Pathogen Control & Public Health Missions: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India has transitioned from a general 'public health' approach to a 'Mission-Mode Elimination' strategy, targeting specific pathogens with aggressive timelines (TB by 2025, Lymphatic Filariasis by 2027, and Malaria by 2030). This is bolstered by the 'National One Health Mission', which integrates human, animal, and environmental surveillance to preempt zoonotic spillovers like Nipah and Avian Influenza, reflecting a shift from reactive containment to proactive biosecurity.

Cross-Theme Insight

The current health architecture represents a 'Digital-Biological-Policy' trifecta. The **U-WIN platform** (digital) provides the data backbone for universal immunization; the **One Health Framework** (biological) addresses the 75% of emerging infectious diseases that are zoonotic; and the **'Mukt Bharat' initiatives** (policy) mobilize social capital through 'Ni-kshay Mitras' and community-led models. This synergy is essential to tackle challenges like Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and invasive urban vectors (e.g., Anopheles stephensi) that bypass traditional rural-centric health protocols.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Traditional textbooks (e.g., Majid Hussain, p. 80) still list diseases like Chikungunya as having 'no vaccine available,' whereas current updates show Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI 5.0) and new vaccine R&D (e.g., for Dengue and Malaria) are rapidly changing the landscape. Furthermore, while static content focuses on the 'National Rural Health Mission', current exam relevance has shifted to the **National Digital Health Mission (ABDM)** and specific tech-platforms like **U-WIN**, which was explicitly tested in CDS 2025.

How This Theme Is Evolving

India's strategy is evolving from 'Disease Control' to 'Pathogen Eradication and Global Leadership'. By making Rabies a 'notifiable disease' and establishing 'Equine Disease-Free Compartments', India is aligning its domestic health security with global trade and biosecurity standards, positioning itself as the 'Pharmacy of the World' and a leader in health diplomacy.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Analysis of recent papers (CDS 2025, IAS 2022) shows a clear shift from testing scheme names (e.g., Mission Indradhanush) to testing the **technological platforms** enabling them (e.g., **U-WIN** for digitizing records, mRNA vs. Vector-based vaccine platforms). Questions are also becoming more specialized regarding pathogen behavior, such as the urban adaptability of malaria vectors or the specific targets of SDG 3.

Probable Prelims Angles

• Target years for elimination: TB (2025), Lymphatic Filariasis (2027), Malaria (2030), Kala-azar (elimination validation).
• Features and target groups of the U-WIN platform (Pregnant women and children up to 16 years).
• Transmission mechanisms of rare/emerging pathogens: Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating amoeba) and Nipah virus.
• Distinction between vaccine types: mRNA (Pfizer/Moderna), Viral Vector (Covishield/Sputnik), and Inactivated (Covaxin).
• One Health components: The role of the Department of Animal Husbandry in human pandemic preparedness.

Mains Answer Framework

• India's shift towards 'Mission-Mode Pathogen Elimination' signifies a landmark transition from curative healthcare to a holistic, technology-driven 'One Health' security framework.
• Technological Leapfrogging: The role of U-WIN and Ni-kshay platforms in real-time tracking and improving immunization/treatment outcomes.. The One Health Mandate: Integrating animal health surveillance (e.g., for Rabies and Glanders) as a prerequisite for human pandemic prevention.. Social Mobilization: Success of the 'Jan Andolan' model in the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan and its replicability for other Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs).. Challenges of Urbanization: Addressing the rise of invasive vectors like Anopheles stephensi in smart cities.
• Achieving 'Mukt Bharat' targets requires bridging the last-mile delivery gap through digital health IDs while sustaining global leadership in vaccine manufacturing and AMR stewardship.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (13 themes, 58 news items)

Zoonotic Viral Disease Burden and Response

Focus: Management of zoonotic and vector-borne viral diseases in India, covering outbreaks, mortality statistics, and vaccine challenges.

UPSC Value: Highlights the 'One Health' challenge where animal-to-human transmission (Nipah, Rabies, KFD) requires specific surveillance, R&D, and supply chain integrity.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-20 [Science & Technology] — India's Polio Vaccine Gains WHO Prequalification
  The World Health Organization (WHO) granted prequalification (PQ) status to the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) produced by India's Biological E. Limited (BE). This approval expands BE's role to full-scale manufacturing, bolstering the global supply chain for combating poliovirus outbreaks. With the new PQ, the company is poised to produce an additional 600 million doses annually.
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  UPSC Angle: India's Polio Vaccine Gains WHO Prequalification.

  Key Facts:

  • WHO granted prequalification (PQ) status to the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) produced by India's Biological E. Limited (BE).
  • BE has contributed 700 million doses of nOPV2 to the global stockpile since March 2024.
  • The company is poised to produce an additional 600 million doses annually.
• 2026-02-14 [Science & Technology] — WHO Monitoring New Mpox Strain Detected in UK and India
  The World Health Organization (WHO) is monitoring a newly identified recombinant mpox virus detected in the UK and India, which contains genetic material from two known strains. Two cases of the recombinant strain have been identified, one in the United Kingdom and one in India, both with recent travel histories and no severe illness. The WHO emphasizes the need for continued genomic surveillance.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO monitoring new recombinant mpox virus detected in UK and India.

  Key Facts:

  • New recombinant mpox strain detected in UK and India
  • Contains genetic material from clades Ib and IIb of the monkeypox virus (MPXV)
  • One case in the United Kingdom and one in India
  • Both patients had recent travel histories and no severe illness
• 2026-01-26 [Science & Technology] — Nipah Virus Cases in West Bengal, India
  India notified WHO of two lab-confirmed Nipah virus (NiV) infection cases in West Bengal, both healthcare workers at a private hospital in Barasat. The cases were confirmed on January 13, 2026, at the National Institute of Virology in Pune.
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  UPSC Angle: Nipah virus cases reported in West Bengal; monitor spread.

