlights the operational reach of central investigative bodies (CBI, ED) in state jurisdictions and the recurring friction in Centre-State administrative relations.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-13 [Society & Culture] — Central Bureau of Investigation Interrogates Vijay in Karur Stampede Case
  The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) questioned Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam (TVK) president and actor Vijay for six hours regarding the probe into the Karur stampede case.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • CBI questioned Vijay for six hours
  • Regarding the Karur stampede case
• 2025-09-26 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Stays Andhra Pradesh High Court Order on CBI Director
  On September 26, 2025, the Supreme Court stayed an Andhra Pradesh High Court order that had faulted the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Director for appointing an officer outside the court-constituted Special Investigation Team (SIT) to assist in the probe into allegations of “adulterated ghee” used in the preparation of prasadam at the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court stays Andhra Pradesh HC order on CBI Director.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court
  • September 26, 2025
  • Andhra Pradesh High Court
  • Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
  • Special Investigation Team (SIT)
  • Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
  • Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai
  • Justices K. Vinod Chandran
  • N.V. Anjaria
  • Andhra Pradesh High Court: Issuing authority of the original order
  • CBI Director: Faulted for appointment
  • SIT: Special Investigation Team
  • Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams: Location of alleged adulteration
  • Adulterated ghee: Subject of investigation
• 2025-06-28 [Polity & Governance] — Sivaganga Custodial Death Case: CBI Closes Theft Case
  The CBI informed the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court that the alleged theft case against B. Ajith Kumar, who died in custody, has been closed due to lack of evidence. Ajith Kumar died during interrogation on June 28, 2025, and the state government transferred the probe to the CBI.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • CBI closed theft case against B. Ajith Kumar
  • Ajith Kumar died in custody on June 28, 2025
  • Probe transferred to CBI
  • Five police personnel arrested: Prabhu, Kannan, Sankara Manikandan, Raja, and Anand
  • Ramachandran (police driver) named as accused
• 2025-05-23 [Polity & Governance] — ED 'crossing all limits' with raid on TASMAC: SC
  The Supreme Court criticized the Enforcement Directorate (ED) for conducting raids on the Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC), stating that the agency is “crossing all limits” and “totally violating the federal structure of the country”. The bench stayed probe against TASMAC.
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  UPSC Angle: SC criticizes ED's raid on TASMAC.

  Key Facts:

  • Enforcement Directorate (ED)
  • Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC)
  • Supreme Court
  • Chief Justice of India Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai
  • Justice Augustine George Masih
  • Tamil Nadu filed 41 FIRs against Tasmac staff
  • May 23, 2025

Enforcement Directorate Asset Attachment Actions

Focus: Specific enforcement actions by the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) involving the provisional attachment of movable and immovable assets under the PMLA to recover proceeds of crime across various scams.

UPSC Value: Understanding the procedural powers and role of the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in tackling money laundering and financial crimes in India.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-19 [Economy] — ED Attaches Assets in 1xBet Betting App Case
  The Directorate of Enforcement (ED) has provisionally attached movable and immovable assets valued at ₹7.93 crore belonging to former Indian cricketers Yuvraj Singh and Robin Uthappa, and five actors including Urvashi Rautela, Sonu Sood, in an “illegal” offshore betting platform linked money laundering case.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Assets worth ₹7.93 crore of Yuvraj Singh, Robin Uthappa, Urvashi Rautela, and Sonu Sood attached by ED.
• 2025-11-07 [Sports & Awards] — ED Attaches Assets Linked to Suresh Raina and Shikhar Dhawan
  The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has attached assets worth ₹11.14 crore linked to Suresh Raina and Shikhar Dhawan.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has attached assets worth ₹11.14 crore linked to Suresh Raina and Shikhar Dhawan.
• 2025-08-14 [Economy] — ED Attaches Assets in Cloud Particle Scam
  The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has provisionally attached assets worth ₹19.10 crore related to a money laundering investigation involving the Vuenow group of companies and the 'Cloud Particle Scam'. The ED had frozen assets worth ₹73.72 crore during search operations on August 14, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: ED attaches assets in Cloud Particle Scam.

