NewSpace India: Commerce, Science & Sustainability: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The Indian space sector is undergoing a paradigm shift from a state-monopoly 'scientific-prestige' model to a multi-stakeholder 'commerce-first' ecosystem. This transformation is characterized by the liberalization of launch services (SSLV tech transfer), the formalization of private participation via IN-SPACe, and a strategic pivot towards 'Space Sustainability' as a diplomatic tool in the global commons.

Cross-Theme Insight

When viewed together, the threads reveal a 'Double-Helix' strategy: while India accelerates its deep-space scientific footprint (Aditya-L1, Chandrayaan-4, LUPEX), it is simultaneously de-risking the commercial sector through FDI liberalization, space insurance, and indigenous private constellations (GalaxEye's Mission Drishti). This suggests that India's 'Golden Era' (2025-2047) is not just about lunar landings, but about building a self-sustaining $44 billion space economy that integrates military surveillance (Mission Drishti), climate monitoring (Copernicus/EOS-09), and global logistics (SpaceX as an enabler).

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like Nitin Singhania (p. 433) still emphasize ISRO's primary focus on 'Satellite communication and Earth observation,' whereas the current roadmap (Thread 7/15) has shifted towards 'Space Exploration and Reusability' (OREX, Starship). Furthermore, while NCERT Class XII (p. 86) describes outer space management as influenced by 'North-South inequalities,' India's active participation in the UN Space Debates and joint missions like LUPEX (India-Japan) shows India moving from a 'developing nation' status to a 'rule-shaper' in the global commons management.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from 'mission-specific' news (Mars/Moon) to 'infrastructure-systemic' developments (Space Insurance, Tech Transfer to HAL). The trajectory is moving toward a 'platformized' space where ISRO acts as a facilitator while private entities handle routine launches and high-resolution Earth Observation (EO).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Recent exams have shifted from asking about mission dates to asking about the 'nature' of missions and their scientific goals. For instance, IAS 2025 (NID: 6322) specifically tested the 'micro-gravity research' capabilities of missions like Axiom-4 and SpaDeX. Similarly, Prelims now focus on the 'private sector firsts' (NDA 2023, NID: 16854 on Vikram-S) and high-end applications like greenhouse gas monitoring or radar imaging (NDA 2009, NID: 9326).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Technical specs of 'Mission Drishti': World's first multi-sensor satellite integrating SAR and Optical sensors.
• The role of NSIL (NewSpace India Ltd) in tech transfer, specifically the 100th agreement with HAL for SSLV production.
• Space Sustainability initiatives: Project NETRA and the UN Space Debates on planetary defense.
• DEX (Dust Experiment) purpose: Measuring interplanetary dust particles via PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM).
• Naming conventions of extraterrestrial features (M.S. Krishnan crater on Mars; Alaknanda galaxy).

Mains Answer Framework

• The notification of the Indian Space Policy 2023 and the subsequent FDI liberalization in 2024 mark the end of 'license-raj' in Indian skies, ushering in the 'NewSpace' era.
• Economic Dimension: Transitioning from a 2% to 10% share of the global space market through private startups and the $8.4 billion valuation reached in 2026.. Strategic/Governance Dimension: Addressing 'Space Sustainability' through situational awareness (NETRA) to protect critical orbital assets from debris collision.. Scientific Dimension: Strategic roadmap (2025-2047) including the Bharatiya Antariksh Station and the LUPEX mission (Chandrayaan-5).
• Space is no longer just the 'final frontier' for science; it is a vital pillar of India's national security, digital infrastructure, and $5 trillion economic ambition.

Essay Connections

• 'From Aryabhatta to Gaganyaan: India’s Journey into the Infinite' — using the 2025 National Space Day theme to discuss the fusion of ancient wisdom and modern technology.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Start with the NCERT Class XII chapter on Global Commons to understand the geopolitical stakes of space. Then, read Vivek Singh/Nitin Singhania to understand the economic reforms post-2019. Finally, map the 2025-2026 news items (Gaganyaan roadmap, LUPEX, Mission Drishti) as current examples of these frameworks in action.

Textbook Roadmap

• NCERT Class XII, Contemporary World Politics, p. 85-86. Thread 1 (Sustainability) & Thread 17 (Orbital Risks). Management of Global Commons and the history of Outer Space Treaties.
• Nitin Singhania, Indian Economy (ed 2nd), p. 434. Thread 2 (SSLV Tech Transfer) & Thread 16 (Space Sector Growth). Section on 'Trends in Space Programmes' and areas for private investment like satellite integration.
• Majid Husain, Geography of India (9th ed.), p. 56-58. Thread 8 (Chandrayaan) & Thread 12 (Advanced EO). Chronological milestones of ISRO missions to build a timeline from 1980 to the present.

Revision Bullets

• India's space economy reached $8.4 billion by Jan 2026 with 400 startups.
• 100% FDI is now allowed in satellite manufacturing/operation under the automatic route.
• ISRO's 100th tech transfer was the SSLV technology to HAL (Sept 2025).
• LUPEX (Chandrayaan-5) is a joint ISRO-JAXA mission targeting 2027-28 for lunar water study.
• AstroSat completed 10 years of operation in Sept 2025 (Launched 2015).
• EOS-05 (GISAT-1A) provides near real-time imaging from Geostationary orbit.
• DEX experiment: Interplanetary dust enters Earth's atmosphere every 1,000 seconds.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (22 themes, 86 news items)

Strategic Space Roadmap & Timelines (2025-2047)

Focus: High-level policy announcements and roadmap updates defining launch targets for Gaganyaan, the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, and lunar exploration.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding the evolution of India's long-term space policy, launch cadence goals, and the 'Golden Era' vision.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-23 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Plans 18 Missions in 2026, Private Sector to be involved
  Minister of State for Science and Technology Jitendra Singh announced that ISRO plans to conduct 18 space launches in 2026, with six involving private sector entities. This comes after two consecutive failures of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO plans 18 missions in 2026, involving private sector.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO plans to conduct 18 space launches in 2026.
  • Six of the missions will involve collaboration with private sector entities.
  • ISRO faced two consecutive failures of its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).
• 2026-02-20 [Science & Technology] — India Eyes Historic Gaganyaan Docking With ISS Before Crewed Mission
  India and the United States are in advanced discussions to dispatch an uncrewed Gaganyaan module to dock with the International Space Station (ISS). This module will transport instruments and cargo, but no humans. This would represent India's inaugural autonomous rendezvous and docking with an operational international space station.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India eyes Gaganyaan docking with ISS before crewed mission.

  Key Facts:

  • India and the United States are in advanced discussions to dispatch an uncrewed Gaganyaan module to dock with the ISS.
  • The module will transport instruments and cargo, but no humans.
  • India's inaugural autonomous rendezvous and docking with an operational international space station.
  • Gaganyaan, greenlit in 2018 with a budget nearing ₹10,000 crore, stands as India's pioneering indigenous human spaceflight venture.
  • It targets sending three astronauts to low Earth orbit at around 400 km altitude for three to seven days via the human-rated LVM-3 (HLVM-3).
• 2026-02-07 [Science & Technology] — ISRO sets roadmap for Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan missions
  ISRO is accelerating its space ambitions with a roadmap including the Gaganyaan mission launch in 2027 and crewed Chandrayaan missions by 2028. ISRO Chairman V Narayanan described this period as a “golden era” for Indian space. Chandrayaan-4 and Chandrayaan-5 are scheduled for launch by 2028.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Gaganyaan mission launch in 2027 and crewed Chandrayaan missions by 2028.

  Key Facts:

  • Gaganyaan launch target: 2027
  • Crewed Chandrayaan missions target: 2028
  • Chandrayaan-4 and Chandrayaan-5 have received formal approval
  • ISRO is scaling up launch cadence, planning multiple PSLV and SSLV missions
  • India's space economy is projected to reach USD 44 billion by 2033
  • ISRO aims to increase India's share of the global space market from 2% to 8% by 2030
  • Chandrayaan-4 is a lunar sample-return mission scheduled for 2028, which aims to retrieve up to 3 kilograms of lunar soil
  • The first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station is planned for launch by 2028 and full operational status targeted by 2035
• 2025-11-06 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Plans Seven Missions Before March 2026
  ISRO is planning to launch seven missions before March 2026, including the first uncrewed Gaganyaan flight (G1 Mission). ISRO aims to execute Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of 50 launches in five years. These missions will enhance India's communication, defense, and global launch capabilities.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO plans seven missions before March 2026, including Gaganyaan G1.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO plans to launch seven missions before March 2026
  • Includes the first uncrewed Gaganyaan flight (G1 Mission)
  • Aims for 50 launches in 5 years
  • India's space economy is expected to cross $40 billion by the end of the decade
• 2025-10-17 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Plans Crewed Moon Mission by 2040
  ISRO aims to launch a crewed moon mission by 2040 and its maiden human spaceflight mission 'Gaganyaan' is on track for launch in 2027. These announcements were made by ISRO Chairman V Narayanan during the 35th convocation ceremony of Birla Institute of Technology (BIT) Mesra in Ranchi, Jharkhand.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO aims for crewed Moon mission by 2040; Gaganyaan by 2027.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO
  • crewed moon mission
  • 2040
  • Gaganyaan
  • 2027
  • V Narayanan
  • BIT Mesra
  • Ranchi, Jharkhand
• 2025-08-15 [Science & Technology] — PM Modi Outlines India's Space Ambitions
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced India is working towards self-reliance in the space sector, including preparing for the Gaganyaan mission and developing its own space station. He mentioned Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla's return from space and noted over 300 startups are working in the space sector. ISRO is working on Gaganyaan, expected in 2027, with the first module of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station scheduled for launch in 2028 and completion by 2035.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's space ambitions: Gaganyaan, space station, private sector involvement.