  Key Facts:

  • Two confirmed Nipah virus (NiV) infection cases in West Bengal State, reported to WHO on January 26, 2026.
  • Cases are healthcare workers at a private hospital in Barasat, North 24 Parganas district.
  • NiV infection confirmed at the National Institute of Virology in Pune on January 13, 2026.
  • Confirmed through Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing.
  • Over 190 contacts were identified and tested, with all samples testing negative for NiV.
• 2026-01-13 [Science & Technology] — Nipah Virus Cases in West Bengal
  Two healthcare workers in West Bengal are suspected of being infected with the Nipah virus. There is no approved vaccine for Nipah virus in humans or animals and treatment relies on intensive supportive care and isolation. India has improved outcomes by using monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir, reducing mortality.
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  UPSC Angle: Suspected Nipah virus cases in West Bengal.

  Key Facts:

  • Two Nipah cases detected in Barasat city, West Bengal
  • No approved vaccine for Nipah virus in humans or animals
  • India has improved outcomes using monoclonal antibodies and Remdesivir
  • Mortality reduced from 91% in 2018 to around 33% by 2023–25
• 2025-12-30 [Science & Technology] — Fake Rabies Vaccines Alert
  Health authorities in Australia, the UK, and the US have issued advisories to citizens vaccinated for rabies in India to verify if they need replacement doses due to concerns about counterfeit rabies vaccines potentially in circulation since 2023. These alerts highlight issues in drug supply chain integrity and regulatory enforcement, especially significant for India, which has a high rabies burden and is a major vaccine supplier. The advisories stem from concerns about fake batches of Abhayrab, a rabies vaccine manufactured by the Human Biologicals Institute.
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  UPSC Angle: Fake rabies vaccines alert issued for those vaccinated in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Health authorities in Australia, the UK, and the US issued advisories
  • Advisories urge citizens vaccinated in India to verify the need for replacement doses
  • Concerns over counterfeit rabies vaccines circulating in India since 2023
  • Abhayrab, a vaccine by Human Biologicals Institute, is central to the concern
  • India accounts for nearly 36% of global rabies deaths
  • 6,644 clinically suspected human rabies cases and deaths were reported in India between 2012 and 2022
• 2025-12-26 [Science & Technology] — Rabies Magnitude in India
  Rabies causes approximately 59,000 human deaths globally every year, with India accounting for nearly one-third of these deaths, with an estimated 20,000 fatalities annually, the highest in the world. The disease remains endemic in India and disproportionately affects economically weaker and marginalized communities.
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  UPSC Angle: India accounts for nearly one-third of global rabies deaths.

  Key Facts:

  • Rabies causes approximately 59,000 human deaths globally every year.
  • India accounts for nearly one-third of global rabies deaths, with an estimated 20,000 fatalities annually.
• 2025-03-04 [Science & Technology] — ICMR Progresses on Kyasanur Forest Disease Vaccine
  The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has initiated Phase I human clinical trials for an improved version of the Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) vaccine. The vaccine development is under the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
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  UPSC Angle: ICMR progresses on Kyasanur Forest Disease vaccine.

  Key Facts:

  • ICMR initiated Phase I human clinical trials for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) vaccine
  • Vaccine development under Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
  • KFD is a tick-borne viral disease prevalent in forested regions of southern India

Elimination Roadmaps for Neglected Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases

Focus: Government initiatives, strategic plans, and challenges regarding the elimination of specific parasitic and vector-borne diseases (Filariasis, Malaria, Leprosy) with 2027-2030 targets.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking India's progress towards specific health SDGs and understanding the distinct strategies (MDA, Vector Control) used for different endemic diseases.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-15 [Science & Technology] — India's Lymphatic Filariasis Burden
  India accounts for a significant global burden of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a disease transmitted through infected mosquitoes. Chronic infection leads to conditions such as elephantiasis, hydrocele, and long-term disability.
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  UPSC Angle: India's significant global burden of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF).

  Key Facts:

  • Lymphatic Filariasis (LF): Transmitted by infected mosquitoes
  • Consequences: Elephantiasis, hydrocele, and long-term disability
  • India: Significant global burden of LF
• 2026-02-10 [Schemes & Programs] — Mass Drug Administration Campaign for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination
  Union Health Minister Shri J.P. Nadda launched the annual nationwide Mass Drug Administration (MDA) campaign for Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) elimination across 12 endemic states, with the goal of a filariasis-free India by 2027. For the 10th February 2026 MDA campaign, 124 districts across 12 States have been provisionally identified.
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  UPSC Angle: Mass Drug Administration campaign for Lymphatic Filariasis elimination.

  Key Facts:

  • Annual nationwide Mass Drug Administration (MDA) campaign launched for Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) elimination
  • Goal of a filariasis-free India by 2027
  • 124 districts (55 DA and 69 IDA) across 12 States provisionally identified for the 10th February 2026 MDA campaign
  • National LF Programme has transitioned to a unified annual MDA campaign from February 2026
• 2026-01-25 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Malaria Elimination Strategy
  India is progressing towards malaria elimination with a national strategy guided by the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (2016–2030) and the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Malaria Elimination (2023–2027). Malaria cases declined by about 80% between 2015 and 2023, and India is on track to meet the WHO Global Technical Strategy (2016–2030) target of a 75% reduction in incidence by 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: India progressing towards malaria elimination via National Framework (2016-2030).

  Key Facts:

  • Malaria cases declined by about 80% between 2015 and 2023
  • Malaria-related deaths fell by 78.3% during the same period, reaching a historic low of 83 deaths in 2023
  • India aims to achieve zero indigenous malaria cases by 2030
  • Nationwide interruption of local transmission targeted by 2027
  • National Framework for Malaria Elimination (2016–2030) categorizes states based on transmission intensity
  • National Strategic Plan (2023–2027) focuses on the “Test, Treat, Track” (3Ts) strategy
  • India exited the WHO’s “High Burden to High Impact” (HBHI) group in 2024
• 2025-12-27 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Malaria Elimination Goal Threatened by Invasive Mosquito
  India's goal to eliminate malaria by 2030 faces challenges due to the spread of the invasive Anopheles stephensi mosquito, which is capable of transmitting both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and thrives in urban environments. This mosquito's adaptability to urban settings is driving a resurgence of malaria in cities like Delhi, undermining the target of zero indigenous cases by 2027. Effective control requires city-specific strategies and inter-sectoral coordination.
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  UPSC Angle: Invasive mosquito threatens India's malaria elimination goal.