  Key Facts:

  • ED attached assets worth ₹19.10 crore in connection with the Vuenow group's 'Cloud Particle Scam'
  • Accused Sukhwinder Singh Kharour, Dimple Kharour, and Arif Nisar were arrested in February 2025
  • Assets worth ₹73.72 crore were frozen during search operations on August 14, 2025
• 2025-04-12 [Polity & Governance] — ED issues notice to take possession of assets in National Herald case
  The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has issued notices to take possession of immovable assets worth ₹661 crore in the money laundering case against Congress-controlled Associated Journals Limited (AJL). This action is related to the ongoing National Herald case and involves the attachment of significant assets.
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  UPSC Angle: ED issues notice to take possession of assets in National Herald case.

  Key Facts:

  • Agency: Enforcement Directorate (ED)
  • Amount: ₹661 crore
  • Case: National Herald case
  • Organization: Associated Journals Limited (AJL)

Regulatory and Investigative Oversight of the Indian Banking Sector

Focus: Enforcement actions including CBI investigations, fraud classifications, and monetary penalties by regulators (RBI, FIU) to address financial misconduct and non-compliance within the banking industry.

UPSC Value: Understanding the multi-agency framework (CBI, RBI, FIU) for maintaining financial integrity and the legal mechanisms used to penalize banking irregularities in India.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-11 [Economy] — RBI Imposes Monetary Penalty on The Co-operative Urban Bank Limited
  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has imposed a monetary penalty of ₹13,000 on The Co-operative Urban Bank Limited, Parlakhemundi, Odisha, due to non-compliance with specific directions issued by RBI under 'Supervisory Action Framework (SAF)' and certain directions issued by RBI on 'Membership of Credit Information Companies by Co-operative Banks'. The penalty was imposed in exercise of powers conferred on RBI under the provisions of Section 47A(1)(c) read with Sections 46(4)(i) and 56 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and Section 25 read with Section 23 of the Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act, 2005. The bank had incurred capital expenditure without prior approval of RBI and failed to submit credit information of its customers to all four Credit Information Companies.
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  UPSC Angle: RBI imposes penalty on The Co-operative Urban Bank Limited.

  Key Facts:

  • RBI imposed a monetary penalty of ₹13,000 on The Co-operative Urban Bank Limited, Parlakhemundi, Odisha
  • Non-compliance with RBI directions under 'Supervisory Action Framework (SAF)'
  • Non-compliance with RBI directions on 'Membership of Credit Information Companies by Co-operative Banks'
  • Penalty imposed under Section 47A(1)(c) read with Sections 46(4)(i) and 56 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949
  • Penalty imposed under Section 25 read with Section 23 of the Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act, 2005
  • The bank incurred capital expenditure without prior RBI approval
  • The bank failed to submit credit information of its customers to all four Credit Information Companies
• 2025-12-09 [Economy] — CBI books Anil Ambani's son, Reliance Home Finance Ltd. in bank fraud case
  The CBI has filed a case against Jai Anmol Anil Ambani, son of Anil Ambani, and Reliance Home Finance Ltd. (RHFL) for allegedly cheating Union Bank of India, causing a loss of ₹228 crore to the public bank.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • CBI
  • Jai Anmol Anil Ambani
  • Reliance Home Finance Ltd. (RHFL)
  • Union Bank of India
  • Loss of ₹228 crore
• 2025-07-22 [Economy] — SBI Classifies Reliance Communications as 'Fraud'
  State Bank of India has classified Reliance Communications and its promoter Anil Ambani as 'fraud' and is in the process of lodging a complaint with the CBI.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • SBI classified Reliance Communications and Anil Ambani as 'fraud'.
  • SBI to lodge complaint with CBI.
• 2025-04-22 [Economy] — Financial Intelligence Unit penalizes Union Bank of India
  The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) has imposed a ₹37 lakh penalty on Union Bank of India for discrepancies in reporting suspicious transactions for 2011-2014. In April 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).
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  UPSC Angle: FIU penalized Union Bank of India for suspicious transaction reporting.