  Key Facts:

  • Narendra Modi: Prime Minister
  • Gaganyaan: India's first indigenous human spaceflight mission
  • Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla: Returned from space, part of Axiom-4
  • Bharatiya Antariksh Station: India's space station
  • 2027: Expected launch of Gaganyaan
  • 2028: Scheduled launch of the first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station
  • 2035: Expected completion of Bharatiya Antariksh Station
  • June 25: Launch date of Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla's mission from Florida
  • June 26: Docking date at the International Space Station
  • 18-day mission: Shukla's mission duration
  • July 15: Return date to Earth
  • August 23: National Space Day celebrations

Advanced Earth Observation & Radar Imaging Missions

Focus: A collection of ISRO missions specifically focused on deploying satellites for high-resolution imaging, radar surveillance, and resource management.

UPSC Value: Studying these together highlights India's evolving capabilities in remote sensing (optical and radar) for disaster management, urban planning, and defence.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-05 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Launches Bhumi-Vikas 1 Satellite
  ISRO successfully launched the “Bhumi-Vikas 1” satellite on February 1, 2026. The satellite provides high-resolution imaging capabilities for advanced urban planning and land resource management across India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO launched Bhumi-Vikas 1 for urban planning and land management.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched on February 1, 2026
  • Provides high-resolution imaging for urban planning and land resource management
• 2026-02-05 [Science & Technology] — India's Space Program: ISRO Gears Up for GISAT-1A Launch
  ISRO is preparing to launch Gisat-1A (EOS-05) to provide near real-time images of areas of interest and boost India's observation capabilities. The launch is planned after stringent reviews, with a launch window between February 20 and March 5.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO gears up for GISAT-1A launch.

  Key Facts:

  • Satellite: Gisat-1A (EOS-05)
  • Objective: Near real-time images of areas of interest
  • Launch Window: February 20 to March 5
  • Launch Vehicle: GSLV-F17
  • Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
  • Satellite Weight: 2.2-tonne class
  • Pre-launch activities: Completed key milestones at UR Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru
  • Issued: Notice To Airmen (Notam)
  • Satellite Name: GISAT-1A (EOS-05)
  • Objective: Restore near real-time Earth observation
  • Previous Mission: EOS-03 lost due to GSLV-F10 failure in 2021
• 2025-08-16 [Science & Technology] — ISRO reschedules SSLV launch to August 16
  ISRO has rescheduled the launch of its Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) developmental flight to August 16, 2025, with the launch window starting at 9:17 am. The mission will determine the rocket's readiness and enable operational missions by Indian industry and NSIL.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO reschedules SSLV launch to August 16, 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO
  • SSLV developmental flight
  • August 16, 2025
  • Launch window: 9:17 am
  • SSLV-D3/EOS-08 Mission
  • EOS-08 satellite weighs 175.5 kg
  • Rapid assembly capability (less than a week)
  • Deploy small satellites under 500 kg into Earth's orbit
  • Three primary payloads: Earth imaging, Earth feature analysis, UV radiation measurement
  • Gaganyaan mission support
  • NSIL
  • SSLV Development Project
• 2025-08-15 [Science & Technology] — NISAR Satellite Reflector Deployed
  The primary radar reflector for the NASA-ISRO NISAR satellite was successfully unfurled on August 15, 2025. The deployment, which involved firing small explosive bolts, took 37 minutes. NISAR lifted off aboard an ISRO Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle rocket at 5:40 p.m. IST on July 30, 2025.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NISAR satellite reflector deployed; NASA-ISRO collaboration.

  Key Facts:

  • NISAR: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite
  • August 15, 2025: Date of reflector deployment
  • 37 minutes: Time taken for reflector deployment
  • July 30, 2025: Launch date
  • 5:40 p.m. IST: Launch time
  • ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation
  • NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• 2025-06-18 [Science & Technology] — ISRO to launch EOS-09 (RISAT-1B) for Defence and Disaster Monitoring
  ISRO is set to launch the EOS-09 (RISAT-1B) satellite from Sriharikota on June 18, 2025, at 6:59 AM IST using the PSLV-C61 XL rocket. The satellite, equipped with advanced radar imaging, will support national defence, disaster response, and natural resource monitoring.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO launching EOS-09 (RISAT-1B) for defence and disaster monitoring.

  Key Facts:

  • Satellite: EOS-09 (RISAT-1B)
  • Launch date: June 18, 2025
  • Launch time: 6:59 AM IST
  • Launch location: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh
  • Launch vehicle: PSLV-C61 XL
  • Satellite weight: 1,710 kilograms
  • Orbit: 529-kilometre sun-synchronous orbit
  • Radar: C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
• 2025-05-18 [Science & Technology] — ISRO's PSLV-C61 Launch: EOS-09 Mission
  ISRO successfully launched its 101st mission, PSLV-C61, carrying the EOS-09 Earth observation satellite into a Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit on May 18, 2025, at 5:59 AM IST. The EOS-09 satellite, weighing approximately 1700 kg, was placed at an altitude of 597 km with an inclination of 97.51 degrees. The mission demonstrates ISRO's commitment to Earth observation and its capability to launch satellites into specific orbits.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO launched PSLV-C61 carrying EOS-09 Earth observation satellite.

  Key Facts:

  • PSLV-C61/EOS-09 mission could not be accomplished.
  • PSLV-C61 lifted off from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota at 5:59 a.m..
  • The mission failed due to an observation in the third stage of the launch vehicle.
  • ISRO's 101st launch mission: PSLV-C61
  • Launch date: May 18, 2025, at 5:59 AM IST
  • Satellite: EOS-09 (Earth observation satellite)
  • EOS-09 weight: 1700 kg
  • Orbit: Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit
  • Altitude: 597 km
  • Inclination: 97.51 degrees
  • Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, First Launch Pad
  • EOS-9 has extra fuel allowing it to be brought to a lower orbit and deactivated after its 5-year service life

India's Strategic Space Sector Expansion (2025-2026)

Focus: The convergence of propulsion breakthroughs, reusability testing, commercial policy shifts, and infrastructure development within India's space program.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the integrated approach of technological self-reliance and commercial liberalization in India's high-tech sectors, moving from scientific missions to a commerce-first global strategy.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-21 [Science & Technology] — Reusable Rockets and Space Access
  SpaceX's Starship and ISRO's Orbital Return Flight Experiment (OREX) aim to establish reusability as a global standard, potentially reducing space access costs by up to 80%. Reusable rockets shift spaceflight to a transportation model where components are refurbished and reused.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Reusable rockets may reduce space access costs by 80%.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO is working towards its Orbital Return Flight Experiment (OREX)
  • Reusable rockets can lower the cost of access to space by up to 80%
  • Reusable rockets allow for refurbishment and reuse of expensive components
  • Starship aims to carry up to 100 tons to orbit
  • Leading companies are targeting a 24-hour turnaround
• 2025-12-31 [Science & Technology] — India's Space Performance in 2025
  Through ISRO's commercial arm, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), India made a significant shift from a 'scientific approach' to a 'commerce-first' strategy. India currently accounts for approximately 2% of the global space market, which the government aims to increase to 10% by 2033. The heaviest launch ever from Indian soil was of the US satellite Bluebird Block-2 (AST Spacemobile), weighing 6,100 kg.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India shifts to 'commerce-first' space strategy via NSIL.

  Key Facts:

  • India made a shift from a 'scientific approach' to a 'commerce-first' strategy through ISRO's commercial arm, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL).
  • India currently accounts for approximately 2% of the global space market.
  • Government aims to increase to 10% by 2033.
  • The heaviest launch ever from Indian soil was of the US satellite Bluebird Block-2 (AST Spacemobile), weighing 6,100 kg.
• 2025-05-31 [Science & Technology] — Tamil Nadu Space Industrial Policy 2025
  The Tamil Nadu government announced its own space industrial policy to promote space sector development outside of big cities, with focus areas including satellite building, launch vehicles, strategic electronics, and space manufacturing. ISRO's propulsion complex is in Mahendra Giri, and a new spaceport is being set up in Kulasraatinam.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Tamil Nadu announced its space industrial policy 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Focus areas: satellite building, launch vehicles, strategic electronics, and space manufacturing.
  • ISRO propulsion complex: Mahendra Giri.
  • New spaceport being set up: Kulasraatinam.
• 2025-03-28 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Tests Reusable Rocket Booster
  ISRO announced the successful testing of a new reusable rocket booster, marking a major step forward in India's space missions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO tests reusable rocket booster.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO successfully tested a new reusable rocket booster.
• 2025-03-14 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Conducts Flight Acceptance Hot Testing for LVM3-M6 Cryogenic Engine
  ISRO successfully completed the flight acceptance hot testing of the CE20 cryogenic engine, which will be used for the LVM3-M6 mission, at the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri on March 14, 2025. Hot testing is a standard procedure for cryogenic engines to ensure their readiness for flight.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO tests CE20 cryogenic engine for LVM3-M6 mission.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO
  • March 14, 2025
  • flight acceptance hot testing
  • CE20 cryogenic engine
  • LVM3-M6 mission
  • ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC)
  • Mahendragiri
• 2025-03-08 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Conducts Hot Test on Semi-Cryogenic Engine
  ISRO has successfully conducted a hot test on a semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000), marking progress in finalizing the cryogenic stage for future heavy-lift launch vehicles. The engine uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and refined kerosene (RP-1) as propellants and is designed to generate a thrust of 2000 kN.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO conducts hot test on semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000).