  Key Facts:

  • Anopheles stephensi is an invasive mosquito species from Southeast Asia and the Arabian Peninsula.
  • It can transmit Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
  • India's target is zero indigenous malaria cases by 2027 and elimination by 2030.
  • The Health Ministry's Malaria Elimination Technical Report 2025 highlights the threat.
  • High-burden districts persist in Odisha, Tripura, and Mizoram.
  • Cross-border transmission from Myanmar and Bangladesh continues to affect northeastern border districts.
  • The report was released by the Health Ministry and compiled by the ICMR–National Institute of Malaria Research and the National Centre for Vector Borne Disease Control.
  • Malaria cases reduced from 11.7 lakh (2015) to ~2.27 lakh (2024).
  • Deaths declined by 78% from 2015 to 2024.
  • India has made a target to eliminate malaria by year 2030.
  • India's malaria elimination goal is by 2030.
  • Anopheles stephensi thrives in urban areas.
  • It transmits Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
  • Peak transmission is from June to August.
• 2025-12-05 [Society & Culture] — Leprosy Prevalence in India
  India continues to report about 57% of leprosy cases worldwide, with genetic predisposition and living in unsanitary conditions raising susceptibility. The five states in India with the highest prevalence of leprosy are Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Odisha. The Union Health Ministry launched the National Strategic Plan (NSP) and Roadmap for Leprosy (2023-27) in 2023 to achieve zero transmission of leprosy by 2027.
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  UPSC Angle: India reports about 57% of leprosy cases worldwide.

  Key Facts:

  • 57%: Approximate percentage of global leprosy cases in India
  • Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Odisha: States with highest prevalence of leprosy
  • National Strategic Plan (NSP) and Roadmap for Leprosy (2023-27): Launched by Union Health Ministry
  • 2027: Target year for achieving zero transmission of leprosy
  • 2030: SDG target year to end leprosy
• 2025-11-02 [Science & Technology] — Lymphatic Filariasis
  Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea. The three types of thread-like filarial worms are Wuchereria bancrofti (responsible for 90% of cases), Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.
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  UPSC Angle: Lymphatic filariasis is caused by nematodes like Wuchereria bancrofti.

  Key Facts:

  • Lymphatic filariasis is caused by nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea.
  • Three types of filarial worms: Wuchereria bancrofti (90% of cases), Brugia malayi, Brugia timori.
• 2025-09-12 [Schemes & Programs] — Centre Urges Vigilance for Dengue and Malaria
  The Union Health Ministry issued an advisory to Chief Ministers urging them to remain vigilant and intensify preventive measures and community awareness activities for effective control of dengue and malaria. This followed a review meeting by Health Minister J.P. Nadda on September 11, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Centre urges vigilance for dengue and malaria.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Health Ministry advisory
  • Vigilance for dengue and malaria
  • Review meeting by Health Minister J.P. Nadda on September 11, 2025

Immunization Coverage and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

Focus: Updates on the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) and specific campaigns against viral diseases like Measles and Rubella.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the efficacy of public health interventions through vaccination and India's role in regional health security.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-20 [Schemes & Programs] — Union Health Minister to Launch Td Vaccine
  Union Health Minister Shri J.P. Nadda will launch the Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine on 21st February 2026 at the Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. CRI will supply 55 lakh doses to the UIP by April 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: Union Health Minister to launch Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare Shri J.P. Nadda will launch the Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine on 21st February 2026.
  • The launch will occur at the Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh.
  • CRI will supply 55 lakh doses to the UIP by April 2026.
  • The National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI) recommended replacing the TT vaccine with the Td vaccine in India's immunization programme for all age groups, including pregnant women.
• 2026-02-17 [Science & Technology] — WHO Prequalifies Biological E.'s Polio Vaccine
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) manufactured by Biological E. Limited (BioE), a Hyderabad-based company. This approval is a boost to national health security and India's role in the global polio eradication campaign, addressing the challenge of Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (cVDPV2).
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  UPSC Angle: WHO prequalifies Biological E.'s novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2).

  Key Facts:

  • Vaccine: Novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2)
  • Manufacturer: Biological E. Limited (BioE), Hyderabad
  • Addresses: Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (cVDPV2)
• 2025-09-24 [Schemes & Programs] — Lessons from India's Vaccination Drive
  India's vaccination drive demonstrates how scale, focus, and technology can save lives, reaching children and pregnant women with speed and cost-efficiency. The Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) vaccinates about 2.6 crore infants and 2.9 crore pregnant women each year, and under-5 mortality fell from 45 to 31 per 1,000 live births between 2014 and 2021.
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  UPSC Angle: Lessons from India's vaccination drive.

  Key Facts:

  • Infants vaccinated annually under UIP: 2.6 crore
  • Pregnant women vaccinated annually under UIP: 2.9 crore
  • Under-5 mortality rate decrease: From 45 to 31 per 1,000 live births between 2014 and 2021
  • Year India remained polio-free since: 2011
  • Year Maternal and neonatal tetanus was eliminated: 2015
  • Year Yaws was eliminated: 2016
  • Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) vaccinates about 2.6 crore infants and 2.9 crore pregnant women each year
  • Measles–Rubella push: From 2017 to 2019, 34.8 crore children (9 months to 15 years) received the MR vaccine
• 2025-08-20 [Science & Technology] — Nepal eliminated Rubella
  WHO has verified Nepal's elimination of rubella as a public health problem through vaccination drives. Nepal achieved over 90% immunization coverage. The efforts are to end measles-rubella by 2026 in South-East Asia and provide lessons for ongoing MR campaigns in India.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO verifies Nepal's elimination of rubella as a public health problem.