  Key Facts:

  • Penalty amount: ₹37 lakh
  • Bank: Union Bank of India
  • Reason: discrepancies in reporting suspicious transactions
  • Reporting period: 2011-2014
  • MoU signed: RBI and FIU-IND (April 2025)

Judicial Safeguards Against Investigative Overreach

Focus: Judicial and professional interventions that limit the power of investigative agencies (Police, ED) to protect advocate-client privilege and the fundamental rights of the accused during the investigative process.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding the balance between state investigative powers and the constitutional/legal rights of the accused and their legal counsel.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-08 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court on Arbitrary Arrests
  The Supreme Court, led by Justice B.R. Gavai, held that police must inform an arrested person of the grounds for arrest.
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  UPSC Angle: SC: Police must inform arrested person of grounds for arrest.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court held police must inform arrested person of grounds for arrest
  • Led by Justice B.R. Gavai
• 2025-11-01 [Polity & Governance] — Advocate-Client Privilege
  The Supreme Court emphasized that the facts or circumstances of a crime or the content of an FIR cannot be sought from an advocate representing an accused, protecting advocate-client privilege. Investigating Officers or SHOs cannot summon advocates representing accused persons to obtain case details, except under valid exceptions of Section 132.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court protects advocate-client privilege.

  Key Facts:

  • Explicitly state the exception invoked under Section 132.
  • Receive written consent and satisfaction of a superior officer (SP rank or above).
  • Be subject to judicial review under Section 528 of BNSS.
• 2025-06-24 [Polity & Governance] — ED summons to senior advocates
  The Enforcement Directorate (ED) issued summons to senior advocates Arvind Datar and Pratap Venugopal for legal opinion, but the notices were withdrawn after strong protests by the Bar. Mr. Datar was previously considered for direct elevation as a Supreme Court judge.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • ED issued summons to Arvind Datar and Pratap Venugopal
  • Summons withdrawn after protests
  • Arvind Datar was considered for Supreme Court judge
• 2025-06-11 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Ruling on Narco-Analysis Tests
  The Supreme Court has ruled that narco-analysis tests cannot be conducted on accused persons without their consent.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court: Narco-analysis tests require accused's consent.

  Key Facts:

  • Narco-analysis tests cannot be conducted on accused persons without their consent

Digital Fraud and International Asset Recovery

Focus: Connects the rise of specific cyber-financial crimes (Digital Arrests) with new international enforcement tools (Interpol Silver Notices) designed to trace illicit assets.

UPSC Value: Highlights the intersection of cyber security challenges, cross-border financial crime, and international police cooperation mechanisms.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-08 [Defense & Security] — Interpol's Silver Notice to Trace Criminal Assets
  Interpol launched 'Silver Notice', as part of a pilot project involving 52 countries including India, to identify, locate, and trace assets acquired through criminal proceeds by a fugitive. The pilot project will run at least till November 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Interpol launches 'Silver Notice' to trace criminal assets.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched as a pilot project involving 52 countries.
  • Aims to trace and recover criminal assets.
  • Pilot project to run until at least November 2025.
• 2025-07-19 [Polity & Governance] — West Bengal Delivers First Conviction in Digital Arrest Scam
  West Bengal has become the first state to deliver a conviction in a digital arrest scam, sending a message to scammers and boosting public confidence in cyber law. This conviction highlights the evolution of legal and cyber policing in India and creates awareness to prevent future frauds.
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  UPSC Angle: West Bengal delivers first conviction in digital arrest scam.

  Key Facts:

  • West Bengal delivered India's first conviction under digital arrest scam
  • Conviction sends a message to scammers
  • Boosts public confidence in cyber law
• 2025-06-13 [Polity & Governance] — India's First 'Silver Notice' from Interpol
  The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has secured India's first 'silver notice' issued by Interpol. This notice will enable the CBI to trace proceeds of crime related to the French embassy visa 'fraud' case, allegedly parked in different countries. Interpol was formed as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in Vienna, 1923 and has 196 member countries.
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  UPSC Angle: CBI secured India's first 'silver notice' issued by Interpol.

  Key Facts:

  • Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
  • Interpol
  • Silver Notice
  • French embassy visa fraud case
  • International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC)
  • Vienna, 1923
  • 196 member countries
  • India is a founding member
• 2025-04-17 [Defense & Security] — Digital Arrests and Challenges
  Digital arrest is a new type of crime being carried out by criminals, not government or police units. Challenges in dealing with digital arrests include the use of VPNs and encrypted apps, difficulties in identifying the location of criminals, regulatory fragmentation across different countries, and fear of reporting due to involvement of illicit money.
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  UPSC Angle: Digital arrest is a new type of crime.