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO
  • Semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000)
  • Liquid oxygen (LOX)
  • Refined kerosene (RP-1)
  • 2000 kN thrust

Indian Deep Space Research & Instrumentation

Focus: Major astrophysical discoveries and mission milestones achieved by Indian research institutes (ARIES, PRL, NCRA, ISRO) utilizing indigenous and space-based telescopes.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's growing capabilities in space science and the successful indigenization of high-end astronomical research.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-09 [Science & Technology] — Dust Experiment (DEX) by ISRO
  ISRO confirmed through its first-ever Dust Experiment (DEX) that an interplanetary dust particle enters Earth's atmosphere every 1,000 seconds, marking a major milestone in India's space research. Developed by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad and launched aboard the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM) during the PSLV-C58 XPoSat Mission on January 1, 2024.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO's Dust Experiment (DEX) confirms interplanetary dust particle entry.

  Key Facts:

  • Interplanetary dust particle enters Earth's atmosphere every 1,000 seconds.
  • First Indian-made instrument to detect high-speed Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs).
  • Developed by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
  • Launched aboard the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM) during the PSLV-C58 XPoSat Mission on January 1, 2024.
• 2026-01-07 [Science & Technology] — Study of Stellar Twins Reveals Secrets of Star Evolution
  A joint team from ARIES (Nainital) and PRL (Ahmedabad) studied four W Ursae Majoris–type (W UMa) contact binary stars using the 1.3-m Devasthal Fast Optical Telescope (DFOT) and NASA's TESS space telescope. Results revealed new evidence on binary star evolution, mass transfer, orbital changes, and magnetic activity, published in the Astrophysical Journal (2026).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Study of stellar twins reveals secrets of star evolution.

  Key Facts:

  • ARIES (Nainital) and PRL (Ahmedabad) studied four W Ursae Majoris–type (W UMa) contact binary stars.
  • Used 1.3-m Devasthal Fast Optical Telescope (DFOT) and NASA's TESS space telescope.
  • Results published in the Astrophysical Journal (2026).
• 2025-12-07 [Science & Technology] — Alaknanda Galaxy Discovery
  Researchers from the National Center for Radioastrophysics discovered a new galaxy, Alaknanda, approximately 12 billion light-years away using data from the James Webb Space Telescope. This discovery has the potential to challenge existing theories of galaxy formation. The galaxy is named Alaknanda, attributed to the Himalayan river, and is considered a twin sister to the Milky Way (Mandagni in Hindi).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: New galaxy, Alaknanda, discovered using James Webb Space Telescope data.

  Key Facts:

  • Discovered by: National Center for Radioastrophysics, Pune
  • Data source: James Webb Space Telescope
  • Distance: Approximately 12 billion light-years away
  • Name: Alaknanda
  • Significance: Twin sister to the Milky Way (Mandagni)
  • 12 billion light years
  • National Center for Radioastrophysics
  • Pune
• 2025-10-25 [Science & Technology] — India's Space Agency Launches Mission to Study Black Holes
  India's space agency launched a rocket carrying the X-ray Polarimetric Satellite (XPoSat) to study black holes. The satellite, costing approximately 250 million rupees ($30 million), will conduct in-depth research on black holes and is estimated to have a lifespan of five years. ISRO aims to send three astronauts into low Earth orbit and return them after three days as part of the Gaganyaan project.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: XPoSat launched to study black holes.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched X-ray Polarimetric Satellite (XPoSat) to study black holes.
  • Cost: 250 million rupees ($30 million).
  • Estimated lifespan: five years.
  • Gaganyaan project aims to send three astronauts into low Earth orbit for three days.
• 2025-04-18 [Science & Technology] — Indian astronomers detect 'middleweight' black hole
  Indian astronomers used the Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT) to detect and measure an elusive intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) in the faint galaxy NGC 4395.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Indian astronomers detect intermediate-mass black hole in galaxy NGC 4395.

  Key Facts:

  • Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT): Used to detect IMBH
  • Location: faint galaxy NGC 4395
  • Type of Black Hole: Intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH)

Robotic Planetary & Deep Space Exploration

Focus: Milestones and commemorations related specifically to India's non-human, robotic deep space missions (Moon, Mars, Astronomy), distinct from the human spaceflight program.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking India's scientific capabilities in deep space exploration and planetary science beyond LEO.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-27 [Science & Technology] — Mars Crater Named After Indian Geologist M.S. Krishnan
  A 3.5-billion-year-old crater on Mars has been named after Indian geologist M.S. Krishnan; the naming was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The crater's early geological history could reveal insights, marking a positive recognition for India in space science.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Mars crater named after Indian geologist M.S. Krishnan.

  Key Facts:

  • Mars crater named after M.S. Krishnan
  • Crater age: 3.5 billion years old
  • M.S. Krishnan: Indian geologist
  • Naming approved by: International Astronomical Union (IAU)
  • Krishnan was born in Tanjore
  • Krishnan was the first Indian Director of the Geological Survey of India
  • Other Martian landforms are named after places in Kerala, such as Vayala and Thumba
  • 3.5-billion-year-old
  • Martian crater
  • M.S. Krishnan
  • Indian geologist
  • International Astronomical Union (IAU)
  • Kerala
• 2025-09-29 [Science & Technology] — AstroSat Completes 10 Years
  India's first space-based observatory, AstroSat, completed 10 years of operations on September 28, 2025, continuing to provide valuable astronomical data. Launched on September 28, 2015, by PSLV-C30 (XL) from Sriharikota, AstroSat was originally designed for a 5-year mission life. It is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, comparable to NASA's Hubble.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: AstroSat, India's first space-based observatory, completes 10 years.

  Key Facts:

  • India's first space observatory: Astrosat
  • Launch date: Approximately 2015-09-28
  • Intended mission duration: 5 years
  • Observes black holes and stars
  • Uses multi-wavelength observation (visible, UV, X-ray)
  • AstroSat completed 10 years of operations
  • Launched: September 28, 2015
  • Launched by: PSLV-C30 (XL) rocket
  • Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
  • Original mission life: 5 years
  • India's first multi-wavelength space observatory
• 2025-08-23 [Science & Technology] — National Space Day 2025
  India celebrated its second National Space Day on August 23, 2025, commemorating the second anniversary of the Chandrayaan-3 mission's successful landing on the moon in 2023. The theme for 2025 was "Aryabhatta to Gaganyaan: Ancient Wisdom to Infinite Possibilities," which reflects India's journey from its early astronomical heritage to its upcoming human spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan. The aim of the day is to inspire youth to pursue careers in STEM fields.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India celebrated its second National Space Day on August 23, 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • Second National Space Day: August 23, 2025
  • Theme: “Aryabhatta to Gaganyaan: Ancient Wisdom to Infinite Possibilities”
  • NCERT educational module launched: 'India - A Rising Space Power'
  • National Meet 2025 theme: "Leveraging Space Technology for Viksit Bharat 2047"
  • India aims to achieve 8% of the global market share in the space sector
  • First National Space Day was observed on August 23rd 2024
  • National Space Day
  • August 23, 2025
  • Chandrayaan-3 mission
  • Aryabhatta to Gaganyaan: Ancient Wisdom to Infinite Possibilities
  • ISRO
  • STEM
  • Chandrayaan-3 landing date: August 23, 2023
  • 2025 Theme: Aryabhatta to Gaganyaan: Ancient Wisdom to Infinite Possibilities
  • Gaganyaan mission: Aims to send a team of 3 people to space for 3 days
  • Chandrayaan-3 landing site: Known as the “Shiva Shakti” point
  • First National Space Day: August 23, 2024, with the theme “Touching Lives by Touching the Moon: India's Space Story”
• 2025-04-05 [Science & Technology] — Chandrayaan-3's ChaSTE Measures Lunar Temperatures
  Chandrayaan-3's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) became the first instrument to measure in situ temperatures near the moon's south pole. It successfully penetrated lunar soil and deployed a thermal probe, providing data on lunar surface temperatures. The thermal probe was integrated into the Vikram lander, which landed on August 23, 2023.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Chandrayaan-3's ChaSTE measures lunar temperatures.

