Public Health Governance and Food Safety: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India is undergoing a fundamental shift from reactive food and health policing to proactive, data-driven surveillance systems. This transition is characterized by the tightening of regulatory loopholes in labeling (FSSAI), the judicialization of environmental health (NGT's role in Endosulfan), and the alignment of domestic pharmaceutical oversight with global WHO standards following international crises.

Cross-Theme Insight

The threads collectively reveal that the 'safety' of a commodity is no longer just about its internal composition but is increasingly defined by its environmental biography—from the groundwater (arsenic/uranium) used in cultivation to the chemical dyes (Auramine) used in processing and the marketing nomenclature (ORS branding) used in sales. This 'soil-to-shelf' risk landscape forces agencies like FSSAI and CGWB to collaborate across traditional departmental silos to manage bioaccumulation and chemical toxicity.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

While standard textbooks emphasize the FSSAI's role in 'regulating and monitoring the quality of food business' (Nitin Singhania, p. 411), current reality shows the FSSAI evolving into a behavioral regulator, explicitly banning specific branding terms like 'ORS' to prevent consumer misperception. Similarly, while NCERT (Geography Class XII, p. 42) focuses on groundwater 'replenishment' and 'utilization levels,' the current data from CGWB (2025) shifts the focus to 'qualitative exhaustion,' where availability is high but toxicity (Arsenic/Uranium) renders the resource unusable.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The theme has evolved from a focus on 'adulteration' (Prevention of Food Adulteration Act era) to 'comprehensive safety governance.' The trajectory is moving toward digital traceability (CIP seed quality) and the application of the 'Precautionary Principle' to emerging biological toxins like Tetrodotoxin (TTX).

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

FSSAI and groundwater contamination are recurring high-frequency topics. FSSAI was tested on its administrative structure (IAS 2018, NID: 5768) and labeling rules (IAS 2016, NID: 5580). Groundwater has shifted from 'resource mapping' to 'pollutant identification' (Arsenic/Uranium, IAS 2013, NID: 15042). The NGT's specialized mandate vs CPCB has been a core GS-3 comparison (IAS 2018, NID: 5749).

Probable Prelims Angles

• FSSAI's 'July 1st' annual compliance date for labeling changes
• Prohibition status of Nitrofurans in poultry under 2011 Regulations
• Statutory origin of the Central Ground Water Authority (Environment Protection Act 1986 vs CGWB's administrative origin)
• Specific neurotoxic mechanism of Tetrodotoxin (blocking sodium channels)
• Constitutional basis of NGT (Article 21: Right to healthy environment)

Mains Answer Framework

• The recent surge in regulatory actions—ranging from FSSAI's spices drive to CDSCO's cough syrup audits—underscores a 'crisis of trust' in India's public health infrastructure.
• Institutional Fragility: The gap between legislative intent (FSS Act 2006) and grassroots enforcement (missing Endosulfan barrels in Kerala).. Economic Imperative: How global chemical standards (EU Ethanol ban, WHO ORS standards) dictate domestic manufacturing competitiveness.. Technological Solutions: Role of NAQUIM for groundwater and CIP for bio-fortified seed traceability.
• Sustainable public health requires moving beyond 'enforcement drives' toward a permanent 'surveillance-as-service' model integrated with environmental monitoring.

Essay Connections

• 'The Quality of Life vs. The Quantity of Growth': Using groundwater contamination (arsenic) and food toxins (Auramine) as evidence that GDP growth is hollow if basic consumption is hazardous.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Vivek Singh to understand the FSSAI's legal transition from the PFA Act 1954; then overlay the news items on 'ORS branding' and 'Spice surveillance' to see current enforcement in action. Follow with Majid Husain for the physical geography of aquifers before studying the CGWB's latest reports on arsenic/uranium pollution.

Textbook Roadmap

• Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed.), p. 374. 12.7 FSS Act 2006 and FSSAI functions. Threads 1, 2, and 4 (Labeling and Spices)
• Geography of India, Majid Husain (9th ed.), p. 33. Groundwater Aquifer System of India. Thread 5 (Groundwater Contamination)
• Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania (2nd ed.), p. 368. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and NAQUIM. Thread 5 (CGWB Monitoring)

Revision Bullets

• FSSAI Annual Compliance Date: July 1st
• Tetrodotoxin (TTX): Neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels; no antidote
• CGWA: Formed under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (distinct from CGWB's origins)
• Auramine: Yellow dye found in turmeric; known hepatocarcinogen
• Nitrofurans: Strictly prohibited in poultry/eggs under 2011 Regulations
• CAQM 19-Point Plan: Directed at NCR states to eliminate stubble burning
• ORS Branding: Only allowed if adhering to WHO formulation (FSSAI/Drug Rules 1945)

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (10 themes, 41 news items)

Targeted Commodity Surveillance and Safety Drives

Focus: Specific investigations, surveys, and enforcement drives targeting particular food categories (idli, paneer, spices, eggs) for contamination.