  Key Facts:

  • Challenges: use of VPNs and encrypted apps, identifying criminal locations, regulatory fragmentation, fear of reporting
  • India Justice Report 2025: Karnataka performed best in policing, justice delivery, and jail management; West Bengal performed worst

Judicial Scrutiny of Central Investigative Agencies

Focus: The Supreme Court's examination of the powers, jurisdiction, and search protocols of central agencies like the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and Income Tax Department.

UPSC Value: Essential for GS-2 (Statutory Bodies) and GS-3 (Money Laundering), highlighting judicial checks on executive investigative powers.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-29 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court to Examine ED's Writ Petition Power
  The Supreme Court agreed to examine whether the Enforcement Directorate (ED) can file writ petitions before constitutional courts. The issue arose from a dispute between the ED and the Kerala government in the diplomatic gold smuggling case. The case raises questions regarding federalism, jurisdiction, and the legal status of investigative agencies.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court to examine ED's power to file writ petitions.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court to examine if ED can file writ petitions
  • Issue from ED dispute with Kerala government in gold smuggling case
  • Raises questions on federalism and jurisdiction
• 2025-08-23 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court to Examine I-T Law on Digital Device Searches
  The Supreme Court is scheduled to examine the challenge to the I-T law that permits searches of digital devices.
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  UPSC Angle: SC to examine I-T law on digital device searches.

  Key Facts:

  • SC to examine challenge to I-T law allowing searches of digital devices.
• 2025-03-06 [Polity & Governance] — SC to decide on ED powers reconsideration
  The Supreme Court announced that in April it will decide whether to reconsider its 2022 verdict which upheld the Enforcement Directorate's powers to arrest and attach property under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act.
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  UPSC Angle: SC to decide on ED powers reconsideration in April.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court
  • April
  • 2022 verdict
  • Enforcement Directorate
  • powers to arrest and attach property
  • Prevention of Money Laundering Act

CBI-Interpol Synergy in Transnational Justice

Focus: Institutional collaboration between India's CBI and Interpol for tracking fugitives, issuing international notices, and dismantling global criminal networks.

UPSC Value: Highlights the role of the CBI as the National Central Bureau for Interpol and the importance of international cooperation in internal security and fugitive extradition.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-24 [Polity & Governance] — 71 Fugitives Located Abroad in 2024-25
  The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) located 71 people wanted by India in foreign countries in 2024-25, the highest in the last 12 years, according to the 2024-25 annual report of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT). Fugitives are individuals accused or convicted of a crime who deliberately evade the legal process by fleeing from the jurisdiction of the country where the offense was committed, and their return requires extradition.
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  UPSC Angle: 71 fugitives located abroad in 2024-25 by CBI.

  Key Facts:

  • 71 fugitives
  • Located abroad
  • 2024-25
  • Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
  • Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT)
• 2025-06-11 [Defense & Security] — Interpol Cybercrime Operation 'Secure' Leads to Arrests, Takedowns
  An Interpol-coordinated global operation, named 'Operation Secure,' targeted cybercriminal infrastructure and resulted in the takedown of over 20,000 malicious IP addresses and domains linked to information stealers. The operation, conducted from January to April 2025, involved law enforcement agencies from 26 countries, including India. 32 suspects were arrested.
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  UPSC Angle: Interpol's 'Operation Secure' targets cybercriminal infrastructure.

  Key Facts:

  • Operation name: Operation Secure
  • Duration: January-April 2025
  • Coordinated by: Interpol
  • Participating countries: 26 (including India)
  • Malicious IPs/domains taken down: 20,000+
  • Suspects arrested: 32
• 2025-05-28 [Polity & Governance] — Interpol Silver Notices Issued
  Interpol issued Silver Notices against two Indian individuals, sending them to the CBI, which is the nodal agency for Interpol in India. Silver Notices were launched by Interpol in January 2025 to share alerts and information requests on assets of wanted criminals worldwide.
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  UPSC Angle: Interpol issued Silver Notices against two Indian individuals.

  Key Facts:

  • Interpol issued Silver Notices against two Indian individuals.
  • CBI is the nodal agency for Interpol in India.
  • Silver Notices launched in January 2025.