  Key Facts:

  • ChaSTE measured in situ temperatures near the moon's south pole
  • Vikram lander landed on August 23, 2023
• 2025-03-17 [Science & Technology] — Chandrayaan-5 Mission Approved
  The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced that the Centre has approved the Chandrayaan-5 mission, which will carry a 250 kg rover to study the Moon's surface. This mission differs from Chandrayaan-3, which carried a 25 kg rover.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Chandrayaan-5 mission approved to study the Moon's surface.

  Key Facts:

  • Chandrayaan-5 mission approved by the Centre
  • ISRO Chairman: V Narayanan
  • Chandrayaan-5 rover weight: 250 kg
  • Chandrayaan-3 rover weight: 25 kg

Space Sustainability and Situational Awareness

Focus: Technical initiatives (SSA, debris tracking) and high-level diplomatic dialogues focused on managing space debris, planetary defense, and the long-term sustainability of outer space.

UPSC Value: Highlights the convergence of technical solutions (NETRA, Aditya-L1) and global governance (UN Space Debates) in addressing the 'tragedy of the commons' in space.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-10 [Science & Technology] — UN Space Debates Launch to Support Sustainable Development
  Global space leaders convened in Vienna to discuss urgent technical and scientific challenges in outer space, including space debris and planetary defence. A special industry symposium on February 10 launched the first-ever UN Space Debates, focusing on how space can support sustainable development on Earth.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: UN space debates launch to support sustainable development.

  Key Facts:

  • UN Space Debates launched on February 10
  • Focus on space-based disaster management and global navigation satellite systems
  • Discussion on the long-term sustainability of space activities
• 2026-01-11 [Science & Technology] — ISRO's Aditya-L1 provides new information on solar storms impacting Earth
  ISRO's Aditya-L1 mission has provided new insights into how solar storms can affect Earth's magnetic field. A study using Aditya-L1 data analyzed a space weather event in October 2024, revealing that Earth's magnetic field was strongly compressed during the turbulent phase of the storm. This compression briefly exposed geostationary orbit satellites to harsh space conditions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Aditya-L1 provides new information on solar storms impacting Earth.

  Key Facts:

  • Organization: ISRO
  • Mission: Aditya-L1
  • Findings: New information on how solar storms can impact Earth's magnetic protection
  • Research Paper: Published in The Astrophysical Journal in December
  • Event Studied: Major space weather event in October 2024
  • Effect: Earth's magnetic field squeezed strongly, pushing it closer to the planet
  • Result: Some satellites in geostationary orbit were briefly exposed to harsh space conditions
• 2025-05-16 [Defense & Security] — DST–DRDO MoU to Boost Space Surveillance
  India has strengthened its ground-based space surveillance systems through a strategic partnership between the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between ARIES (Nainital) and IRDE (Dehradun) to develop Space Situational Awareness (SSA) technologies and infrastructure.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DST–DRDO MoU to boost space surveillance capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • Department of Science and Technology (DST)
  • Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
  • ARIES (Nainital)
  • IRDE (Dehradun)
  • Space Situational Awareness (SSA) technologies
• 2025-03-06 [Science & Technology] — India's Space Debris Management Initiatives
  India is taking steps to manage space debris through initiatives like ISRO System for Safe & Sustainable Operations Management (IS4OM) (2022) and Project NETRA. IS4OM monitors space objects posing collision threats, while Project NETRA detects, tracks, and catalogs debris as small as 10 cm up to 3,400 km. ISRO performed 21 collision avoidance maneuvers in 2022 to prevent space debris impact.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India manages space debris via IS4OM and Project NETRA.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO System for Safe & Sustainable Operations Management (IS4OM) established in 2022
  • Project NETRA for tracking debris as small as 10 cm up to 3,400 km
  • 21 collision avoidance maneuvers performed by ISRO in 2022
  • Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Control Centre established in 2020

Evolution of India's Lunar Exploration Program (Chandrayaan)

Focus: Updates on scientific findings and mission planning for ISRO's sequential lunar missions (Chandrayaan-2, 3, 4, and 5).

UPSC Value: Provides a comprehensive overview of India's lunar roadmap, from past mission data analysis (C-2, C-3) to future mission planning (C-4, C-5/LUPEX).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-07 [Science & Technology] — Chandrayaan-4 Landing Site
  India's planned lunar sample-return mission, Chandrayaan-4, could land in a mountainous region close to the Moon's south pole. Researchers from the Space Applications Centre of the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) have identified the region as one of the safest and most scientifically valuable landing areas for the mission. Their findings were presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Chandrayaan-4 could land near Moon's south pole.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission: Chandrayaan-4
  • Potential Landing Site: Mountainous region near the Moon's south pole
  • Landing zone was identified using imagery from the Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter
  • The Mons Mouton area is of particular scientific interest
  • A site identified as MM-4 emerged as the safest option
  • Findings were presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) 2026
• 2025-10-20 [Science & Technology] — Chandrayaan-2 detects solar storms stirring Moon's atmosphere
  Chandrayaan-2 has provided the first evidence of solar storms affecting the Moon's atmosphere. The lunar exosphere experiences sudden thickening due to the bombardment of charged particles from the sun, as detected by the CHACE-2 payload.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Chandrayaan-2 detects solar storms stirring Moon's atmosphere.

  Key Facts:

  • Chandrayaan-2 detected first proof of solar storms stirring Moon's atmosphere
  • The information was provided by Chandrayaan-2's orbiter
  • The orbiter used the CHACE-2 payload
• 2025-05-17 [Science & Technology] — India-Japan LUPEX Mission Enters Design Phase
  India and Japan's joint lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan-5 also known as LUPEX, has entered the design phase and aims to study the presence of water and water-ice on the Moon's surface. The 6.5-tonne spacecraft is scheduled to launch on Japan's H3 rocket in 2027-28.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India-Japan LUPEX mission aims to study water on the Moon.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission aims to study the presence of water and water-ice on the Moon’s surface and subsurface
  • 6.5-tonne spacecraft is scheduled to launch on Japan’s H3 rocket in 2027-28
  • It includes a 350-kg rover equipped with seven instruments (from ISRO, JAXA, ESA, and NASA)
  • Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX): Joint lunar exploration mission between India and Japan
  • Objective: study the presence of water and water-ice on the Moon’s surface and subsurface
  • Spacecraft weight: 6.5-tonne
  • Launch vehicle: Japan's H3 rocket
  • Launch date: 2027-28
• 2025-03-13 [Science & Technology] — Chandrayaan-3: Possible Water Ice Beyond Lunar Poles
  New findings from India's Chandrayaan-3 mission suggest that water ice on the Moon may be present beyond its polar regions. A study by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, using data from Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) instrument, supports this finding.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Chandrayaan-3: Possible Water Ice Beyond Lunar Poles.

  Key Facts:

  • New data indicates possible water-ice deposits beyond the Moon's polar regions
  • Study by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad
  • Data from Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) instrument
  • ChaSTE measured a 60°C temperature difference between the lunar surface and 10 cm below it

Strategic and Commercial Transformation of India's Space Sector

Focus: The institutional and regulatory evolution of India's space sector, focusing on commercialization, private sector integration, and international collaboration through ISRO, NSIL, and IN-SPACe.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding structural reforms in India's space policy (GS III), specifically the roles of NSIL and IN-SPACe in fostering a commercial space economy and global leadership.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-12 [Science & Technology] — NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) Signs Technology Transfer Agreements
  NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) has signed 70 Technology Transfer Agreements to transfer technologies developed at ISRO to Industry. NSIL is the commercial arm of ISRO.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NSIL signs 70 Technology Transfer Agreements to transfer ISRO technologies.

  Key Facts:

  • Number of Technology Transfer Agreements: 70
  • Transferor: ISRO
  • Transferee: Industry
  • NSIL is wholly owned Government of India company
  • NSIL is under the administrative control of Department of Space (DOS)
• 2025-09-18 [Science & Technology] — CII International Space Conference 2025
  The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), in collaboration with ISRO, IN-SPACe, and NSIL, hosted the International Conference on Space 2025 in Bengaluru on September 8–9, 2025. The conference, themed “Harnessing Space for Global Progress: Innovation, Policy, and Growth,” aimed to solidify India's position as a global space leader. The conference included discussions on ISRO's achievements, private sector roles, and strategies for self-reliance.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CII hosted International Conference on Space 2025 in Bengaluru.

  Key Facts:

  • International Conference on Space 2025
  • Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
  • ISRO
  • IN-SPACe
  • NSIL
  • Bengaluru
  • September 8–9, 2025
  • Theme: Harnessing Space for Global Progress: Innovation, Policy, and Growth
  • Grp Capt Shubhanshu Shukla
  • Grp Capt Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair
  • Denmark is the Guest Country
• 2025-07-27 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Chairman Highlights India's Progress in Space Technology
  ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan noted India's significant advancements in space technology, attributing its global leadership to hard work and consistent effort. He mentioned the upcoming NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission on July 30 as evidence of India's increasing prominence in space technology.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO Chairman highlights India's progress in space technology.