UPSC Value: Highlights the practical enforcement of food safety laws and specific contaminants (like BPA and Nitrofurans) relevant to public health.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-20 [Agriculture] — FSSAI Clarification on Nitrofuran in Eggs
  FSSAI clarified that the use of nitrofurans is strictly prohibited at all stages of production of poultry and eggs under the Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulations, 2011. FSSAI emphasized that India's regulatory framework is aligned with international practices.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI prohibits nitrofurans in poultry and egg production.

  Key Facts:

  • Use of nitrofurans is strictly prohibited at all stages of production of poultry and eggs
  • Regulations under the Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulations, 2011
  • India's regulatory framework is aligned with international practices
• 2025-12-20 [Agriculture] — FSSAI Declares Eggs Safe Amidst Cancer Risk Claims
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has clarified that eggs available in the country are safe for human consumption. This announcement counters recent misleading claims linking eggs to cancer, which FSSAI has deemed scientifically unsupported and potentially alarming to the public.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI declares eggs safe for consumption, countering cancer risk claims.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI
  • eggs
  • cancer risk claims
  • misleading
  • scientifically unsupported
  • December 20, 2025
• 2025-11-02 [Schemes & Programs] — FSSAI's Enforcement Drive on Spices
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) launched a nationwide enforcement drive for the spices sector (whole & powdered), scheduled for 1–31 October 2025, to inspect manufacturing units, collect samples, and check compliance with food safety and labeling regulations. However, on 3 October 2025, FSSAI announced that the enforcement exercise has been temporarily postponed until further notice.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI launched a nationwide enforcement drive for the spices sector.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI launched a nationwide enforcement drive for the spices sector (whole & powdered), scheduled for 1–31 October 2025
  • On 3 October 2025, FSSAI announced that the enforcement exercise has been temporarily postponed until further notice
  • FSSAI carried out a special festive drive across the country during September–October 2025
  • To check food safety and prevent adulteration
  • FSSAI teams used Food Safety on Wheels (FSWs) - mobile food-testing labs - in busy market areas for on-the-spot testing and public awareness
• 2025-09-20 [Schemes & Programs] — FSSAI Announces Nationwide Spice Manufacturing Inspection Drive
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) will conduct nationwide inspections of spice manufacturers starting in October 2025 due to concerns about adulteration, contamination, and non-compliance with food safety norms. The goal is to protect consumer health and strengthen oversight of India's spice industry. Violations could result in license suspension, product recalls, and legal action.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI spice inspection drive addresses food adulteration concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI
  • October 2025
  • spice manufacturers
  • adulteration
  • contamination
  • non-compliance with food safety norms
  • license suspension
  • product recalls
  • legal action under the Food Safety and Standards Act
• 2025-03-23 [Schemes & Programs] — Food safety surveillance on dairy analogues directed by FSSAI
  FSSAI directed all States and Union Territories, to step up surveillance on dairy analogues throughout the month, keeping in view the ongoing festive season. This proactive measure aimed to prevent food adulteration and mislabeling during the period of increased demand. Further, all state authorities were directed to conduct rigorous testing and label examinations to ensure compliance with regulations and prevent consumer deception.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI directs surveillance on dairy analogues during festive season.

• 2025-03-02 [Polity & Governance] — FSSAI Launches Pan-India Food Safety Survey on Paneer
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has initiated a comprehensive nationwide survey focusing on paneer to assess food safety standards following concerning findings in Gujarat. State food safety commissioners have been directed to collect five specific samples each, including packed, loose, and milk analogue variations. The results of the survey, which involves 165 inspectors in Gujarat alone, are expected within a month and are anticipated to reveal the extent of adulteration in India's food supply chain.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI launches pan-India food safety survey on paneer.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI launched a nationwide food safety assessment for paneer.
  • The survey follows concerning paneer surveillance findings in Gujarat.
  • Each food safety officer is tasked to collect five specific paneer samples: two packed, two loose, and one milk analogue.
  • Gujarat's survey involves 165 inspectors.
  • FSSAI expects to release consolidated findings within a month.
  • Gujarat FDCA Commissioner is HG Koshia.
• 2025-03-01 [Polity & Governance] — FSSAI Directs Investigation into Plastic Use in Idli Preparation
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has directed Karnataka's State Food Safety Department to investigate reports of plastic sheets being used in the steaming process of idlis in some local restaurants due to concerns over potential leaching of harmful chemicals from plastic into the food, posing a serious health risk.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI directs investigation into plastic use in idli preparation.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI directed Karnataka's State Food Safety Department to investigate reports of plastic sheets being used in idli preparation.
  • Potential leaching of harmful chemicals like bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates from plastic into food poses health risks.
  • FSSAI CEO is G Kamala Vardhana Rao.