  Key Facts:

  • WHO verifies Nepal's elimination of rubella as a public health problem
  • Over 90% immunization coverage achieved
  • Efforts to end measles-rubella by 2026 in South-East Asia
• 2025-07-17 [Society & Culture] — Record Immunization Coverage in South Asia
  A new report by UNICEF and the WHO shows record immunisation coverage in South Asia for 2024, with coverage for the third dose of the DTP vaccine reaching an all-time high of 92% and the number of 'zero-dose' children falling by 27%, from 2.5 million to 1.8 million. India achieved a notable 43% drop in its zero-dose population, reducing it to 0.9 million, and is set to launch its national HPV vaccination program by the end of 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: Record immunization coverage in South Asia for 2024.

  Key Facts:

  • DTP3 coverage in South Asia: 92%
  • Zero-dose children reduction: 27% (1.8 million)
  • India's zero-dose reduction: 43% (0.9 million)
  • India and Pakistan: Launching national HPV vaccination programs by end of 2025
• 2025-04-25 [Schemes & Programs] — National 'Zero Measles-Rubella' Elimination Campaign 2025–26
  The Union Health Minister launched the National 'Zero Measles-Rubella' Elimination Campaign 2025–26, with the goal of eliminating both diseases by 2026. The campaign aims to achieve over 95% vaccination coverage through community participation and targeted outreach. Two doses of the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine are administered under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)—the first at 9–12 months and the second at 16–24 months of age.
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  UPSC Angle: National 'Zero Measles-Rubella' Elimination Campaign 2025–26 launched.

  Key Facts:

  • Aims to achieve zero transmission of measles and rubella by 2026.
  • Two doses of the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine are administered under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)—the first at 9–12 months and the second at 16–24 months of age.
  • Launched by: Union Health Minister Shri JP Nadda
  • Date of Launch: April 24, 2025
  • Occasion: World Immunization Week (April 24–30)
  • Goal: Elimination of Measles and Rubella by 2026
  • Approach: Adopt “ACT NOW” policy
  • Coverage: 2.9 crore pregnant women, 2.6 crore children annually
  • Protection Against: 12 VPDs (e.g., Polio, Measles, Rubella, Hepatitis B, Rotavirus)

Infectious Disease Control and Elimination Targets

Focus: Updates on the prevalence, control strategies, and elimination status of specific infectious diseases (Leprosy, HIV, TB, Rabies, Fungal infections) in India.

UPSC Value: Provides a comparative view of India's public health achievements (Leprosy) versus ongoing challenges (TB, Rabies) and emerging threats (Fungal).

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-03 [Society & Culture] — National Leprosy Day
  India attained national leprosy elimination status (prevalence rate <1/10,000) in 2005 and sustained it. As of 2025, the prevalence rate is 0.57 nationally.
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  UPSC Angle: India attained national leprosy elimination status in 2005.

  Key Facts:

  • India attained national leprosy elimination status (prevalence rate <1/10,000) in 2005 and sustained it
  • As of 2025, prevalence rate is 0.57 nationally
• 2026-01-05 [Society & Culture] — Delhi to Declare Human Rabies a Notifiable Disease
  The Delhi government is set to declare human rabies a notifiable disease under the Epidemic Diseases Act to improve surveillance and response. According to India's National Rabies Control Program, 6,644 suspected human rabies cases and deaths were reported between 2012 and 2022, while WHO estimates 18,000–20,000 annual deaths, with India accounting for 36% of global rabies deaths.
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  UPSC Angle: Delhi to declare human rabies a notifiable disease.

  Key Facts:

  • Human rabies to be declared a notifiable disease in Delhi
  • Legal framework: Epidemic Diseases Act
  • Suspected human rabies cases and deaths in India (2012-2022): 6,644 (per National Rabies Control Program)
  • WHO estimates: 18,000–20,000 annual rabies deaths in India
  • India accounts for 36% of global rabies deaths
  • Delhi government to declare human rabies a notifiable disease.
• 2025-12-01 [Society & Culture] — World AIDS Day 2025
  World AIDS Day is observed annually on December 1st to raise awareness about the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Union Health Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda will lead the national observance, reaffirming India's commitment to HIV prevention, treatment, and stigma elimination. India's Progress: India HIV Estimations 2023 reports 2.5 million people living with HIV, with 0.2% adult prevalence. New infections dropped 44% since 2010, surpassing the global 39% decline.
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  UPSC Angle: World AIDS Day observed on December 1st to raise HIV/AIDS awareness.

  Key Facts:

  • Observed annually on December 1st
  • First marked in 1988 by the World Health Organization (WHO)
  • India HIV Estimations 2023 reports 2.5 million people living with HIV
  • 0.2% adult prevalence in India
  • New infections in India dropped 44% since 2010
• 2025-11-16 [Schemes & Programs] — India's Progress in Tackling Tuberculosis
  India is making strides in tackling Tuberculosis (TB) with government initiatives and policy frameworks, though challenges remain in eliminating the disease. The WHO highlighted that globally, TB incidence fell by 2% between 2023 and 2024, and deaths decreased by 3%. Since 2000, timely diagnosis and treatment have saved 83 million lives.
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  UPSC Angle: India is making strides in tackling Tuberculosis.

  Key Facts:

  • Global TB incidence fell by 2% between 2023 and 2024.
  • Global TB deaths decreased by 3% between 2023 and 2024.
  • Since 2000, timely TB diagnosis and treatment have saved 83 million lives.
  • India's TB elimination target year: 2025
  • WHO target year for global TB elimination: 2035
  • SDG goal target year: 2030
• 2025-11-12 [Society & Culture] — Rising Fungal Infections in India
  Studies suggest that fungal infections would overtake the annual incidence of tuberculosis in India. A 2022 study estimated that India has the largest burden of fungal diseases per capita in the world, with over 57 million people affected. Diagnostic limitations across the country have inhibited high-quality epidemiological studies.
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  UPSC Angle: Rising fungal infections in India may overtake tuberculosis incidence.