  Key Facts:

  • India has made great strides in space technology and attained global leadership through sheer hard work and consistent effort
  • Upcoming NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission on July 30
  • ISRO Chairman: V. Narayanan
• 2025-07-10 [Science & Technology] — Starlink Receives Regulatory Nod for Internet Services in India
  India's space regulator INSPACe has granted a license to Elon Musk-run Starlink to offer space-based internet services in the country. Starlink has been waiting since 2022 for licenses to operate commercially in India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Starlink receives regulatory nod for internet services in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Starlink received a license from INSPACe to offer space-based internet.
  • Starlink has been waiting since 2022 for licenses.
  • Starlink is the third company to receive India's nod to enter the space after Eutelsat's OneWeb and Reliance Jio.
  • Starlink authorization is to operate Gen1 constellation for providing satellite broadband capacity over India till 2030.

Indian Geographical Sites as Focal Points for Scientific Discovery and Research

Focus: Items highlighting how specific Indian locations serve as namesakes for extraterrestrial features, field analogues for planetary missions, habitats for newly discovered species, or centers for geophysical energy pilots.

UPSC Value: Relevant for Science & Technology and Geography, illustrating India's contribution to global scientific nomenclature, biodiversity documentation, and exploration of geophysical resources.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-28 [Geography] — Valiamala Crater on Mars Named After Kerala Location
  The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has approved naming Martian landforms, including Valiamala Crater, after Kerala locations; Valiamala Crater is in the Xanthe Terra region of Mars, known for ancient glacial and fluvial landforms.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Valiamala Crater on Mars Named After Kerala Location.

  Key Facts:

  • Valiamala Crater
  • Mars
  • International Astronomical Union (IAU)
  • Xanthe Terra
  • Kerala
• 2025-11-06 [Science & Technology] — India's Geothermal Energy Technology Pilot Project
  Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) plans to establish India's largest geothermal energy technology pilot project in Araku Valley and Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Geothermal energy is heat stored within the Earth's crust, originating from the natural heat of the Earth, primarily from the decay of radioactive isotopes. The Earth's temperature increases with depth, averaging 25–30°C/km above the surface ambient temperature.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's geothermal energy technology pilot project in Andhra Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
  • Araku Valley
  • Visakhapatnam
  • Andhra Pradesh
  • Geothermal gradient: 25–30°C/km
• 2025-09-02 [Science & Technology] — Discovery of Jarosite in Kutch, Gujarat
  Researchers have confirmed the presence of jarosite in Matanomadh village of Kutch, Gujarat, similar to what was discovered on Mars. This site could serve as a potential field analogue for ISRO's upcoming Mangalyaan-2 mission.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Jarosite discovery in Kutch similar to Mars find; analogue for ISRO.

  Key Facts:

  • Mineral discovered: Jarosite
  • Location: Matanomadh village, Kutch, Gujarat
  • Relevance: Potential field analogue for ISRO's Mangalyaan-2 mission
• 2025-03-18 [Environment & Ecology] — Kerala's Botanical Gem: Uniyala keralensis
  Researchers discovered a new plant species in Kerala named Uniyala keralensis, belonging to the Asteraceae family, found exclusively in the southwestern region of India. The shrub, varying from one to three meters in height, is characterized by light purple florets, larger leaves, elongated petioles, and fewer lateral veins. Currently, around 5,000 individuals are found in the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, but due to limited data, it's classified as Data Deficient under the IUCN Red List Criteria.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: New plant species Uniyala keralensis discovered in Kerala.

  Key Facts:

  • New plant species: Uniyala keralensis
  • Family: Asteraceae
  • Location: Kerala, southwestern India
  • Height: 1-3 meters
  • Florets: Light purple
  • Habitat: Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (ABR)
  • Elevation: 700-1,400 meters
  • Blooming/fruiting: August to April
  • Population: Approximately 5,000 individuals
  • Area: Approximately 250 km²
  • IUCN Red List Criteria: Data Deficient (DD)
  • IUCN Red List Criteria Year: 2024

Gaganyaan Mission Engineering & Precursors

Focus: Technical milestones including subsystem testing (parachutes, propulsion) and mission precursors (Vyommitra, Axiom-4) specifically for the Gaganyaan program.

UPSC Value: Tracks the specific technological validation and international cooperation steps required for India's first human spaceflight mission.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-12 [Science & Technology] — Gaganyaan Mission Progress
  ISRO is conducting crucial safety tests on main parachutes for the Gaganyaan crewed mission. The Gaganyaan Programme, approved in December 2018 with a financial outlay of approximately ₹20,193 crore, aims to send a crew to 400 km low-Earth orbit for three days, with a safe return and sea landing in Indian waters.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO conducts safety tests for Gaganyaan crewed mission.

  Key Facts:

  • Gaganyaan Programme approved in December 2018
  • Financial outlay of approximately ₹20,193 crore
  • Mission aims to send a crew to 400 km low-Earth orbit for three days
  • Human Rated LVM3 is the launch vehicle for Gaganyaan mission
• 2025-07-03 [Science & Technology] — ISRO's Gaganyaan Mission to Benefit from Axiom-4 Trip
  ISRO has stated that the Axiom-4 trip to the International Space Station (ISS) will provide valuable inputs for the Gaganyaan mission. This highlights the importance of international collaborations for India's space program.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Axiom-4 trip to ISS will provide inputs for ISRO's Gaganyaan mission.

  Key Facts:

  • Axiom-4 trip to the ISS will provide valuable inputs for Gaganyaan mission: ISRO.
• 2025-05-12 [Science & Technology] — ISRO's Gaganyaan Program Update
  ISRO completed parachute deployment tests of the Gaganyaan crew module and successfully completed development of the Gaganyaan service module's propulsion system in July. The flight module would feature five 440-newton engines and sixteen 100-newton reaction control thrusters.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO completed parachute deployment tests of the Gaganyaan crew module.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO completed parachute deployment tests of the Gaganyaan crew module.
  • ISRO completed development of the Gaganyaan service module's propulsion system in July.
  • The flight module would feature five 440-newton engines and sixteen 100-newton reaction control thrusters.
• 2025-03-13 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Plans Gaganyaan Uncrewed Mission
  ISRO is preparing for its Gaganyaan mission, including sending a female humanoid robot 'Vyommitra' into space as part of the uncrewed mission. ISRO also has plans for seven launch missions by March 2026, including a mission to test electric propulsion systems and quantum key distribution technologies.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO plans Gaganyaan uncrewed mission with female humanoid robot Vyommitra.

  Key Facts:

  • ISRO
  • Gaganyaan
  • Vyommitra
  • LVM3
  • Bluebird-6
  • AST Spacemobile
  • NSIL
  • EOS-5 satellite or GISAT-1A
  • PSLV63
  • TDS-01 satellite
  • High Thrust Electric Propulsion System (HTEP)
  • Oceansat satellite
  • Indo-Mauritius Joint Satellite
  • LEAP-2 satellite of Dhruva Space
  • PSLV
  • HAL-L&T consortium
  • EOS-N1
  • LVM3-M5
  • CMS-03

Expansion of India's Space Surveillance and EO Capabilities

Focus: Initiatives to boost India's Earth observation and space surveillance through private constellations and military programs.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic shift towards indigenous, high-resolution surveillance via public-private partnerships.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-14 [Science & Technology] — GalaxEye to launch Mission Drishti, multi-sensor Earth Observation satellite
  Indian space-tech startup GalaxEye has announced the launch of 'Mission Drishti,' the world's first multi-sensor Earth Observation (EO) satellite, scheduled for the first quarter of 2026. Mission Drishti is the world's first satellite integrating multiple sensing technologies—Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Optical sensors—on a single platform, enabling real-time, all-weather Earth observation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: GalaxEye to launch Mission Drishti, multi-sensor Earth Observation satellite.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission Drishti is scheduled for launch in the first quarter of 2026.
  • The satellite integrates Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Optical sensors on a single platform.
  • The satellite weights 160-kg and is India's largest privately built satellite.
  • It offers 1.5-meter resolution imagery for real-time geospatial analysis.
  • Designed for sectors like defense, disaster management, agriculture, and infrastructure.
  • Operates day and night, in all weather conditions.
  • India's largest privately built, will combine Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and high-resolution optical sensors, offering 1.5-meter resolution imagery for real-time geospatial analysis.
  • Designed for sectors like defense, disaster management, agriculture, and infrastructure, it will operate day and night, in all weather.
• 2025-09-23 [Defense & Security] — India's Satellite Protection Programme
  India has approved a ₹27,000-crore programme to launch 52 surveillance satellites from 2026, aimed at protecting its space assets. This move includes consideration of 'bodyguard satellites' following near-miss incidents, alongside initiatives like IS4OM, Project NETRA, Aditya-L1 Mission, and CERT-In guidelines to enhance space surveillance and cybersecurity. These measures aim to secure orbital assets and promote the peaceful and sustainable use of space.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India approves ₹27,000-crore program to launch 52 surveillance satellites.