Labeling Standards and Misleading Claims

Focus: FSSAI's regulatory actions specifically concerning food packaging labels, health claims, and branding restrictions.

UPSC Value: Crucial for understanding consumer protection mechanisms and the specific regulatory requirements for food business operators regarding transparency.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-02 [Schemes & Programs] — FSSAI Bans Use of “ORS” in Beverage Branding
  On 14 October 2025, FSSAI announced that no beverage can use the word “ORS” (Oral Rehydration Solution) unless the product fully follows the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for ORS formulation. FSSAI banned the misleading use of ORS even as part of brand names or labels.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI bans use of “ORS” in beverage branding.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI announced on 14 October 2025
  • No beverage can use the word “ORS” (Oral Rehydration Solution) unless the product fully follows the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for ORS formulation
  • FSSAI banned the misleading use of ORS even as part of brand names or labels
• 2025-10-17 [Polity & Governance] — FSSAI Directs States to Remove 'ORS' from Product Labels
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has instructed state and union territory food safety departments to remove the term “ORS” (Oral Rehydration Salts) from non-pharmaceutical product labels and brand names, as the term is regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 and its misuse can mislead consumers.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI directs states to remove 'ORS' from non-pharmaceutical product labels.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI instructed state and union territory food safety departments to remove 'ORS' from product labels
  • ORS stands for Oral Rehydration Salts
  • ORS is a scientifically formulated composition regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945
• 2025-08-30 [Schemes & Programs] — FSSAI Delays Nutrition Warning Labels for Packaged Foods
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has yet to finalize regulations mandating nutrition warning labels on packaged foods despite years of discussion and growing health concerns about lifestyle-related diseases. The proposal aims to alert consumers to high levels of sugar, salt, and fat in packaged items, but remains stalled. Experts suggest that implementing visible warning labels could significantly reduce long-term healthcare costs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI delays nutrition warning labels for packaged foods.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI has not finalized regulations for nutrition warning labels on packaged foods.
  • The proposal aims to curb lifestyle-related diseases by alerting consumers to high levels of sugar, salt, and fat.
  • Smaller manufacturers are concerned about compliance costs and supply chain disruptions.
  • The absence of binding rules raises questions about FSSAI's regulatory priorities.
• 2025-07-14 [Polity & Governance] — FSSAI Sets July 1st as Annual Compliance Date for Food Labeling
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has designated July 1 as the annual date for implementing changes to the Food Safety and Standards (Labelling and Display) Regulations, 2020. This decision aims to provide Food Business Operators (FBOs) with a predictable and efficient framework for compliance with food labeling regulations and to ensure greater transparency for consumers. The decision was finalized during the 45th meeting of the Food Authority.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI sets July 1st as annual compliance date for food labeling.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI confirmed that all amendments to India's food safety regulatory framework will come into effect from July 1st every year.
  • This is subject to a minimum of 180 days from the date of notification for amendments related to FSS (Labelling and Display) Regulations.
  • The decision was finalized during the 45th meeting of the Food Authority.
  • Under Section 92 of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, the FSSAI is empowered to amend regulations with the approval of the Central Government.
  • Notification issued by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) on July 14, 2025.
  • Concerns amendments to the Food Safety and Standards (Food Product Standards and Food Additives) Regulations, 2011.
  • The amendments are called the Food Safety and Standards (Food Product Standards and Food Additives) First Amendment Regulations, 2025.
  • These amendments will be effective from February 1, 2026.
• 2025-05-27 [Polity & Governance] — India's Policy & Regulatory Framework on HFSS Foods
  India's regulatory stance on High Fat, Salt, and Sugar (HFSS) content in foods, particularly school meals, is still evolving. FSSAI has directed food companies for mandatory nutrition labelling for packaged foods and banning HFSS food in schools. India imposes higher GST (18–28%) on processed, sugary items.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India's evolving regulatory stance on High Fat, Salt, and Sugar foods.