  Key Facts:

  • Over 57 million people in India (4.1% of the population) are affected by serious fungal diseases
  • India has the largest burden of fungal diseases per capita in the world (2022)

Government 'Mukt Bharat' (Eradication) Initiatives

Focus: Central government campaigns aimed at eradicating specific social and health issues (Drugs, TB, Tobacco) in 'Mission Mode'.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the government's targeted approach to social welfare and public health under the 'Viksit Bharat' vision.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Schemes & Programs] — Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan Focuses on Vulnerable Districts
  The Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan, launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, targets the 272 most vulnerable districts in India. The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) provides technical support to these campaigns, tracking and dismantling local supply chains near educational zones.
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  UPSC Angle: Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan targets 272 vulnerable districts.

  Key Facts:

  • Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan
  • Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
  • 272 most vulnerable districts
  • Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
  • Article 47 of the Constitution of India
• 2025-10-09 [Schemes & Programs] — Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0
  The Government of India (Ministry of Education + Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) launched Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 on 9th October 2025. The aim is to promote a tobacco-free learning environment and move towards a tobacco-free generation under Viksit Bharat@2047 vision.
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  UPSC Angle: Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 launched to promote tobacco-free learning.

  Key Facts:

  • Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 launched on 9th October 2025
  • Launched by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
  • Aim: To promote a tobacco-free learning environment
  • Objective: To move towards a tobacco-free generation under Viksit Bharat@2047 vision
• 2025-08-13 [Schemes & Programs] — Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan Completes Five Years
  The Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA), a nationwide anti-drug initiative, has completed five years since its launch in 2020, with a special anniversary event scheduled in New Delhi. The initiative aims to reduce substance abuse through prevention, awareness, treatment, and rehabilitation, focusing on India's most vulnerable districts.
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  UPSC Angle: Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan completes five years; anti-drug initiative.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched in 2020
  • Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA) completed five years
  • Aims to reduce substance abuse through prevention, awareness, treatment, and rehabilitation
  • Sensitised over 18 crore citizens, including youth and women
  • Trained 20,000+ Master Volunteers nationwide
• 2025-07-20 [Society & Culture] — Kashi Declaration at Youth Spiritual Summit for Drug-Free India
  The Youth Spiritual Summit adopted the Kashi Declaration, focusing on a drug-free India with the motto 'Nasha Mukt Yua for Vikasid Bharat'. The summit took place from July 18-20.
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  UPSC Angle: Kashi Declaration focuses on a drug-free India.

  Key Facts:

  • Declaration: Kashi Declaration
  • Summit: Youth Spiritual Summit
  • Focus: Drug-free India
  • Motto: Nasha Mukt Yua for Vikasid Bharat
  • Dates: July 18-20
• 2025-03-26 [Schemes & Programs] — 100-Day TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan
  The Government of India launched the 100-Day TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan in 347 priority districts across 33 States and Union Territories, screening 9.02 crore vulnerable individuals and identifying 3.01 lakh new TB cases. The campaign, which ran from December 7, 2024, to March 14, 2025, aimed to accelerate progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to TB elimination.
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  UPSC Angle: 100-Day TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan screened 9.02 crore individuals in 347 districts.

  Key Facts:

  • 3. 01 lakh new TB cases were detected.
  • 9. 02 crore vulnerable individuals were screened.
  • The campaign ran from December 7, 2024, to March 14, 2025.
  • The campaign covered 347 priority districts across 33 States and Union Territories.

Animal Health Governance and Biosecurity Frameworks

Focus: A collection of items detailing specific viral threats, regional outbreak responses, and the overarching policy and technological infrastructure used to manage animal health and zoonotic risks in India.

UPSC Value: Highlights the importance of the 'One Health' approach and biosecurity measures in protecting the livestock economy and preventing zoonotic spillover, relevant for GS Paper II (Health Policy) and GS Paper III (Agriculture).

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-21 [Schemes & Programs] — National One Health Mission Assembly 2025
  The National One Health Mission Assembly 2025 showcased India's integrated approach to health security under the theme “One Earth, One Health, One Future”. The 'One Health' approach integrates the health of people, animals, and the environment. It is crucial for addressing complex health challenges such as zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and food safety.
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  UPSC Angle: National One Health Mission Assembly promotes integrated health security.

  Key Facts:

  • National One Health Mission Assembly 2025 held under the theme “One Earth, One Health, One Future.”
  • Integrates the health of people, animals, and the environment.
  • Addresses zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and food safety.
• 2025-11-18 [Environment & Ecology] — African Swine Fever Outbreak in Assam
  Assam has banned inter-district movement of live pigs and prohibited pork sales in seven districts following a sharp spike in African Swine Fever (ASF) cases. ASF is devastating to pig populations, with up to 100% mortality, but has no impact on humans.
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  UPSC Angle: African Swine Fever outbreak in Assam leads to pig movement ban.

  Key Facts:

  • Assam banned inter-district movement of live pigs.
  • Pork sales are prohibited in seven districts.
  • African Swine Fever (ASF) has a mortality rate of up to 100% in pigs.
• 2025-11-18 [Schemes & Programs] — Chatbot Initiative for Animal Healthcare in Rajasthan
  Rajasthan's Animal Husbandry Department has launched a chatbot-based veterinary service. Livestock owners can report illnesses and receive expert medical guidance digitally, receiving real-time medical advice from certified veterinary doctors.
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  UPSC Angle: Rajasthan launches chatbot for animal healthcare, providing expert guidance.

  Key Facts:

  • Chatbot-enabled veterinary assistance platform launched in Rajasthan.
  • Livestock owners can report symptoms and receive real-time medical advice.
• 2025-11-04 [Science & Technology] — Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV)
  Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) is a non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus affecting swine and other mammals. African elephants are particularly susceptible, with outbreaks reported worldwide. EMCV is a zoonotic disease transmissible through food or water contamination from rodent feces or urine.
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  UPSC Angle: Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) affects swine and other mammals.