  Key Facts:

  • ₹27,000-crore programme approved for satellite launches
  • 52 surveillance satellites to be launched from 2026
  • Consideration of 'bodyguard satellites'
  • IS4OM Centre (Bengaluru): Tracks Indian satellites
  • Project NETRA: Expands space surveillance capabilities
  • Aditya-L1 Mission: Observes the sun for solar storm forecasts
  • CERT-In Guidelines (2025): Mandates strong encryption
• 2025-08-14 [Science & Technology] — India's First Private EO Satellite Constellation
  IN-SPACe selected a PixxelSpace India-led consortium to design, build, and operate India's first fully indigenous commercial Earth Observation (EO) satellite constellation under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, deploying 12 advanced satellites. The project, with a ₹1,200 crore investment, aims to provide high-resolution satellite data for climate monitoring, disaster management, agriculture, and national security, reducing reliance on foreign EO data and ensuring data sovereignty.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's first private EO satellite constellation by PixxelSpace-led consortium.

  Key Facts:

  • Consortium led by: PixxelSpace India
  • Other firms: Piersight Space, Satsure Analytics India, Dhruva Space
  • Investment: ₹1,200 crore over five years
  • Number of satellites: 12
  • Satellite sensors: Panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
  • Deployment: Phased over 4–5 years
  • Government role: Strategic, technical, and policy support
  • Data sovereignty: Satellites to be built, launched, and operated in India
• 2025-07-01 [Defense & Security] — Space-Based Surveillance-III Programme
  India is fast-tracking its space-based military capabilities with the Space-Based Surveillance-III (SBS-III) Programme. The program involves the construction and launch of 52 satellites. The Defence Space Agency (DSA) is leading the project which has a budget of $3.2 billion.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SBS-III Programme: India's plan to launch 52 surveillance satellites.

  Key Facts:

  • SBS-III approved in October 2023
  • 52 satellites planned: 21 by ISRO and 31 by private companies
  • First satellite launch expected by April 2026
  • Full constellation targeted for completion by the end of 2029
  • Project cost: ₹26,968 crore
  • Defence Space Agency (DSA) is leading the project

Diversification of India's Space Ecosystem

Focus: The structural expansion of India's space program beyond traditional ISRO missions, involving international treaties (ESA), biological research (BioE3), and domestic legal frameworks for the private sector.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the shift from a purely state-run space program to a multi-stakeholder ecosystem involving private players and deep international collaboration.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-25 [Science & Technology] — India Space Congress 2025 Focuses on Global Partnerships
  The India Space Congress (ISC) began on June 25, 2025, in Delhi, bringing together policymakers and industry leaders from 40 countries to discuss the private space sector. The event, organized by the Satcom Industry Association-India, aims to foster investment and collaboration in India's space economy. A special US-India roundtable will explore opportunities to extend Earth Observation solutions to the Global South.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India Space Congress 2025 focused on private space sector partnerships.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: India Space Congress (ISC) 2025
  • Location: Delhi
  • Date: June 25, 2025
  • Organizer: Satcom Industry Association-India (SIA-India)
  • Participants: Policymakers, diplomats, industry leaders from 40 countries
  • Theme: 'Pioneering Innovation in Space Tech: India's Journey Towards Global Partnerships'
  • Projected Space Economy: USD 44 billion by 2033
  • US-India roundtable will focus on accelerating innovation and collaboration through emerging opportunities to assess India's progress in extending Earth Observation solutions to the Global South for shared prosperity
• 2025-05-25 [Science & Technology] — Draft Space Activities Bill Modernizing India's Space Governance
  The draft Space Activities Bill is a significant step towards modernizing India's space governance, enabling private sector engagement, and fulfilling international responsibilities. It empowers IN-SPACe with legal backing to regulate private space companies, crucial as India is a signatory to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Draft Space Activities Bill modernizes space governance, enables private sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Space Activities Bill
  • IN-SPACe
  • Outer Space Treaty of 1967
  • Private sector engagement
• 2025-05-16 [Science & Technology] — India to Study Human Life Sustainability in Space
  India is planning to study the sustainability of human life in space under its BioE3 policy; this was announced by the Union Minister of State for Science and Technology, who stated that India is set to conduct its first-ever biological experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS). These experiments, which will be spearheaded by ISRO in collaboration with the department of biotechnology, are scheduled to be carried out as part of the upcoming ISS mission XM 4.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India to study human life sustainability in space under BioE3 policy.

  Key Facts:

  • BioE3 policy
  • Union Minister of State for Science and Technology
  • International Space Station (ISS)
  • ISRO
  • Department of Biotechnology
  • ISS mission XM 4
  • Microgravity experiments
• 2025-05-07 [Science & Technology] — Joint Statement on Human Space Exploration
  ISRO and the European Space Agency (ESA) signed a Joint Statement of Intent on Human Space Exploration on May 7, 2025, during the Global Space Exploration Conference 2025, emphasizing Low Earth orbit (LEO) operations, compatibility of docking and rendezvous systems, collaboration in parabolic flight operations, analog missions on Earth, and astronaut training. ESA is planning to use the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) with possibility of future visits and research by European astronauts.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO and ESA sign Joint Statement on Human Space Exploration.

  Key Facts:

  • Signed May 7, 2025
  • ISRO and ESA
  • Joint Statement of Intent on Human Space Exploration
  • Global Space Exploration Conference 2025
  • Emphasizes Low Earth Orbit (LEO) operations
  • Collaboration in docking and rendezvous systems
  • Collaboration in parabolic flight operations
  • Collaboration in analog missions on Earth
  • Collaboration in astronaut training
  • ESA is planning to use the BAS with possibility of future visits and research by European astronauts

ESA Earth Observation Missions

Focus: Updates on various European Space Agency (ESA) Earth observation satellite missions.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking ESA's contributions to global environmental monitoring (Sentinel-2, Sentinel-6B, Biomass).

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-09 [Science & Technology] — Copernicus Sentinel-2 Mission
  The European Space Agency (ESA)'s Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission released a high-resolution image of the 2026 Winter Olympic venues across northern Italy. The mission is part of the European Union's Earth observation program and aims to monitor variability in land surface conditions using two polar-orbiting satellites.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission is an Earth observation satellite mission developed by the European Space Agency (ESA).
  • It is part of Copernicus - the European Union's Space programme.
  • The twin satellites S-2B and S-2C have a wide swath width (290 km) and a high revisit time.
  • It delivers high-resolution optical multispectral imagery across 13 spectral bands in the visible to shortwave infrared.
  • European Space Agency (ESA)'s Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission released a high-resolution image of the 2026 Winter Olympic venues across northern Italy
  • Delivers high-resolution optical multispectral imagery across 13 spectral bands in the visible to shortwave infrared
  • The twin satellites S-2B and S-2C have a wide swath width (290 km) and a high revisit time
  • Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) was established as an autonomous body in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)
  • Located in Hyderabad, Telangana
  • It is a permanent member of UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
  • Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission released high-resolution image of the 2026 Winter Olympic venues
  • Developed by the European Space Agency (ESA)
  • Part of Copernicus - the European Union's Earth observation program
  • Twin satellites S-2B and S-2C
  • Wide swath width (290 km)
  • High revisit time
  • Delivers high-resolution optical multispectral imagery across 13 spectral bands
• 2025-11-18 [Science & Technology] — Sentinel-6B Satellite for Ocean Tracking
  The Sentinel-6B satellite, a joint mission between the United States' NASA and NOAA, and the European Space Agency is set to measure rising sea levels and their impacts. It will orbit Earth at 7.2 km per second, completing one revolution every 112 minutes, providing sea level measurements down to approximately an inch from over 90% of all oceans.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Sentinel-6B: NASA, NOAA, ESA mission to measure rising sea levels.

  Key Facts:

  • Joint mission between NASA, NOAA, and the European Space Agency.
  • Will measure rising sea levels.
  • Orbits Earth at 7.2 km per second, completing one revolution every 112 minutes.
  • Provides sea level measurements down to approximately an inch from over 90% of all the oceans.
• 2025-04-15 [Science & Technology] — ESA's Biomass Mission Launch
  The European Space Agency (ESA) is preparing to launch its Biomass mission on April 29, 2025, aboard a Vega C rocket from Korou Spaceport, French Guiana. The mission seeks to map the world's forests and provide the first-ever comprehensive, global measurements of forest biomass using satellite technology. It is expected to significantly advance global understanding of how forests influence the carbon cycle.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ESA's Biomass mission launch to map the world's forests.

  Key Facts:

  • Launch Date: April 29, 2025
  • Launched by: European Space Agency (ESA)
  • Launch Vehicle: Vega C rocket
  • Launch Location: Korou Spaceport, French Guiana
  • Satellite will orbit the Earth in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of approximately 666 km

India's Space Sector: Growth Trajectory and Fiscal Support (2025-2026)

Focus: A specific sequence of reports tracking the Indian space economy's projected growth, current market size, and subsequent budgetary allocation.

UPSC Value: Connects the outcomes of the Indian Space Policy 2023 (private sector growth) with the government's fiscal commitment in the 2026 budget.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [Science & Technology] — Space Sector Budget 2026-27
  Space allocations in 2026–27 exceed the pre-pandemic peak (₹13,017 crore in 2019–20) by ~5.3%, signaling operational normalisation for ISRO and continuity for missions like Gaganyaan and planetary exploration.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Increased space budget signals operational normalisation for ISRO missions.