  Key Facts:

  • Regulatory body for food safety: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
  • FSSAI initiatives: Mandatory nutrition labelling for packaged foods, banning HFSS food in schools
  • GST on processed, sugary items: 18–28%
• 2025-05-01 [Polity & Governance] — FSSAI Launches Tool to Report Misleading Food Labels
  The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched a new digital tool for consumers to report misleading claims on food labels. This initiative empowers consumers to report misleading claims, enhancing label awareness and food safety reporting.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI launches tool to report misleading claims on food labels.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI
  • Digital tool
  • Report misleading claims on food labels

Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Control Initiatives

Focus: Recent activities, reports, and regulatory actions concerning environmental pollution (air, water, e-waste) involving the CPCB and NGT.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking the institutional framework (CPCB, NGT) and specific data points on pollution management in India.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-17 [Environment & Ecology] — ITU Study Tour on E-Waste Regulation in India
  India hosted an ITU-led study tour on e-waste regulation and tech industry engagement, emphasizing circular economy principles for sustainable digital infrastructure. The tour involved international cooperation and partnerships between government and industry. A site visit to an e-waste recycling facility in Alwar, Rajasthan, is scheduled for February 12, 2026.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: India hosts ITU study tour on e-waste regulation.

  Key Facts:

  • ITU-led study tour on e-waste regulation and tech industry engagement in India
  • Circular economy principles for sustainable digital infrastructure
  • Site visit to Greenscape Eco Management Pvt. Ltd. in Alwar, Rajasthan on February 12, 2026
• 2025-12-16 [Environment & Ecology] — CPCB Awards Consortium to Prepare Delhi-NCR's New Emission Inventory
  A consortium led by the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) Pune, with partners from IIT-Delhi, TERI, and IITM-Pune, will develop a new emission inventory and source apportionment study for Delhi-NCR. CPCB has directed the consortium to begin preparatory activities to commence work on studies from January 2026. The Rs 18.9 crore project was awarded to the consortium.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: ARAI consortium to prepare Delhi-NCR's new emission inventory.

  Key Facts:

  • A consortium led by ARAI will develop a new emission inventory and source apportionment study for Delhi-NCR.
  • The consortium includes ARAI, IIT-Delhi, TERI, and IITM-Pune.
  • The project is worth Rs 18.9 crore.
• 2025-11-28 [Environment & Ecology] — NGT Directs Action on Missing Endosulfan Barrels in Kerala
  The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has instructed the CPCB, Kerala SPCB, and Plantation Corporation of Kerala to locate hundreds of missing barrels containing the banned pesticide Endosulfan, highlighting the NGT's role in environmental dispute resolution using environmental science and law expertise.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: NGT directs action on missing Endosulfan barrels in Kerala.

  Key Facts:

  • National Green Tribunal (NGT)
  • CPCB
  • Kerala SPCB
  • Plantation Corporation of Kerala
  • Endosulfan
• 2025-09-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Polluted River Stretches - CPCB Report 2023
  The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) released its latest assessment of river water quality (2023), revealing a slight reduction in polluted river sites from 815 locations in 2022 to 807 locations in 2023. The number of most polluted stretches (Priority 1) also decreased from 45 stretches in 2022 to 37 stretches in 2023.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CPCB report shows slight reduction in polluted river sites in 2023.

  Key Facts:

  • Polluted River Stretches (PRS) locations in 2023: 296 across 271 rivers
  • Polluted River Stretches (PRS) locations in 2022: 311 across 279 rivers
  • State with highest PRS: Maharashtra (54)
  • Most polluted (Priority 1) states: TN (5), UP (5), Uttarakhand (5)
  • Locations monitored by CPCB network: 4,736 (rivers, lakes, drains, canals, creeks)
  • BOD threshold for bathing water: ≤ 3 mg/L
  • Priority 1 category: BOD > 30 mg/L
  • Reduction in Priority 1 PRS: 45 → 37 (2022–23)
  • CPCB Report 2023
  • 296 PRS across 271 rivers (2023) vs 311 across 279 rivers (2022)
  • Maharashtra → highest PRS (54)
  • Kerala (31)
  • MP (18)
  • Manipur (18)
  • Karnataka (14)
  • CPCB network monitors 4,736 locations (rivers, lakes, drains, canals, creeks)
• 2025-09-24 [Environment & Ecology] — 51st Foundation Day of CPCB
  The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) celebrated its 51st Foundation Day at Parivesh Bhawan in New Delhi, presided over by Union Minister Bhupender Yadav, MoEFCC. Key launches included the SAMEER 2.0 App, 2 Regional Labs, and the foundation stone for a new CPCB Building, along with the release of reports such as the Classification of Polluted River Stretches, 2025 and the Manual on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates in India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CPCB celebrated its 51st Foundation Day.

  Key Facts:

  • Event: 51st Foundation Day of CPCB
  • Location: Parivesh Bhawan in New Delhi, Delhi
  • Presided by: Union Minister Bhupender Yadav, MoEFCC
  • Key launches: SAMEER 2.0 App, 2 Regional Labs, CPCB New Building foundation stone
  • Reports Released: Classification of Polluted River Stretches, 2025; Manual on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates in India

Emerging Chemical and Biological Toxins in the Indian Food Chain

Focus: Identification of diverse toxic contaminants—including natural neurotoxins (TTX), industrial dyes (Auramine), heavy metals, and arsenic—within staple food sources like fish, rice, and spices.