  Key Facts:

  • EMCV is a non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus
  • Affects swine and other mammals
  • African elephants are highly susceptible
  • Zoonotic disease, transmissible via rodent contamination
• 2025-07-05 [Agriculture] — India's First Equine Disease-Free Compartment
  India's first Equine Disease-Free Compartment (EDFC) at the RVC Centre, Meerut, has been officially recognized by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The EDFC is a scientifically managed zone ensuring horses are free from specified equine diseases, allowing participation in global trade and competitions.
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  UPSC Angle: India's first Equine Disease-Free Compartment recognized by WOAH impacts animal health.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: RVC Centre, Meerut
  • Recognized by: World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)
  • Ensures: Horses are free from specified equine diseases
  • First Equine Disease-Free Compartment (EDFC) in India
  • Free from: Equine Influenza, Glanders, Surra, Equine Piroplasmosis, and Equine Infectious Anemia
  • Maintained African Horse Sickness free since 2014

Shifting Pathogenic Landscapes and Rare Disease Outbreaks in India

Focus: Reports and studies documenting the emergence of rare infections, shifts in established bacterial pathogens, and broader epidemiological trends in zoonotic diseases within India.

UPSC Value: Understanding the evolving nature of infectious disease threats is critical for public health surveillance, diagnostic strategy, and epidemiological preparedness.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-19 [Science & Technology] — Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Outbreak
  A Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) outbreak has hit Madhya Pradesh's Neemuch district, with two deaths reported in Manasa town. GBS is often observed following a viral or bacterial infection, vaccination, or major surgery, leading to a hyperactive immune system.
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  UPSC Angle: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) outbreak in Madhya Pradesh's Neemuch district.

  Key Facts:

  • Location: Neemuch district, Madhya Pradesh
  • Two deaths reported in Manasa town
  • Cause: Often observed following a viral or bacterial infection, vaccination, or major surgery
  • Symptoms: Patients often begin with an unknown fever, followed by weakness and other nervous system-related symptoms
• 2025-11-09 [Science & Technology] — Emergence of Bordetella holmesii in Pertussis Cases
  A study analyzing suspected pertussis cases in India revealed that 37% were caused by Bordetella holmesii, surpassing infections from Bordetella pertussis, traditionally the primary pathogen. This indicates a shift in the causative agents of respiratory infections in India and suggests a need for updated diagnostic and vaccination strategies.
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  UPSC Angle: Bordetella holmesii surpasses Bordetella pertussis in pertussis cases in India.

  Key Facts:

  • 37% of analysed pertussis cases caused by Bordetella holmesii
  • Bordetella holmesii surpassing Bordetella pertussis as primary pathogen
  • Findings suggest an evolving aetiology of pertussis-like illnesses
• 2025-08-18 [Science & Technology] — Kerala issues alert for Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
  Kerala's health department has issued an alert in Kozhikode district after three cases of the rare Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) were reported. PAM is a brain infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in warm, fresh water. The infection occurs when contaminated water enters the body through the nose, and it has a high mortality rate.
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  UPSC Angle: Kerala issues alert for Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM).

  Key Facts:

  • Kerala
  • Kozhikode district
  • Alert issued for Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
  • Cause: Naegleria fowleri ("brain eating amoeba")
  • Enters body through the nose
  • Mortality rate: >95%
  • Three cases of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) reported in Kozhikode district, Kerala
  • PAM is caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba
  • Mortality rate of PAM is more than 95%
  • Infection occurs when contaminated water enters the nose
• 2025-05-31 [Environment & Ecology] — Zoonotic Outbreaks in India
  A study indicates zoonotic outbreaks significantly increased, particularly post-pandemic, with over 8% of reported outbreaks being zoonotic. Zoonotic outbreaks consistently peaked during June, July, and August. Japanese encephalitis accounted for the largest share (29.5%) of zoonotic diseases.
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  UPSC Angle: Zoonotic outbreaks significantly increased, particularly post-pandemic.

  Key Facts:

  • Over 8% (583 out of 6,948) of reported outbreaks were zoonotic.
  • Peak Seasonality: June, July, and August.
  • Leading Zoonotic Diseases: Japanese encephalitis (29.5%), Leptospirosis (18.7%), scrub typhus (13.9%).
  • Northeast India contributed the highest proportion (35.8%) of zoonotic disease outbreaks.
  • Over 8% (583 out of 6,948) of reported outbreaks were zoonotic
  • Peak Seasonality: June, July, and August
  • Leading Zoonotic Diseases: Japanese encephalitis (29.5%), Leptospirosis (18.7%), Scrub typhus (13.9%)
  • Northeast India contributed the highest proportion (35.8%) of zoonotic disease outbreaks

Infectious Disease Control and Public Health Gaps

Focus: Reports highlighting specific failures or challenges in managing communicable diseases, including antibiotic resistance, vaccination gaps, and neglected tropical diseases.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the persistent challenges in India's public health infrastructure regarding infectious disease management.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-14 [Society & Culture] — Rabies in India: WHO Findings
  WHO findings indicate that India is rabies-endemic and accounts for 36% of global rabies deaths, with children aged 5–14 years being frequent victims. In 2024, over 37 lakh dog bite cases and 54 suspected human rabies deaths were reported in the Indian Parliament, with a 2025 research study estimating 5,726 human rabies deaths annually in India, far higher than official figures.
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  UPSC Angle: India accounts for 36% of global rabies deaths: WHO.

  Key Facts:

  • India accounts for: 36% of global rabies deaths
  • Dog bite cases reported in 2024: Over 37 lakh
  • Suspected human rabies deaths reported in 2024: 54
  • Estimated human rabies deaths annually in India (2025 research): 5,726
• 2025-06-26 [Society & Culture] — UN Study on Zero-Dose Children
  According to a new Lancet study based on Global Burden of Disease data, India ranked second after Nigeria in the number of unvaccinated or “zero-dose” children in 2023, with 1.44 million children in this category. Measles vaccine coverage declined in 100 countries (2010–2019), including India.
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  UPSC Angle: India ranked second in number of unvaccinated children in 2023.