  Key Facts:

  • Budget 2026-27: Space allocation exceeds pre-pandemic peak by ~5.3%
  • Pre-pandemic peak (2019-20): ₹13,017 crore
• 2026-01-30 [Economy] — India's Space Economy Reaches $8.4 Billion
  In January 2026, the government informed Parliament that India's space economy has reached USD 8.4 billion, with nearly 400 active start-ups, reflecting the outcomes of post-2019 private-sector reforms. The Indian Space Policy, 2023, permits private entities to undertake end-to-end space activities.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's space economy reaches $8.4 billion with 400 active start-ups.

  Key Facts:

  • India's space economy reached USD 8.4 billion
  • Nearly 400 active space start-ups
  • Indian Space Policy, 2023 permits private entities to undertake end-to-end space activities
  • IN-SPACe's Decadal Vision targets expansion to USD 44 billion by 2033, including USD 11 billion in exports
• 2025-09-09 [Science & Technology] — India's Space Economy Growth
  India's space economy is projected to grow five-fold by 2033, driven by private sector innovation and government support. Government is integrating space inputs with government platforms like the Bhunidhi portal.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's space economy projected to grow five-fold by 2033.

  Key Facts:

  • India's space economy is projected to grow five-fold by 2033
  • Growth is driven by private sector innovation
  • Government is integrating space inputs with government platforms
  • Example of government platform: Bhunidhi portal
  • India has the IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), also referred to as NavIC

SpaceX as a Global Enabler of Commercial Space

Focus: Diverse commercial space projects (private stations, polar crew missions, foreign startup satellites) relying on SpaceX launch infrastructure.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the consolidation of the global commercial launch market and the 'platformization' of space via SpaceX.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [Science & Technology] — Haven One - Private Space Station
  American startup Vast is developing Haven One, the world's first private space station. Integration is expected to start in January 2026 with launch preparations underway and is expected to launch in early 2027 using SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Vast is developing Haven One, the world's first private space station.

  Key Facts:

  • Space Station: Haven One
  • Developer: Vast (American startup)
  • Integration Start: January 2026
  • Launch (Expected): Early 2027
  • Rocket: SpaceX Falcon 9
• 2025-08-28 [Science & Technology] — SpaceX Launches Satellites of Indian Startups
  On August 28, 2025, a SpaceX rocket successfully placed satellites belonging to Indian startups into orbit. This event highlights the growing role of Indian startups in the space sector and the increasing collaboration with international space organizations.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SpaceX launches satellites of Indian startups into orbit.

  Key Facts:

  • SpaceX rocket launched Indian startups' satellites.
• 2025-04-07 [Science & Technology] — SpaceX Launches Private Astron Crew in Fram2 Polar Orbiting Mission
  SpaceX launched a crew of four astronauts on a polar orbiting mission named Fram2, to observe the polar region from space. The name pays tribute to a Norwegian ship used for an arctic expedition in the 20th century.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SpaceX launches private Astron crew on Fram2 polar orbiting mission.

  Key Facts:

  • Mission: Fram2
  • Company: SpaceX
  • Objective: observe the polar region from space

Commercialization and Policy Frameworks of India's Space Sector

Focus: The transition of India's space industry from state-led initiatives to a private-sector-driven commercial ecosystem, supported by FDI liberalization, international missions, and financial de-risking through insurance.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding the economic and policy shifts in India's strategic sectors (GS Paper III), specifically the 'NewSpace' era and the liberalization of high-tech industries.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-24 [Economy] — Space Insurance in India
  India is promoting space insurance to de-risk space missions, build investor confidence, and encourage private participation, particularly with 100% FDI liberalization in the space sector in 2024. High premiums, reinsurance dependency, and the absence of a Space Activities Act pose key challenges. Launch insurance costs 15–20% of mission value, and premiums increased 20–30% after PSLV launch failures.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India is promoting space insurance.

  Key Facts:

  • Space insurance in India
  • 100% FDI liberalization (2024)
  • Launch insurance costs 15–20% of mission value
  • Premiums increased 20–30% after PSLV launch failures
• 2025-11-22 [Defense & Security] — India's Defence Modernisation and AI Sovereignty
  India needs a national debate on reallocating defence resources to foster innovation in AI, missiles, drones, air defence, and space systems. There is a risk of U.S.A companies dominating India's AI ecosystem, undermining sovereignty, despite India's ₹10,372-crore AI mission being questioned by global firms for being inadequate. Funding for AI must increase at least 20-fold.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India needs national debate on defence resource allocation for AI.

  Key Facts:

  • Need to reallocate defence resources for AI innovation
  • Risk of U.S.A companies dominating India's AI ecosystem
  • ₹10,372-crore AI mission is considered inadequate
  • Funding for AI must increase at least 20-fold
• 2025-07-18 [Science & Technology] — Indian Express: Evolving Space Sector
  The Indian Express editorial covers India's evolving space sector, marked by private participation and international collaboration, particularly through the Axiom-4 mission. This signifies a shift towards commercial space activities and technological advancement.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's evolving space sector includes private participation and international collaboration.

  Key Facts:

  • India's space sector is seeing increased private participation and international collaboration.
  • Axiom-4 mission signifies a shift towards commercial space activities.

Sustainability and Operational Risks to Orbital Assets

Focus: A collection of distinct challenges—including programmatic decommissioning, optical interference from satellite constellations, and physical hazards from orbital debris—that threaten the continuity and safety of space-based research and exploration.

UPSC Value: This grouping is essential for analyzing the 'Space Sustainability' framework and the management of the global commons within the Science and Technology syllabus.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-24 [Science & Technology] — Micrometeoroid Impact on Chinese Spacecraft
  A piece of debris struck the Chinese crewed vehicle Shenzhou-20, causing a minor crack in the window of its return capsule, raising concerns about protecting astronauts from Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Micrometeoroid impact on Chinese spacecraft raises safety concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • Debris struck Chinese crewed vehicle Shenzhou-20
  • Caused a minor crack in the window
  • Raises concerns about MMOD protection
• 2025-12-07 [Science & Technology] — Space Telescopes Affected by Satellites
  Space telescopes will be affected by light pollution caused by satellites in Earth's orbit. Satellites alter light by absorbing and reflecting it, which affects the vision of telescopes.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Satellite light pollution affects space telescopes' vision.

• 2025-08-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Potential Shutdown of Orbiting Carbon Observatories
  The US government has proposed shutting down two major satellites — OCO-2 and OCO-3 — that monitor atmospheric CO2 and crop health. Climate scientists warn this will disrupt critical global climate monitoring efforts, despite NASA citing that these missions were “beyond their prime”.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Potential shutdown of OCO-2 and OCO-3 will disrupt climate monitoring.

  Key Facts:

  • OCO-2 (2014): measures CO2 sources and sinks, and tracks crop photosynthesis glow
  • OCO-3 (2019): monitors plant health and CO2 levels during different times of day

India's Polar Research and Strategic Expansion

Focus: Developments in India's institutional framework, physical infrastructure, and strategic policy regarding the Earth's polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic).

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Science & Technology) regarding India's scientific diplomacy and strategic interests in the Global Commons.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-18 [Science & Technology] — India to Establish Maitri II Research Station in Antarctica
  India is set to expand its polar research presence with Maitri II, a next-generation research station in East Antarctica, expected to be completed by 2032. Maitri II will replace the existing Maitri I, operational since 1989 in the Schirmacher Oasis, and will provide modern, all-weather facilities to support year-round scientific research. The station will upgrade India's research infrastructure in Antarctica, including state-of-the-art laboratories, ice-core storage systems, and facilities for biological and microbial research.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India to establish Maitri II research station in Antarctica by 2032.

  Key Facts:

  • Maitri II is expected to be completed by 2032.
  • Maitri II will replace the existing Maitri I, operational since 1989 in the Schirmacher Oasis.
• 2025-05-24 [Science & Technology] — NCPOR celebrates 25th anniversary, Sagar Bhavan and Polar Bhavan inaugurated
  Union Minister inaugurated Sagar Bhavan and Polar Bhavan at the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa, marking its 25th anniversary. NCPOR is India's premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs. NCPOR manages India's research stations in Antarctica (Maitri & Bharati), the Arctic (Himadri), and the Himalayas (Himansh).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NCPOR's role in polar and ocean research.

  Key Facts:

  • NCPOR: National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
  • NCPOR operates under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
  • Indian Antarctic Programme
  • Antarctic stations: Maitri & Bharati
  • Arctic station: Himadri
  • Himalayan facility: Himansh
  • Date of establishment: May 25, 1998
  • Union Minister inaugurated Sagar Bhavan and Polar Bhavan at NCPOR, Goa.
  • Marking NCPOR's 25th anniversary.
  • NCPOR is India's premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences.
• 2025-05-05 [International Relations] — India Must Rethink Its Arctic Outlook
  India must rethink its Arctic outlook (GS II IR).
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India must rethink its Arctic outlook.

Technology Transfer & Commercialization

Focus: Milestones in formally transferring DRDO-developed technologies to the Indian Armed Forces and private industry

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the 'Lab to Land' trajectory of defence innovations fostering the domestic manufacturing ecosystem.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-08 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Transfers Seven Indigenous Technologies to Armed Forces
  The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) handed over seven home-grown technologies to the Indian Armed Forces on 2 December 2025. These technologies were developed under the Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme, promoting indigenous defence innovations.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO transfers seven indigenous technologies to Armed Forces.