CBI Investigations into Financial Crimes

Focus: Investigations by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) into diverse economic offenses including gold smuggling, bank fraud, and cryptocurrency scams.

UPSC Value: Showcases the CBI's role in investigating complex economic offenses that often involve cross-border or technical dimensions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-15 [Economy] — CBI Searches in Kolkata Bank Fraud Case
  The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) conducted searches at various locations in Kolkata related to a bank fraud case. These searches included the residence of a businessman in New Alipore and other locations in New Town.
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  UPSC Angle: CBI searches related to a bank fraud case.

  Key Facts:

  • CBI
  • Searches in Kolkata
  • Bank fraud case
  • New Alipore
  • New Town
• 2025-10-04 [Economy] — CBI Investigates HPZ Token Fraud, Arrests Five
  The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has conducted searches in the HPZ cryptocurrency token fraud case and arrested five accused persons. The case alleges the involvement of foreign-based masterminds in collusion with Indian nationals, registered under criminal conspiracy, impersonation, and fraud and offences under the Information Technology Act.
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  UPSC Angle: CBI investigates HPZ cryptocurrency token fraud, arrests five.

  Key Facts:

  • CBI conducted searches in HPZ cryptocurrency token fraud case
  • Five accused persons arrested
  • Case registered under criminal conspiracy, impersonation, fraud and offences under the Information Technology Act
  • Involves foreign-based masterminds in collusion with Indian nationals
• 2025-03-09 [Defense & Security] — CBI Investigates Gold Smuggling Racket with International Ties
  Based on intelligence from the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has initiated an investigation into a gold smuggling operation with international connections. The DRI recently apprehended Kannada actress Ranya Rao at Bengaluru airport for allegedly possessing smuggled gold.
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  UPSC Angle: CBI investigates gold smuggling with international ties based on DRI intelligence.

  Key Facts:

  • Case registered by: Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
  • Based on inputs from: Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
  • Involves: Gold smuggling racket with international links
  • Recent arrest: Kannada actor Ranya Rao at Bengaluru airport
  • Allegation: Possession of smuggled gold

Institutional Accountability and Anti-Corruption Probes in India

Focus: Investigative actions by Indian agencies (CBI and police) targeting administrative bribery, large-scale financial scams, and institutional corruption.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the role of central and state investigative bodies in ensuring governance integrity and the evolving use of digital forensics in tackling economic offenses.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-24 [Polity & Governance] — Digital Data Transforms Policing in India
  The arrest of Ravindra Soni, the alleged mastermind of the ₹1,000-crore BlueChip Group scam, demonstrates how digital footprints are transforming policing in India. Soni was tracked down via a food delivery order, underscoring law enforcement's increasing use of digital data to trace suspects.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Ravindra Soni arrested in ₹1,000-crore BlueChip Group scam
  • Tracked down via food delivery order
  • Law enforcement uses digital data like OTPs and delivery logs
• 2025-03-21 [Polity & Governance] — CBI arrests senior GM of Power Grid Corporation of India for bribery.
  The CBI arrested Uday Kumar, a senior GM of Power Grid Corporation of India, for allegedly accepting a bribe of ₹2.5 lakh from an executive of Mumbai-based KEC International to extend favors to the company.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • CBI
  • Uday Kumar
  • Power Grid Corporation of India
  • ₹2.5 lakh
  • KEC International
  • CBI arrested Uday Kumar
  • Senior GM of Power Grid Corporation of India
  • Allegedly took a bribe of ₹2.5 lakh
  • From an executive of Mumbai-based KEC International
  • To extend favors to the company
• 2025-03-21 [Polity & Governance] — CBI probes Sports City project 'scam' in Noida
  The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has registered three cases, following Allahabad High Court directives, to investigate a suspected conspiracy involving Noida Authority officials and builders in the allotment, development and sanction of Sports City projects during 2011-14, with an estimated loss of ₹9,000 crore to the state.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • CBI
  • Allahabad High Court
  • Noida Authority
  • Sports City projects
  • 2011-14
  • ₹9,000 crore

Digital Arrest Scams and Judicial Response

Focus: Reports on the rise of 'digital arrest' scams originating from Southeast Asia and the Supreme Court's intervention to investigate them.