  Key Facts:

  • 1.44 million Indian children were "zero-dose" in 2023
  • India ranked second after Nigeria in zero-dose children
  • Measles vaccine coverage declined in India (2010-2019)
• 2025-05-03 [Science & Technology] — Bacterial Infections in India: Treatment Analysis
  A Lancet Infectious Diseases study reveals that only 8% of bacterial infections in India in 2019 received appropriate antibiotic treatment, despite an estimated 15 lakh total bacterial infections. A majority of cases involved strains resistant to carbapenems, and India procured just over 1 lakh courses, accounting for 80.5% (83,468 courses). This highlights concerns about antibiotic resistance, biotechnology in healthcare, and public health infrastructure in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Lancet study: Only 8% of bacterial infections treated appropriately in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Estimated bacterial infections in India: ~15 lakh
  • 8% of infections received appropriate antibiotic treatment in 2019
  • Majority of cases resistant to Carbapenems
  • India procured 83,468 courses of appropriate treatment
• 2025-03-24 [Schemes & Programs] — Challenges in TB Care in India
  TB patients in India face many challenges, including delays in diagnosis due to lack of awareness, medicine shortages, stigma, isolation, and a perception of TB as a disease of the poor, leading to limited concern and inconsistent care from the private sector. Integrating TB services into the broader healthcare system and addressing intersectional barriers related to gender, caste, income, and disabilities are needed for equitable health coverage.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Many patients experience delays in diagnosis due to a lack of awareness or doctors not recommending TB tests
  • Patients may need to travel over 20 kilometers to obtain TB medicines
  • Over 50% of TB patients opt for private care, leading to diagnostic delays and higher expenses

Snakebite Mitigation and Antivenom Management in India

Focus: Specific institutional and community-based efforts to address snakebite envenoming through regional management models, supply chain tracking, and scientific discourse on antivenom efficacy.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding public health strategies for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and the integration of technology and community-led models in health management.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-15 [Schemes & Programs] — ICMR's Snakebite Prevention Model
  The Demow Model from eastern Assam’s Sivasagar has been chosen as one of the successful systems of snakebite prevention and management under a project sanctioned by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The project is called the Zero Snakebite Death Initiative: Community Empowerment and Engagement for Mitigation of Snakebite Envenoming. Snakebite envenoming is classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a high-priority neglected tropical disease.
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  UPSC Angle: ICMR's Snakebite Prevention Model.

  Key Facts:

  • Demow Model: Snakebite prevention and management system
  • Location: Sivasagar, Assam
  • Sanctioned by: Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
  • Project: Zero Snakebite Death Initiative
  • Snakebite envenoming: classified as a high-priority neglected tropical disease by WHO
  • Demow Model
  • From eastern Assam's Sivasagar
  • Chosen by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
  • For snakebite prevention and management
  • Part of Zero Snakebite Death Initiative: Community Empowerment and Engagement for Mitigation of Snakebite Envenoming
  • Snakebite envenoming classified by WHO as a high-priority neglected tropical disease
  • Estimated 1.8 – 2.7 million people worldwide are envenomed annually
• 2025-08-18 [Science & Technology] — Indian Polyvalent Antivenom
  Experts at the Assam Snake Symposium 2025 in Guwahati called for region-specific antivenoms, highlighting the ineffectiveness of the current polyvalent serum in Northeast India.
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  UPSC Angle: Call for region-specific antivenoms due to current serum ineffectiveness.

  Key Facts:

  • Assam Snake Symposium 2025, Guwahati
  • Call for region-specific antivenoms
  • Current polyvalent serum ineffective in Northeast India
• 2025-04-09 [Schemes & Programs] — ZooWIN Portal
  The ZooWIN Portal is aimed at tracking the real-time availability of anti-rabies vaccines and anti-snake venom across India, and it has been developed by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
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  UPSC Angle: ZooWIN Portal tracks real-time availability of anti-rabies vaccines across India.

  Key Facts:

  • Developed by: National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)
  • Support from: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

National Disease Elimination and Preventive Health Strategies

Focus: Government initiatives and policy frameworks specifically targeting the elimination of communicable and genetic diseases or the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) through systematic screening and public health interventions.

UPSC Value: Essential for understanding India's public health policy framework, alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being), and the shift from curative to preventive healthcare.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-01 [Schemes & Programs] — National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)
  The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) aims to target SDG 3.3 to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. The program focuses on strengthening prevention, testing, and treatment, and addressing persisting gaps. Government initiatives include strengthening nationwide awareness campaigns, expanding outdoor reach, and community-level awareness.
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  UPSC Angle: NACP aims to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 (SDG 3.3).

  Key Facts:

  • Aims to achieve SDG 3.3 by 2030
  • Outlay is around ₹15,471 crore
• 2025-08-14 [Schemes & Programs] — National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM)
  The Union government launched the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM) in July 2023 to eliminate sickle cell genetic transmission by 2047, aiming to screen 70 million people under 40 by FY26. Prevention includes premarital counselling, carrier screening, and genetic counselling, with government initiatives including screening, genetic counselling, free treatment, and the inclusion of hydroxyurea in the National Essential Drug List.
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  UPSC Angle: NSCAEM aims to eliminate sickle cell genetic transmission by 2047.

  Key Facts:

  • Launched: July 2023
  • Elimination target: By 2047
  • Screening target: 70 million people under 40 by FY26
• 2025-04-07 [Schemes & Programs] — Preventive Healthcare as India's Weapon Against NCDs
  Preventive healthcare is highlighted as India's best approach to combat Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and associated economic losses. Policy reforms, technology adoption, and public participation are crucial for transforming health outcomes. Prioritizing a 'health-first' mindset is essential for securing individual well-being and national prosperity.
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  UPSC Angle: Preventive healthcare highlighted as India's weapon against NCDs.