UPSC Value: Critical for analyzing food safety standards, environmental health risks, and the bioaccumulation of toxins in the human food supply chain.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-16 [Science & Technology] — First Case of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Poisoning in India
  Scientists confirmed India's first documented case of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning from freshwater pufferfish consumption, highlighting an overlooked riverine public health risk. Tetrodotoxin is a highly toxic neurotoxin with no antidote that blocks sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to numbness, muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, and potentially death.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: First case of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning in India.

  Key Facts:

  • Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly toxic neurotoxin
  • TTX blocks sodium channels in nerve cells
  • TTX poisoning can lead to numbness, vomiting, muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, and potentially death
• 2025-11-25 [Science & Technology] — Auramine Found in Indian Food
  Auramine, a yellow dye, has been found in turmeric and powdered spices in recent tests in India. It has high toxicity with liver & stomach cancer risk and measures are being taken to curb its usage.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Auramine found in Indian food, posing liver and stomach cancer risk.

  Key Facts:

  • Auramine: Yellow dye found in turmeric/powdered spices
  • Health Risk: High toxicity with liver & stomach cancer risk
• 2025-11-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Heavy Metal Contamination in Cauvery River
  A study reveals heavy metal contamination in fish species in the Cauvery River, posing risks to ecosystems and public health. Heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and copper, are toxic and accumulate in living organisms. The pollutants settle in river sediments and bioaccumulate in aquatic life, entering the human food chain.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Heavy metal contamination found in fish in the Cauvery River.

  Key Facts:

  • Heavy metals found in fish in Cauvery River
  • Examples of heavy metals: lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and copper
  • Published in Environmental Earth Sciences
• 2025-10-19 [Environment & Ecology] — The Hindu Analysis: EPFO, Taliban, Arsenic Risk in Rice
  The Hindu covered topics of interest to UPSC: New EPFO rules on PF withdrawals, India's growing diplomatic ties with the Taliban, India's New Elephant Census, Arsenic risk in rice paddies, insects as sustainable food, and redefining Indian airport architecture. According to the new baseline, the Western Ghats hold over 53% of India's elephant population, with fragmentation being the most alarming long-term threat. Any paddy fields or reclaimed land brought under rice cultivation in recent decades might face a significantly greater inherent risk of arsenic toxicity.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: The Hindu covered EPFO rules, Taliban ties, Elephant Census, Arsenic in rice.

  Key Facts:

  • India to upgrade its technical mission in Kabul to a full embassy
  • Western Ghats contain 53% of India's elephants, or approximately 11,934 elephants
  • Karnataka leads in elephant population with just over 6,000 elephants
  • Second largest habitat area: Northeastern hills and the Brahmaputra flood plains holding just over 22% of the elephants
  • Fragmentation of habitats is driven by expanding commercial plantations, mining, and fencing
  • Higher temperatures and altered flooding patterns from climate change are expected to disrupt soil microbial ecosystems in rice paddies, increasing arsenic toxicity

Food Safety and Marketing Standards

Focus: Regulatory actions and concerns regarding food composition, labeling, and marketing practices to protect public health.

UPSC Value: Useful for understanding food safety governance (FSSAI) and the impact of lifestyle/marketing on public health (GS2).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-04 [Agriculture] — India's Mustard Oil Dilemma
  Two decisions—the 2021 FSSAI ban on blended mustard oil and the 2024 Supreme Court ruling against GM mustard (DMH-11)—aimed to protect public health but raise questions about their effectiveness. Concerns revolve around the high erucic acid content in mustard oil, which could pose health risks.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Mustard oil dilemma: FSSAI ban and SC ruling on GM mustard.

  Key Facts:

  • A 2021 FSSAI ban on blended mustard oil and a 2024 Supreme Court ruling against GM mustard (DMH-11).
  • Concerns revolve around the high erucic acid content in mustard oil.
  • FSSAI banned blending of mustard oil
  • Erucic acid content: 40-50% in Indian mustard oil
  • International acceptance level of erucic acid: 5%
  • GM mustard name: DMH11 (Dhara Mustard Hybrid 11)
• 2025-05-31 [Polity & Governance] — FSSAI Bans Misleading '100' Labeling on Foods
  FSSAI banned the use of '100' on food labels, stating that the term misleads consumers. This ban was effective as of May 31, 2025. FSSAI issued a strong advisory for Food Business companies not to use '100' in food labeling.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: FSSAI bans misleading '100' labeling on foods.