UPSC Value: Connects a specific emerging cyber-crime typology with its transnational roots and high-level judicial countermeasures.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-02 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Addresses Digital Arrests
  The Supreme Court has addressed the issue of digital arrests and has directed the CBI to obtain consent under Section 6 for the investigation of scams involving digital arrests. The court's directive emphasizes the need to protect citizens from potential abuses in digital investigations.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court addresses digital arrests, directs CBI to obtain consent.

  Key Facts:

  • Indians lost ₹120 crores in the first quarter of 2024 due to digital arrest scams
  • Supreme Court directed CBI to investigate cases of digital arrests
  • CBI will be given full freedom to probe the bankers involved
  • The Supreme Court directed the CBI to obtain consent under Section 6 for digital arrest investigations.
• 2025-11-09 [Polity & Governance] — Digital Arrests: Supreme Court Concern
  The Supreme Court of India has raised concerns about the rising menace of 'digital arrests,' where victims, mainly elderly citizens, have lost ₹3,000 crore in India alone.
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  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court raises concerns about the rising menace of 'digital arrests'.

  Key Facts:

  • Victims lost ₹3,000 crore in India alone
• 2025-07-15 [Defense & Security] — Southeast Asia-Based Cyber Scams Targeting India
  The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) estimates that over half of the ₹7,000 crore lost to cyber scams in India from January to May 2025 originated from networks based in Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. India faces an average monthly loss of ₹1,000 crore due to such scams, according to the I4C. These scams are often operated from high-security centers controlled by Chinese networks, using trafficked individuals, including Indians, as forced labor.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Cyber scams in India originate from networks in Southeast Asia.

  Key Facts:

  • Total cyber scam loss (Jan-May 2025): ₹7,000 crore
  • Origin of scams: Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand
  • Average monthly loss: ₹1,000 crore
  • Involvement of Chinese-controlled scam centers and trafficked workers
  • I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre) is tracking these scams

Digital Arrest Scams: Trends, Enforcement, and Awareness

Focus: The specific modality of 'digital arrest' impersonation scams in India, encompassing statistical trends, victim demographics (particularly senior citizens), law enforcement actions, and public awareness initiatives.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding internal security challenges, the psychological impact of cybercrime, and the role of digital literacy in protecting vulnerable demographics.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-01 [Economy] — Cyber Fraud Awareness
  India's digital revolution has increased financial inclusion but also exposed vulnerable users to cyber fraud. AI-driven deepfakes and digital arrest scams are targeting senior citizens, first-time smartphone users, and rural populations. AI bots and mobile-based assistants can provide personalised safety alerts based on risky user behavior patterns.
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  UPSC Angle: Cyber fraud is increasing due to India's digital revolution.

  Key Facts:

  • AI-driven deepfakes
  • Digital arrest scams
  • RBI Kehta Hai! initiative
• 2025-11-09 [Economy] — Rising Cases of Cyber Fraud Involving Digital Arrests
  Cyber-fraud cases involving impersonation rose by 72% in 2024 compared to 2023, with over 60% of victims being senior citizens. In 1,200 documented cases, 85% of victims reported mental distress, and 40% developed anxiety disorders post-scam. The recovery rate of defrauded money is only 3–4%.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Case Rise: Cyber-fraud cases involving impersonation rose by 72% in 2024 compared to 2023
  • Elderly Vulnerability: Over 60% of victims were senior citizens (above 60 years)
  • Psychological Impact: 85% victims reported mental distress, and 40% developed anxiety disorders post-scam (NIMHANS–CERT-In survey 2024)
  • Low Recovery Rate: Only 3–4% of total defrauded money has been recovered so far (I4C report 2025)
• 2025-10-16 [Society & Culture] — Hyderabad Police Arrests Digital Arrest Scam Perpetrators
  Hyderabad cybercrime police arrested three individuals from New Delhi in connection with a digital arrest scam where a 62-year-old Hyderabad resident was defrauded of Rs 1.07 crore. The fraudsters impersonated Mumbai Crime Branch officials and coerced the victim into transferring funds under the guise of a money laundering probe.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Three persons were arrested from New Delhi in connection with a digital arrest scam.
  • A 62-year-old Hyderabad resident was cheated of Rs 1.07 crore.
  • The victim received a call from a person posing as an official of the Mumbai Crime Branch.