Pandemic Preparedness & One Health

Focus: Initiatives and reports focused on infectious disease surveillance, pandemic readiness, and the integrated One Health approach

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding India's institutional and strategic responses to zoonotic threats and future pandemics

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-14 [Schemes & Programs] — WHO pandemic preparedness site launched at AIIMS
  The WHO pandemic preparedness and emergency response site was launched at AIIMS New Delhi.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO pandemic preparedness site launched at AIIMS New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • WHO pandemic preparedness and emergency response site launched at AIIMS New Delhi
• 2025-06-10 [Schemes & Programs] — National One Health Mission Engagement Workshop
  The first State and Union Territory Engagement Workshop under the National One Health Mission (NOHM) was conducted to strengthen India's integrated One Health approach. One Health is an integrated approach that aims to balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems. It recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, plant, and environmental health.
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  UPSC Angle: National One Health Mission (NOHM) aims to strengthen India's integrated approach.

  Key Facts:

  • National One Health Mission (NOHM)
  • One Health
  • integrated approach
  • First State/UTs Engagement Workshop under National One Health Mission (NOHM) conducted
  • Aims to strengthen India's integrated One Health approach
  • One Health balances health of people, animals, and ecosystems
• 2025-06-02 [Schemes & Programs] — Health ministry seeks report on preparedness for Covid-19
  The union health ministry has asked several states and union territories, including Delhi, to put preventive measures in place as Covid cases continue to rise across the country. As of May 28, India recorded 1,621 active cases with Kerala, Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka accounting for over 90% of total active infections. An action taken report has to be shared by June 2.
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  UPSC Angle: Health ministry seeks report on preparedness for Covid-19.

  Key Facts:

  • 3,961 active COVID-19 cases in India
  • 32 total deaths
  • Four deaths reported in the last 24 hours from Delhi, Kerala, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh
  • As of May 28, India recorded 1,621 active cases
  • Kerala, Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka accounting for over 90% of total active infections
  • SARI-positive samples have to be forwarded to regional VRDL centres for whole genomic sequencing

Impact of Routine Immunization Programs

Focus: The effectiveness of India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in reducing pediatric viral diseases and supporting global health diplomacy.

UPSC Value: Useful for analyzing the success of public health interventions (Rotavirus, Measles-Rubella) and India's role as a global vaccine supplier.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-18 [Schemes & Programs] — Rotavirus Vaccine Impact
  A recent study on the impact of the indigenous rotavirus vaccine in India has shown marked reductions in rotavirus-based gastroenteritis across the country. Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children globally, and India introduced Rotavirus vaccines under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP).
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  UPSC Angle: Rotavirus vaccine impact shows reductions in gastroenteritis in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Vaccine: Indigenous rotavirus vaccine
  • Impact: Marked reductions in rotavirus-based gastroenteritis
  • Disease: Gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines)
  • Causative Agent: Rotavirus (double-stranded RNA virus)
  • Program: Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)
• 2025-07-19 [International Relations] — India Sends Measles-Rubella Vaccine to Bolivia
  India dispatched 3 lakh doses of the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine and ancillary medical supplies to Bolivia following a measles outbreak, where 60-98 cases were confirmed, mostly among unvaccinated children. Bolivia declared a National Health Emergency. This initiative strengthens India-Bolivia relations and demonstrates India's role in international health crises.
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  UPSC Angle: India sends Measles-Rubella vaccine doses to Bolivia after outbreak.

  Key Facts:

  • India sent 3 lakh doses of Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine to Bolivia
  • Bolivia declared a National Health Emergency due to measles outbreak
  • 60–98 confirmed measles cases in Bolivia
  • Measles is caused by Morbillivirus and spreads through coughs and sneezes
  • Rubella is caused by a Togavirus and can lead to Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in the fetus
• 2025-06-09 [Schemes & Programs] — Measles and Rubella Vaccine Impact
  India has witnessed a 73% decline in measles cases and a 17% reduction in rubella cases due to the administration of the measles-rubella vaccine. Despite progress, India is still aiming for 100% coverage to eradicate measles.
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  UPSC Angle: India witnessed a 73% decline in measles cases due to MR vaccine.

  Key Facts:

  • 73% decline in measles cases in India.
  • 17% reduction in rubella cases in India.

Global and Regional Management of Chikungunya and Aedes Mosquito Vectors

Focus: These items address the escalating public health challenge of Chikungunya, covering WHO global warnings, specific regional risk assessments in India, and scientific strategies for vector control.

UPSC Value: Highlights the intersection of global health surveillance, regional epidemiological modeling, and scientific innovation in managing vector-borne diseases.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-04 [Science & Technology] — Study Projects High Chikungunya Risk in India
  A global modeling study projects that India will face the most significant long-term impact of chikungunya, with an estimated 5.1 million people at risk annually. Chronic health effects are a major concern, with about half of those infected potentially suffering long-term disabilities.
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  UPSC Angle: Study projects high chikungunya risk in India, affecting 5.1 million annually.

  Key Facts:

  • 5.1 million people in India at risk of contracting chikungunya annually
  • India and Brazil account for 48% of the global healthcare burden
  • About half of those infected may suffer long-term disabilities
• 2025-09-12 [Science & Technology] — Addressing Aedes Mosquitoes to Combat Diseases
  Researchers emphasize the need for updated strategies to combat Aedes mosquitoes, which are vectors of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Current challenges include the limited effect of pyrethroid vaporizers and the high cost of Wolbachia-based control. DEET remains the standard repellent, but safer alternatives like picaridin and 2-undecanone are gaining attention.
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  UPSC Angle: Need for updated strategies to combat Aedes mosquitoes and diseases.

  Key Facts:

  • Mosquito-borne diseases: Dengue, Zika, and chikungunya.
  • Standard repellent: DEET.
  • Alternatives: Picaridin and 2-undecanone.
  • Wolbachia: A bacterial symbiont used to reduce mosquito's ability to transmit viruses.
• 2025-07-25 [Science & Technology] — WHO Warns of Potential Global Chikungunya Epidemic
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a warning about a potential global chikungunya epidemic, noting alarming similarities to a major 2004–2005 outbreak. Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever and severe joint pain, similar to dengue fever and Zika virus disease.
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  UPSC Angle: WHO warns of potential global chikungunya epidemic.

  Key Facts:

  • WHO issued a warning about a potential global chikungunya epidemic.
  • Chikungunya is caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV).
  • Transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
  • Symptoms include fever and severe joint pain.