  Key Facts:

  • FSSAI banned the use of '100' on food labels.
  • Effective date: May 31, 2025.
• 2025-03-11 [Polity & Governance] — Weak food regulations increase obesity in India
  Weak food regulations in India allow misleading marketing of unhealthy foods, contributing to the country's obesity crisis, and the 2017 National Multisectoral Action Plan's suggestion of HFSS ad restrictions has not been acted upon.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Weak food regulations contribute to obesity; need for policy changes.

  Key Facts:

  • Weak food regulations allow misleading marketing of unhealthy foods
  • The 2017 National Multisectoral Action Plan suggested HFSS ad restrictions, but no action followed
• 2025-03-10 [Polity & Governance] — Health Ministry directs IPL to ban tobacco, alcohol ads
  The Union Health Ministry instructed the Indian Premier League (IPL) to ban all forms of tobacco and alcohol promotions, including surrogate advertisements, during the tournament beginning March 22. Director General of Health Services Atul Goel said cricket players, who are role models to the youth of India, should not be directly or indirectly connected to any form of tobacco or alcohol advertising.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Health Ministry directs IPL to ban tobacco, alcohol ads.

  Key Facts:

  • Union Health Ministry
  • Indian Premier League (IPL)
  • tobacco and alcohol promotions
  • surrogate advertisements
  • March 22
  • Atul Goel
  • Director General of Health Services
  • Arun Dhumal
  • IPL chairman
  • Union Health Ministry instructed IPL to ban tobacco and alcohol promotions
  • Tournament begins March 22
  • Director General of Health Services: Atul Goel
  • IPL chairman: Arun Dhumal

Groundwater Contamination and Quality Governance

Focus: Items specifically reporting on toxic contamination (arsenic, uranium, nitrates) in aquifers and the regulatory monitoring by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).

UPSC Value: Highlights the qualitative aspect of water security, focusing on health hazards and the need for integrated water quality governance.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-13 [Environment & Ecology] — Central Ground Water Board: Andhra Pradesh Groundwater Contamination
  The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has identified Andhra Pradesh as one of the states facing widespread contamination of groundwater according to BIS standards. CGWB is the National Apex Agency responsible for providing scientific inputs for the management of groundwater resources. It was established in 1970 and merged with the Ground Water Wing of the Geological Survey of India in 1972.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Andhra Pradesh faces widespread groundwater contamination.

  Key Facts:

  • Andhra Pradesh faces widespread groundwater contamination
  • According to Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)
  • CGWB established in 1970
  • Nodal ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti
  • CGWB is the National Apex Agency for groundwater management
  • Established in 1970
  • Merged with Ground Water Wing of Geological Survey of India in 1972
• 2025-12-06 [Environment & Ecology] — India's Groundwater Contamination Crisis
  The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) highlights a disturbing rise in toxic contaminants across India's aquifers. India holds 18% of the world's population but only 4% of its freshwater resources, placing enormous pressure on available water systems. India depends on groundwater for about 85% of its rural drinking water needs and around 60% of irrigation water.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Rise in toxic contaminants across India's aquifers is highlighted.

  Key Facts:

  • 85% of India's rural drinking water needs depend on groundwater
  • Around 60% of irrigation water in India comes from groundwater
  • India holds 18% of the world's population but only 4% of its freshwater resources
  • The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) highlights a disturbing rise in toxic contaminants across India's aquifers
  • India depends on groundwater for about 85% of its rural drinking water needs and around 60% of irrigation water
• 2025-08-09 [Environment & Ecology] — Groundwater Contamination Crisis in India
  The 2024 Annual Groundwater Quality Report by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) revealed widespread contamination by nitrates, fluoride, arsenic, uranium, heavy metals, and pathogens in over 440 districts across India, threatening the health of millions and undermining water security. Over 85% of rural drinking water and 65% of irrigation needs come from aquifers, making groundwater contamination a critical issue for India's water economy.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CGWB report reveals widespread groundwater contamination by various pollutants.

  Key Facts:

  • Groundwater contamination by nitrates, fluoride, arsenic, uranium, heavy metals, and pathogens.
  • Contamination reported in over 440 districts across India.
  • CGWB, CPCB, SPCBs, and MoJS work in silos without integrated water quality governance.
  • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 scarcely covers groundwater; compliance is poor.
  • Limited frequency, outdated equipment, and lack of real-time public data for monitoring.

Global Health-Driven Chemical Regulation

Focus: Regulatory actions and scientific warnings focused on phasing out specific substances (ethanol, mercury, and EDCs) due to documented carcinogenic or physiological health risks.