  Key Facts:

  • Technologies developed under: Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme.
  • Date of transfer: December 2, 2025.
• 2025-10-25 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Technology Licensing Agreements
  In October 2025, DRDO initiated 12 technology-licensing agreements for advanced defence products at the 'SAMANVAY 2025' event in Bengaluru. The Indian Ministry of Defence approved a contract for advanced night-sight devices for the Indian Army. The EU Council established a strategic agenda to enhance defence collaboration with India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO licensing agreements boost indigenous defence production.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO initiated 12 technology-licensing agreements at 'SAMANVAY 2025' event.
  • Indian Ministry of Defence approved a contract for advanced night-sight devices.
  • EU Council established a strategic agenda to enhance defence collaboration with India.
• 2025-06-09 [Defense & Security] — DRDO Transfers Defence Technologies to Industry
  On June 8, 2025, DRDO's VRDE transferred nine advanced defence systems technologies to ten Indian industries, promoting self-reliance in defence manufacturing. The transferred systems include the CBRN Recce Vehicle, Mounted Gun System, Anti-Terrorist Vehicle, and Vajra-Riot Control Vehicle. VRDE also signed an MoU with COEP Technological University, Pune, for collaboration on cutting-edge technologies and research.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: DRDO transferred nine defence technologies to Indian industries.

  Key Facts:

  • DRDO's Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE)
  • Technologies of nine advanced defence systems
  • Ten Indian industries
  • June 8, 2025
  • Ahilyanagar, Maharashtra
  • CBRN Recce Vehicle
  • Mounted Gun System
  • Anti-Terrorist Vehicle
  • Vajra-Riot Control Vehicle
  • COEP Technological University, Pune

Structural Growth of India's Private Space Ecosystem

Focus: Developments in late 2025 focusing on infrastructure, technology transfer, and labor challenges in India's commercial space sector.

UPSC Value: Highlights the multi-faceted push (infrastructure, policy, human capital) required to meet India's space economy targets.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-11 [Science & Technology] — ISRO Transfers SSLV Technology to HAL
  ISRO signed its 100th technology transfer agreement with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to enable independent production of Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs). This agreement, facilitated by INSPACe and signed in Bengaluru with NSIL and HAL, boosts Atmanirbharta, expands India's private sector role in space tech, and positions India in the global small-satellite launch market.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ISRO transfers SSLV technology to HAL.

  Key Facts:

  • Developed by: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
  • Configured with three solid propulsion stages and a liquid-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as the terminal stage.
  • Payload Capacity: Can carry about 500 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 300 kg to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO).
  • ISRO will guide HAL on preparedness-to-flight, covering commercial processes and technology integration, culminating in two missions under the agreement.
  • The agreement would allow the HAL to independently build the SSLV for both domestic and international markets.
  • ISRO
  • HAL
  • SSLV
  • Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
  • technology transfer
  • Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
  • Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)
  • INSPACe
  • NSIL
  • Bengaluru
  • 100th technology transfer agreement
  • Atmanirbharta
  • Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): Payload Capacity: Can carry about 500 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 300 kg to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO)
  • Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): Configuration: A three-stage solid propulsion rocket with a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) for precise orbital insertion
  • Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): Cost-Effective: Designed for low-cost launches, with a quick turnaround time and minimum ground infrastructure requirements
• 2025-09-10 [Economy] — Andhra Pradesh to Build Space City and Defence Hubs
  The Andhra Pradesh government announced a ₹3,400 crore investment plan to establish a Space City in Tirupati and two Defence Manufacturing Hubs in Madakasira. The Tirupati space city, in partnership with Skyroot Aerospace with an investment of ₹400 crore, will focus on private satellite launches and cost-effective small launch vehicles, leveraging proximity to ISRO's Propulsion Complex. The Madakasira hubs, with ₹3,000 crore investment, will produce aerospace components, defence electronics, and weapons systems, creating thousands of jobs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Andhra Pradesh to build Space City and Defence Hubs.

  Key Facts:

  • Andhra Pradesh government: ₹3,400 crore investment
  • Space City: Tirupati
  • Defence Manufacturing Hubs: Madakasira
  • Skyroot Aerospace partnership
  • Tirupati space city investment: ₹400 crore
  • Madakasira hubs investment: ₹3,000 crore
  • Focus of Tirupati Space City: Private satellite launches, cost-effective small launch vehicles
  • Proximity to ISRO's Propulsion Complex
  • Production at Madakasira hubs: Aerospace components, defence electronics, and weapons systems
• 2025-08-09 [Science & Technology] — India's Private Space Talent Crisis
  India's private sector is playing an increasingly significant role in the space ecosystem, driving innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness. However, there is a talent crisis in the private space sector. Private sector contributions include developing cutting-edge technologies, contributing to India's $9 billion space economy target by 2030, enhancing India's position in the global launch and satellite services market, reducing dependence on ISRO, and generating high-skilled jobs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's private space sector faces talent crisis.

  Key Facts:

  • Innovation Driver – Develops cutting-edge technologies in rocketry, propulsion, satellite systems, and sensors.
  • Economic Growth – Contributes to India's $9 billion space economy target by 2030.
  • Global Competitiveness – Enhances India's position in the global launch and satellite services market.
  • Diversification – Reduces dependence on ISRO for all space-related R&D and launches.
  • Employment Creation – Generates high-skilled jobs in aerospace, materials science, and advanced manufacturing.

Commercialization and Strategic Deployment of Satellite Communications in India

Focus: The convergence of private sector entry into space-tech and the strategic policy push to bridge India's digital divide in remote regions using satellite connectivity.

UPSC Value: Relevant for GS Paper 3 (Science & Technology and Infrastructure) regarding the liberalization of the space sector and the role of LEO satellites in achieving universal digital connectivity.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-13 [Science & Technology] — Tata's Nelco Partners with Eutelsat for OneWeb Services
  Tata Group company Nelco signed an agreement with French satellite services provider Eutelsat to deliver OneWeb Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite connectivity services across India. Nelco will partner with OneWeb India Communications to provide secure, low-latency LEO connectivity to customers.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Partnership between Nelco and Eutelsat
  • To deliver OneWeb LEO satellite connectivity services
• 2025-04-04 [Science & Technology] — India Balances Digital Connectivity and National Sovereignty
  India's remote regions still lack fiber optic and cellular network access. India is working to balance digital connectivity with national sovereignty in the context of satellite internet.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India balances digital connectivity and national sovereignty.

  Key Facts:

  • India's remote regions still lack fiber optic and cellular network access.
• 2025-03-18 [Economy] — Infosys Eyes Space-Tech Entry via Bid for Satellite Systems
  Infosys is considering entering the space-tech sector by bidding for satellite systems.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Company: Infosys
  • Sector: Space-tech
  • Activity: Bidding for satellite systems

SpaceX 2025 Operational Milestones and Technical Standards

Focus: Events and technical specifications related to SpaceX's role in 2025 space missions, including satellite launches, crew recovery operations, and Dragon module re-entry mechanics.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic importance and technical reliability of commercial aerospace providers in maintaining orbital infrastructure and ensuring mission safety.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-16 [Science & Technology] — SpaceX Dragon Module Re-entry
  SpaceX's Dragon module uses a drag parachute system to slow its descent during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. Two drag parachutes are deployed at 18,000 feet to reduce acceleration, followed by four main parachutes at 6,500 feet. The module is designed to splash down in the ocean at a speed of 15-25 km/h.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: SpaceX Dragon module uses drag parachute system for re-entry.

  Key Facts:

  • Spacecraft: SpaceX Dragon module
  • Drag Parachutes: Two, deployed at 18,000 feet
  • Main Parachutes: Four, deployed at 6,500 feet
  • Ocean Impact Speed: 15-25 km/h
• 2025-03-20 [Science & Technology] — Sunita Williams Returns After Stranding in Space
  Indian-origin astronaut Sunita Williams returned to Earth aboard a SpaceX ship after being stranded in space for nine months due to technical issues with Boeing's Starliner spacecraft. The mission, which began on June 5, 2024, was intended to last only eight days, but was extended due to malfunctions.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Sunita Williams returns after being stranded in space.

  Key Facts:

  • Astronaut: Sunita Williams
  • Spacecraft: Boeing Starliner (crew flight test mission)
  • Original Launch Date: June 5, 2024
  • Stranded Time: 9 months
  • Original Mission Length: 8 days
  • Docked at: International Space Station (ISS)
  • Expedition: 71st
• 2025-03-01 [Science & Technology] — NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Mission
  A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched NASA's Lunar Trailblazer orbiter to find and map water on the moon's surface. The orbiter weighs about 200 kg and measures about 3.5 metres wide when its solar panels are fully deployed.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission launched to map water on the moon.

  Key Facts:

  • NASA's Lunar Trailblazer launched on SpaceX Falcon 9
  • Objective: Find and map water on the moon
  • Weight: 200 kg
  • Width: 3.5 metres (with solar panels deployed)