High-Value Contraband and Smuggling Interdiction in Western India

Focus: Law enforcement and intelligence operations (SOG, DRI) targeting the illegal transit of high-value restricted or prohibited goods such as ambergris, firecrackers, and misdeclared imports within the Gujarat-Maharashtra corridor.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the role of specialized agencies in curbing economic offenses and maritime-linked smuggling, which is critical for internal security and revenue protection.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-20 [Economy] — DRI Seizes Smuggled Firecrackers at Nhava Sheva Port
  The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) seized 46,640 pieces of smuggled firecrackers, worth ₹4.82 crore, at Nhava Sheva port under "Operation Fire Trail"; one person was arrested, and the consignment originated from China, destined for ICD Ankleshwar, Gujarat.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
  • Seized 46,640 pieces of smuggled firecrackers/fireworks
  • Value: ₹4.82 crore
  • Operation Fire Trail
  • Nhava Sheva (JNPT) port
  • Origin: China
  • Destination: ICD Ankleshwar (Gujarat)
  • One accused arrested from Veraval, Gujarat
• 2025-09-13 [Economy] — DRI seizes Pakistan origin goods worth ₹ 12 crore
  DRI seizes 800 metric tonnes of Pakistan origin goods worth ₹ 12 crore; two arrested in 'Operation Deep Manifest'.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRI seizure indicates ongoing efforts to combat smuggling and illegal trade.

  Key Facts:

  • 800 metric tonnes of Pakistan origin goods seized
  • Value: ₹ 12 crore
  • Two arrested
  • Operation Deep Manifest
• 2025-08-17 [Environment & Ecology] — Ahmedabad Police Seize Ambergris Worth ₹2.97 Crore
  The Ahmedabad Rural Special Operations Group (SOG) seized 2.97 kg of ambergris, valued at ₹2.97 crore in the international market, and arrested two individuals near the Sarkhej–Sanand Highway. The operation was based on a tip-off, and the suspects were intercepted near Gibpura village.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Seizure of ambergris, a whale product, illegal trade.

  Key Facts:

  • Ahmedabad Rural Special Operations Group (SOG)
  • 2.97 kg ambergris
  • ₹2.97 crore
  • Sarkhej–Sanand Highway
  • Gibpura village
  • Om Prakash Jat
  • August 17, 2025

Countering Foreign-Linked Security Threats

Focus: Indian government actions and law enforcement operations targeting individuals and organizations accused of compromising national security through espionage or extremist activities linked to foreign entities.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper III (Internal Security), specifically regarding the role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to national sovereignty and counter-intelligence efforts.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-26 [Defense & Security] — Indian Navy Staffer Arrested for Leaking Information
  An Indian Navy staffer posted in naval headquarters in Delhi was arrested in Jaipur for allegedly leaking sensitive defence-related information to a Pakistani handler in exchange for money. The staffer was leaking details about Operation Sindoor.
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  UPSC Angle: Indian Navy staffer arrested for leaking information to Pakistani handler.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Jaipur, Rajasthan
  • Position: Indian Navy staffer posted in Delhi
  • Allegation: Leaking defence-related information to Pakistani handler
  • Operation compromised: Operation Sindoor
  • Motive: Money
• 2025-05-18 [Defense & Security] — Haryana YouTuber Arrested on Spying Charges
  Jyoti Rani, a YouTuber from Haryana, was arrested for espionage. She was allegedly in contact with Pakistani intelligence officials during the Indo-Pak conflict and was being groomed as an "asset".
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Travel vlogger Jyoti Rani arrested for espionage.
  • Was in touch with Pakistani intelligence officials.
  • Hisar Superintendent of Police Shashank Kumar Sawan.
• 2025-03-18 [International Relations] — India tells US to designate Sikhs for Justice as terrorist outfit
  India has requested the United States to designate Sikhs for Justice as a terrorist organization. This action highlights India's ongoing efforts to address and counter extremist elements.
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  UPSC Angle: India requests US to designate Sikhs for Justice as terrorist outfit.

  Key Facts:

  • India tells US to designate Sikhs for Justice as terrorist outfit.