UPSC Value: Demonstrates the application of the precautionary principle in environmental law and the influence of health research on international manufacturing and safety standards.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-28 [International Relations] — European Union's Proposed Ethanol Ban
  The European Union (EU) is considering a ban on ethanol-based products after the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) flagged potential carcinogenic risks from prolonged exposure. The proposal seeks to restrict or phase out ethanol-containing products, including fuel additives, industrial solvents, and personal care products.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: EU considering ban on ethanol-based products due to carcinogenic risks.

  Key Facts:

  • European Union (EU) is considering a ban on ethanol-based products.
  • European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) flagged potential carcinogenic risks from prolonged exposure.
• 2025-08-24 [Environment & Ecology] — Mercury-Free Healthcare
  The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mercury-free healthcare by promoting alternatives, aligning with the Minamata Convention measures. The Minamata Convention includes a ban on new mercury mines and phasing out mercury in certain products by 2025. It also aims to reduce emissions from industrial sources like coal combustion.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: WHO recommends mercury-free healthcare, aligning with Minamata Convention.

  Key Facts:

  • WHO recommends mercury-free healthcare
  • Minamata Convention bans new mercury mines
  • Phase-out of mercury in certain products by 2025
  • Reduces emissions from coal combustion
• 2025-07-04 [Environment & Ecology] — Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
  Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in plastic waste pose health risks by causing hormonal disruptions, reproductive dysfunction, and chronic diseases. Microplastics, smaller than 5mm, are found in human tissues and are biologically active.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in plastic waste pose health risks.

  Key Facts:

  • Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
  • Microplastics
  • Hormonal disruptions
  • Reproductive dysfunction
  • Chronic diseases

Contaminated Cough Syrup Crisis and Regulatory Response

Focus: Concurrent regulatory, international, and judicial actions following child deaths linked to Diethylene Glycol (DEG) contamination in Indian-manufactured cough syrups.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the intersection of pharmaceutical regulation (CDSCO), global health oversight (WHO), and the role of the judiciary in addressing public health failures.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-09 [International Relations] — WHO Seeks Clarification on Cough Syrup Exports
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has requested clarification from India regarding the potential export of cough syrup. This request follows reports linking the syrup to over 15 child deaths.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: WHO sought clarification from India on cough syrup exports.

  Key Facts:

  • WHO sought clarification from India on cough syrup exports linked to 15 child deaths.
  • World Health Organization (WHO)
  • Cough syrup linked to over 15 child deaths
• 2025-10-09 [Schemes & Programs] — CDSCO Audits Cough Syrup Manufacturers Amidst Contamination Concerns
  The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has initiated a joint audit of cough syrup manufacturers in India and requested states to submit a list of these manufacturers after reports of over 20 children's deaths allegedly due to contaminated syrups. The CDSCO has identified three contaminated cough syrups – Coldrif, Respifresh and ReLife – linked to child deaths as containing Diethylene Glycol (DEG), informing the World Health Organization (WHO) and ordering the manufacturers to halt production and recall the products.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CDSCO audits cough syrup manufacturers amidst contamination concerns.

  Key Facts:

  • Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)
  • Over 20 children's deaths allegedly due to contaminated cough syrup
  • CDSCO initiated joint audit of cough syrup manufacturers
  • States asked to submit list of cough syrup manufacturers
  • Three contaminated cough syrups identified: Coldrif, Respifresh, and ReLife
  • Contaminant: Diethylene Glycol (DEG)
  • Products recalled, manufacturers ordered to stop production
  • WHO informed
• 2025-10-09 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court to Hear Plea on Cough Syrup Deaths
  The Supreme Court has agreed to an urgent hearing on a PIL seeking an independent investigation into the cough syrup deaths that claimed the lives of 14 children in Madhya Pradesh. Chief Justice B.R. Gavai agreed to list the case on October 10 after an advocate highlighted the need for judicial intervention and requested a transfer of FIRs to the Central Bureau of Investigation.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Supreme Court to hear plea on cough syrup deaths.

  Key Facts:

  • Supreme Court to hear PIL on cough syrup deaths
  • 14 children died in Madhya Pradesh
  • Advocate Vishal Tiwari requested judicial intervention
  • Case to be listed on October 10
  • Transfer of FIRs to CBI sought

Agricultural Seed Quality and Research Infrastructure

Focus: Initiatives and regulations aimed at improving seed quality, traceability, and developing climate-resilient crop varieties.

UPSC Value: Highlights the institutional mechanisms (CIP, Seeds Act) being deployed to ensure food security and crop resilience.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-26 [Agriculture] — Counterfeit Seeds & GI Crops
  Counterfeit seeds can lead to crop failure, farmer debt, and damage India's agricultural brand. The Seeds Act is being reformed to mandate certification and traceability, with stricter penalties for violators. In 2024–25, over 32,525 out of 2.53 lakh tested seed samples were substandard, mostly in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and MP.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Seeds Act is being reformed to mandate certification and traceability.

  Key Facts:

  • Seeds Act amendment aims for compulsory certification and traceability
  • 2024-25: 32,525 substandard seeds out of 2.53 lakh tested
  • Basmati rice contributes nearly 60% of India's rice export earnings
• 2025-08-04 [Agriculture] — CIP Establishes South Asia Regional Centre in Agra
  The International Potato Center (CIP) is establishing a South Asia regional centre in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, to improve seed quality, market access for farmers and support school feeding programs. Bio-fortified sweet potatoes with Vitamin A are already available in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha, and germplasm for iron-fortified potatoes has been shared with ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CIP establishes South Asia regional centre in Agra.

  Key Facts:

  • CIP establishing a South Asia regional centre in Agra, Uttar Pradesh
  • Bio-fortified sweet potatoes available in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha
  • Germplasm for iron-fortified potatoes shared with ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla
  • Bio-fortified potatoes with added iron content will soon be available in Indian markets.
  • Bio-fortified sweet potatoes with added Vitamin A are already available in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal and Odisha.
  • Dr. Simon Heck, Director General of the Peru-based International Potato Center (CIP).
  • CIP is working with public and private sectors to build seed multiplication systems.
  • Bio-fortified potatoes with enhanced iron content are being introduced in India.
  • The potatoes were developed by the International Potato Center (CIP) based in Peru.
  • Germplasm has been shared with ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla.
  • A variety has already been released in Peru and is under evaluation for Indian conditions.
  • CIP is establishing a South Asia regional centre in Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
  • Iron-deficiency anaemia affects over 50% of Indian women and children, according to NFHS-5.
• 2025-06-26 [Agriculture] — South Asia Regional Potato Center to be Established in Agra
  The Union Cabinet has approved the establishment of a South Asia Regional Center for the Peru-based International Potato Center in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Named CIP South Asia Regional Center (CSARC), it aims to aid farmers and the agricultural sector in developing climate-resilient and disease-free potato varieties. The center will also strengthen the processing and export capabilities of potatoes for India.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: South Asia Regional Potato Center to be established in Agra.

  Key Facts:

  • Center Location: Agra, Uttar Pradesh
  • Name: CIP South Asia Regional Center (CSARC)
  • Objective: Develop climate-resilient and disease-free potato varieties

Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Quality Standards

Focus: Government initiatives and regulatory responses focused on promoting sustainable farming inputs, managing environmental impacts of agriculture, and maintaining organic certification integrity.

UPSC Value: Analyzing the intersection of agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability (stubble burning), and the regulatory framework for organic/natural farming.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-07-27 [Economy] — Government Rejects Allegations of Organic Cotton Scam in Madhya Pradesh
  The Indian government has refuted allegations made by the Indian National Congress regarding the sale of normal cotton as organic cotton in Madhya Pradesh, calling the claims "unfounded, unsubstantiated and misleading". The government stated that the Agriculture & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) takes concrete steps to address any violations of organic cotton standards.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Allegations of organic cotton scam in Madhya Pradesh rejected
  • Agriculture & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)
  • Allegations: Normal cotton being sold as organic cotton in Madhya Pradesh
  • Government Term: Allegations as unfounded, unsubstantiated and misleading
  • Authority: Agriculture & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) takes concrete steps whenever wilful violations of organic cotton standards are found
• 2025-05-12 [Environment & Ecology] — CAQM's 19-Point Plan to Curb Stubble Burning in Delhi-NCR
  The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) announced a 19-step directive for state governments to eliminate stubble burning in the National Capital Region and adjoining areas. The plan integrates administrative accountability, technological innovation, farmer engagement, and legal enforcement. It represents a robust multi-tiered effort to curb stubble burning and associated air pollution across Punjab, Haryana, and NCR Uttar Pradesh.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: CAQM's 19-point plan to curb stubble burning in Delhi-NCR.

  Key Facts:

  • CAQM announced a 19-step directive
  • Aims to eliminate stubble burning in Delhi-NCR
  • Integrates administrative accountability, technological innovation, farmer engagement, and legal enforcement
  • CAQM announced a 19-step directive to eliminate stubble burning.
• 2025-04-30 [Agriculture] — Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs) Guidelines Released
  The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare released guidelines for setting up Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs) to promote natural farming under the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF). BRCs provide farmers with locally prepared natural farming inputs and act as knowledge hubs.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Guidelines released for Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs) to promote natural farming.

  Key Facts:

  • The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare released guidelines for setting up Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs).
  • BRCs promote natural farming under the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF).
  • BRCs are cluster-level enterprises that provide farmers with locally prepared natural farming inputs like bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, and organic formulations.
  • BRCs also act as knowledge hubs to train and guide farmers transitioning to natural farming practices.